泥水位图像一体式监测仪在泥石流监测中的应用

近几年,各地泥石流地质灾害频发,尤其是西部、西南山区多为易发区,如云南、四川、贵州、甘肃等地在2020年到今年,多地发生泥石流和山洪灾害,给当地带来了严重的经济损失和人员伤亡。多次泥石流灾害的发生,严重危害到了人民的生命财产安全和生存环境。因此,对泥石流灾害的预防、监测和治理势在必行。“十四五”期间,全国推行地质灾害普适型监测和局部地区专业监测的建设,对泥石流地质灾害的预防和监测,取得了显著成效。但是,这其中也有许多不足之处,如泥石流的泥水位计由于受周围环境和其他因素的干扰,误报率较高,严重影响了泥石流监测准确性,对监测和防灾减灾工作带了诸多困扰。究其原因,是泥水位计的问题。因此,在人工智能发展的今天,AI技术已经应用到各个领域,用智能泥水位图像一体式监测设备来监测泥石流也是一个趋势。智能泥水位图像一体式监测设备是基于图像AI识别技术和电子水位尺的泥石流泥水位监测设备,主要用于泥石流地质灾害泥水位的全天候监测,远程无线网络化的通信与控制,可以实现无人化值守管理,通过AI识别技术,提高泥水位监测的置信度。该设备将大大提高监测泥石流泥水位的效率和精确度,同时抗干扰,后期还能通过AI训练,实现图像特征提取和分类等效果,本文将概括智能泥水位图像一体式监测设备在实际泥石流中的应用。

基于云平台的泥石流监测预警系统设计

泥石流通常发生于山地区域的山体洪水流[1],我国幅员辽阔,地形复杂,山区约占全国总面积的2/3,广大山区几乎都具备泥石流形成的基本条件,从而造成山体滑坡等自然灾害,这不仅严重侵害国家财产安全,还直接威胁人民的生命安全[2,3]。泥石流的发生受自然环境影响较大,其形成影响因子为多方面[4-6],但大多数原因均为持续性强降水。对于泥石流的治理应以预防为主,积极主动地做好泥石流灾害监测预警,是防灾减灾的重要手段[7]。

地声波与次声波在泥石流监测预警中的应用

山洪泥石流等地质灾害时常发生在高山地区,对基础设施和人民安全造成严重影响。由于泥石流发生过程中都会形成地声波和次声波,因此可以通过采集地声或次声信号,并结合其他传感器信息对泥石流灾害进行预警。目前,大多的应用方案中只采用了对其中一种信号进行采集的方法,缺乏对地声和次声组合使用进行评估。为此,对已发生的泥石流灾害案例中采集到的地声波和次声波进行特征差异分析,从声波量级和频率范围方面说明了组合使用的可行性。

绵竹清平文家沟泥石流监测方案设计

对文家沟未来泥石流发生的可能成灾形式或风险划分为崩滑型、溃决型、侵蚀型,并基于DEM水文模型对地表水径流漫流网络进行了分析,按自然分水线分成8个不嵌套的子流域。在上述分析的基础上开展监测预警设计、部署监测网络:遥测雨量监测点7处、高清视频影像监测点3处、泥位(水位)监测点3处、地下水渗压监测点5处,及全站仪定期地表变形测量。

水土保持监测与滑坡和泥石流监测研究

阐述了水土保持、滑坡和泥石流监测的内容,针对水土保持监测,介绍了无人机技术与遥感技术在其中的应用;对于滑坡监测,介绍了滑坡监测方案制订和确定滑移面的方法;对于泥石流监测,主要介绍了泥石流监测预警技术的应用,检测内容包括泥石流物源监测、气象水文条件监测、流动动态监测以及流体特征监测。

泥石流智能监测预警系统设计

针对目前用于泥石流灾害监测预警方法存在的传感器选择种类单一、预警功能与监测数据相分离等问题,设计一种基于模糊控制的泥石流灾害监测预警系统。设计以导致泥石流灾害发生的主要因素为切入点,运用新型传感器对泥石流进行实时监测,借助于模糊控制系统对采集到的实时数据进行处理,最终提高对泥石流灾害发生概率预测的准确性。实验结果表明,该系统对泥石流灾害发生概率的预测达到了较为理想的效果,可为泥石流监测相关工作人员提供便利与支持。

利用TM卫星数据监测泥石流

地质灾害分布范围广 ,应用卫星图像监测地质灾害是一种可行的方法 .泥石流沟小流域面积一般达到平方公里的数量级 ,可以由卫星图像观察到 .TM数据有 7个波段 ,各个波段图像的标准差是不同的 .我们计算了泥石流沟各波段的标准差 ,按大小排成一个序列 ,发现地理条件相同 ,标准差序列也相同 .在一定尺度范围内 ,各泥石流沟的标准差序列和周围不一致 ,表示该沟处于特殊的发育阶段 ,有爆发泥石流的危险 .应用上述方法 ,对甘肃主要泥石流分布区的典型泥石流沟进行了分析 ,认为这是监测泥石流的可行方法 .

