湿陷性黄土路基采用水泥土改良施工工艺

西宁至互助一级公路扩能改造工程项目地处陇西地区,沿线广泛分布湿陷性黄土,主要是全新统冲积黄土状土及上更新统风积黄土。为提高路基填料的强度以及路基的稳定性,湿陷性黄土路基掺3%、4%、5%水泥土路基填筑工程,经过水泥改良后在强度、水稳定性等方面有较大的提升,在路基填筑过程中能提高路基的强度,改善路基的不均匀沉降,提高路基填筑质量以及使用耐久性。

改良水泥土搅拌桩单桩承载特性计算分析

为研究改良后水泥土搅拌桩单桩承载特性以及合理的工程应用参数配比,从分析不同掺砂量、不同水泥掺入比、含水率、砂料粒径和龄期条件下的水泥土土工试验曲线及改良水泥土搅拌桩作用机理出发,通过数值计算,分析改良水泥土桩体承载能力、桩体应力应变以及沉降等特性。计算结果表明:随着掺砂量的增加,单桩承载力先增大后减小,优化掺砂率为10%左右;随着水泥掺入比的增大,单桩极限承载力得到有效提高;含水率是单桩承载特性较敏感的因素,随着含水率的增大,成桩质量大幅度降低;随着砂料粒径的增大,单桩承载力呈现先增大后减小的趋势,最优砂料粒径为0.25～0.50 mm;当龄期从28 d提高到60 d时单桩承载力提高75%左右。

水泥土的强度及影响因素初探

对镇江软粘土进行室内水泥稳定化实验,研究水泥掺量、养护令期、添加改良剂、浸水湿养护及初始条件对强度增长的影响,力求通过强度变化间接了解水泥土的固化程度,为工程施工中掌握合适的条件,充分发挥水泥土的作用提供依据。实验结果表明:掺加5%的水泥土强度明显高于原素土;加入改良剂可提高水泥土的早期强度,水泥土28天强度占标准强度的比例从40%增加到67%;湿养护比标准养护更有利于强度增长,添加7 8%的改良水泥土78天强度可达到8 3MPa。

泥土再造

2005年至今,任卫中作为民间环保人士,在浙江安吉利用土、木、石等乡土建筑材料修建泥土生态民居,改良泥土以装饰房屋,并利用泥土堆肥技术种菜。通过介绍他在安吉建设的四幢生态屋,分析乡土建筑在材料的可持续利用、旧宅改造、夯土建造、解决泥土来源等方面的实践。他的泥土再造实践,为广大乡村地区提供了一种低成本、易施工、绿色节能的高品质环保建房模式,值得推广和借鉴。

洞庭湖区水泥改良软土的碾压特性研究

文章通过对现场低液限粉质黏土进行水泥土改良试验,分析不同含水率土体在不同水泥掺量下的碾压试验数据,得出洞庭湖区低液限粉质黏土的碾压参数,研究成果可为湖区类似土质的设计施工提供参考。

Rehabilitation of bauxite residue to support soil development and grassland establishment

Rehabilitation(amendment and vegetation establishment)on bauxite residue is viewed as a promising strategy to stabilize the surface and initiate soil development.However,such approaches are inhibited by high pH,high exchangeable sodium(ESP)and poor nutrient status.Amendment with gypsum is effective in improving residue physical and chemical properties and promoting seed establishment and growth.Application of organics(e.g.compost)can address nutrient deficiencies but supplemental fertilizer additions may be required.A series of germination bioassays were performed on residue to determine candidate species and optimum rehabilitation application rates.Subsequent field trials assessed establishment of grassland species Holcus lanatus and Trifolium pratense as well as physical and chemical properties of amended residue.Follow up monitoring over five years assessed elemental content in grassland and species dynamics.With co-application of the amendments several grassland species can grow on the residue.Over time other plant species can invade the restored area and fast growing nutrient demanding grasses are replaced.Scrub species can establish within a 5 Yr period and there is evidence of nutrient cycling.High pH,sodicity and nutrient deficiencies are the major limiting factors to establishing grassland on residue.Following restoration several plant species can grow on amended residue.

Variation of alkaline characteristics in bauxite residue under phosphogypsum amendment

Aiming at alkaline problem of bauxite residue,this work focused variation of alkaline characteristics in bauxite residue through phosphogypsum treatment.The results demonstrated that the pH of bauxite residue reduced from initial 10.83 to 8.70 when 1.50 wt%phosphogypsum was added for 91 d.The removal rates of free alkali and exchangeable sodium were 97.94%and 75.87%,respectively.Meanwhile,significant positive correlations(P<0.05)existed between pH and free alkali,exchangeable sodium.The effect of free alkali composition was CO3^2–>OH^–>AlO2^–>HCO3^–.In addition,alkaline phase decreased from 52.81%to 48.58%and gypsum stably presented in bauxite residue which continuously provided Ca^2+to inhibit dissolution of combined alkali.Furthermore,phosphogypsum promoted formation of macroaggregate structure,increased Ca^2+,decreased Na+and Al^3+on the surface of bauxite residue significantly,ultimately promoting soil formation in bauxite residue.

Natural ripening with subsequent additions of gypsum and organic matter is key to successful bauxite residue revegetation

The processes involved in the major steps of successful revegetation of bauxite residues are examined.The first phase is the natural physical,chemical and microbial ripening of the profile.This involves allowing the profile to drain,dry,shrink and crack to depth,leaching of soluble salts,alkalinity and Na down out of the surface layers,acidification by direct carbonation and natural seeding of tolerant vegetation with an accumulation of organic matter near the surface and an attendant development of an active microbial community.Following ripening,the surface layer can be tilled and gypsum and organic matter(e.g.manures,composts,biosolids)incorporated.These amendments result in a further decrease in pH,increase in Ca and other exchangeable cations,increased leaching of Na(with a reduction in exchangeable Na and ESP),improved physical properties,particularly aggregation,and a large increase in microbial activity.Other important considerations include the choice of suitable plant species tolerant to salinity/sodicity and local environmental conditions and the addition of balanced fertilizer applications.

Mechanized Tunneling in Soft Soils： Choice of Excavation Mode and Application of Soil-Conditioning Additives in Glacial Deposits

The history of the formation of the alpine region is affected by the activities of the glaciers, which have a strong influence on underground works in this area. Mechanized tunneling must adapt to the presence of sound and altered rock, as well as to inhomogeneous soil layers that range from permeable gravel to soft clay sediments along the same tunnel. This article focuses on past experiences with tunnel-boring machines （TBMs） in Switzerland, and specifically on the aspects of soil conditioning during a passage through inhomogeneous soft soils. Most tunnels in the past were drilled using the slurry mode （SM）, in which the application of different additives was mainly limited to difficult zones of high permeability and stoppages for tool change and modification. For drillings with the less common earth pressure balanced mode （EPBM）, continuous foam conditioning and the additional use of polymer and bentonite have proven to be successful. The use of conditioning additives led to new challenges during separation of the slurries （for SM） and disposal of the excavated soil （for EPBM）. If the disposal of chemically treated soft soil mate- rial from the earth pressure balanced （EPB） drive in a manner that is compliant with environmental legislation is considered early on in the design and evaluation of the excavation mode, the EPBM can be beneficial for tunnels bored in glacial deposits.

Dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in crop soils amended with oily sludge

Oil fields present a potential ecological risk to nearby farmland soil. Here we present a new method designed to evaluate the ability of winter wheat(Triticum aestivum) to contribute to the dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), which are priority pollutants in soils contaminated by oily sludge. The influence of different doses of oily sludge on the dissipation of PAHs was studied along with individual PAH profiles in soils after different periods of plant growth. Five soil samples were artificially contaminated with different percentages of oily sludge(0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 % and 20 %). Winter wheat grew in the oily sludge–amended soils for 265 days.PAH content in the soils was monitored over the course of the study. The rate of PAH dissipation is related to the properties of different PAHs, period of winter wheat growth, and oily sludge application dose. Analysis for treated soils indicates that the dissipation of PAHs increased significantly over the first 212 days, followed by minimal changes over the final 53 days of treatment. In contrast, PAH dissipation slowed with increasing oily sludge application. For each PAH, the experimental results showed a significant compound-dependent trend. Winter wheat in the present study significantly enhanced the dissipation of PAHs in oily sludge–contaminated soil.

Effective Utilization of Concrete Sludge as Soil Improvement Materials

The amount of muddy soil generated from various kinds of construction sites is always problematic. It is very difficult to treat muddy soil because of its low strength and high water content. But, the reuse of muddy soil is necessary to reduce the total amount of industrial wastes. Surplus concrete is also in a similar situation. Coarse and fine aggregates are removed from surplus concrete as an intermediate treatment, however, concrete sludge still remains. The authors propose a reuse method that involves the muddy soil being mixed with concrete sludge as an improvement material. The possibility of the utilization of concrete sludge was investigated through laboratory experiments. As a result, it was found that the unconfined compressive strength of the improved soil mixed with concrete sludge increased as the curing proceeded.

Comparative Assessment of the Effect of Wastewater Sludge Biochar on Growth,Yield and Metal Bioaccumulation of Cherry Tomato

To investigate the potential effects of wastewater sludge and sludge biochar on growth, yield and metal bioaccumulation of cherry tomato （Lycopersicon esculentum L.）, a pot experiment was carried out under greenhouse environment with three different treatments, control soil （CP）, soil with wastewater sludge （SS） and soil with sludge biochar （SB）, to reveal the comparative effect between the amendments of wastewater sludge and sludge biochar. The soil used for pot experiment was Chromosol. Wastewater sludge and sludge biochax produced through pyrolysis process at 550 ℃ were applied at 10 t ha-1. No significant difference was found in growth and production of cherry tomatoes between wastewater sludge and sludge biochar applications to the soil. The accumulation rates of metals in the fruits were lower in the treatment with sludge biochar than in the treatment with wastewater sludge. The study highlights the benefits of risk mitigation from toxic metal accumulation in fruits using wastewater sludge and sludge biochar as soil conditioners.