KL水电站大碧沟泥石流特性及防治设计

大碧沟位于KL水电站坝址左岸上游400 m,沟道顺直,主沟长26.37 km,沟谷相对高差2487 m,为稀性、中等发育泥石流沟。由于工程施工需要,KL水电站大坝混凝土生产系统布置在大碧沟沟内,为了保证施工期混凝土系统生产和人员安全,需要对大碧沟沟水和泥石流进行防治。根据大碧沟的地形和地质条件,结合沟内泥石流特性,在泥石流防治设计中采用了格栅坝、排水洞、进水塔、挡水坝等工程防治措施及泥位计、视频监控等监测设施。大碧沟泥石流防治设计可为西部地区类似工程泥石流防治提供参考。

泥石流警报技术探索

泥石流警报是减轻泥石流灾害,尤其是减少人员伤亡和贵重财物损失的重要手段。泥石流警报划分为4个类型:提示性警报、形成性警报、非成灾性警报和成灾性警报。泥石流警报的监测机构,划分为4个级别:泥石流预警一级监测站、二级监测站、三级监测站和预警简易监测点。泥石流预警一级监测站主要承担泥石流可能造成的特大灾和超特大灾的警报监测任务,二级监测站主要承担泥石流可能造成的大灾的警报监测任务,三级监测站主要承担泥石流可能造成的中灾的警报监测任务,泥石流预警简易监测点主要承担泥石流可能造成的小灾的警报监测任务。泥石流警报的监测项目:专业监测包括降水、气象其他要素、泥石流次声、地声、泥位、流速、重度、粘度、沟道冲淤变化和次生灾害等,简易监测包括泥石流暴发的前兆现象、降水、水(泥)位与泥沙变化状态和泥石流次声等。泥石流警报的监测数据包括降水、气象其他要素、泥位、流速、重度、粘度、次声、地声、沟道冲淤变化和次生灾害数据等。泥石流成灾性警报分为4等14级,讨论并给出了各等级成灾性警报的临界指标。监测数据的整理分析包括:降水监测的实时降水量要不断地整理为10 min、1 h和1 d的滑动降水量(强度),并不断地与当地以往暴发泥石流的10 min、1 h和l d降水量(强度)相比较;断面监测数据中的泥石流泥位应转化为泥石流流动的断面面积,并与断面监测数据中的泥石流流速数据结合,通过公式Qc=Wc×Vc转换为泥石流流量。泥石流一旦堵断主河(沟)形成堰塞湖,应立即测量壅塞体的高度,并据此量测和计算堰塞湖的淹设范围及堰塞湖的积蓄水量,评估壅塞体溃决时可能形成的最大流量及其危害范围。泥石流警报的时间提前量t(单位:s),由公式t=L/Vc确定。

基于无人机遥感与GIS技术的泥石流灾害监测

受自然环境的影响,一些山区常常会发生地质灾害,为了降低地质灾害带来的影响,则需要对其进行有效监测.其中,无人机遥感与GIS技术是最新的测绘技术,其在地质灾害监测方面发挥了重要的作用.基于此,文章概述了无人机遥感技术与GIS技术,分析了泥石流灾害监测的必要性,并研究了基于无人机遥感与GIS技术的泥石流灾害监测.

在高海拔无网络地区LoRa+4G地灾监测数据传输技术

针对西藏高海拔无网络信号地区泥石流灾害多发区域监测设备数据获取困难、数据量不足的问题。在4G通讯和北斗短报文等传统通讯手段存在短板的基础上,设计了LoRa通讯+4G通讯相结合的方式,将无信号区的监测设备数据传输至有信号区,再将前端采集的数据传输至泥石流地质灾害监测预警系统中,为泥石流地质灾害防治工作提供了一种新的通讯技术思路。

一种基于无线传感器网络的灾害预警系统设计

针对当前山体滑坡及泥石流灾害监测预警系统成本高、实施困难、准确度不足等问题,提出一种基于无线传感器网络的滑坡及泥石流灾害预警应急系统设计方案。方案综合传感器、嵌入式计算、无线通信等技术,利用Zig Bee无线传感器网络实时采集降雨量、土壤含水率、位移量、倾斜角度以及温湿度等环境数据,经GPRS网关节点发送至远程监控中心,由远程监控软件对有效数据进行分析处理,根据综合预警判断模型得到灾害预警等级,发出不同报警信息。在此详细介绍了系统的体系结构及软硬件设计方法,通过实物搭建和实验分析验证了方案的可行性,经测试,系统部署方便快速、稳定性好,能够减少人员伤亡和财产损失。

Monitoring and Warning of Landslides and Debris Flows Using an Optical Fiber Sensor Technology

Landslides and debris flows are typical geo-hazards which occur in hilly or mountainous regions. Debris flows may result from landslides. Geotechnical instrumentation plays an important role in monitoring and warning of landslides and resulted debris flows. Traditional technologies for monitoring landslides and debris flows have certain limitations. The new optical fiber sensors presented in this paper can overcome those limitations. This paper presents two new optical fiber sensor systems: one is the Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG)-based in-place inclinometer for monitoring landslides and the other is the FBG-based column-net system for monitoring debris flows. This paper presents the calibration results of FBG-based in-place inclinometers in laboratory. It is found that the calibration results are in good agreement with theoretical results. Both the FBG-based in-place inclinometers and the FBG-based column-net system have been installed at a site in Weijiagou valley, Beichuan County, Sichuan Province of China. Some preliminary results have been obtained and reported in the paper. The advantages of the FBG monitoring systems and their potential applications are also presented.

Debris flows monitoring and localization using infrasonic signals

Infrasonic waves （frequency 〈 2o Hz） are generated during the formation and movement of debris flows, traveling in air with a speed far higher than that of the debris-flow movement. Infrasound monitoring and localization of infrasonic waves can serve as warning properties for debris-flows. Based on the characteristics of infrasonic signals, this study presents a three-point array of infrasound sensors as time-synchronous multiple sensors for acquiring signals. In the meantime, the signals are sorted by mutual correlation of signals to figure out their latency, and by means of array coordinating to Locate the sound source to realize the monitoring and positioning of a debris-flows hazard. The method has been in situ tested and has been proven to be accurate in monitoring debris-flow occurrences and determining their positions, which is particularly effective for pre-event warning of debris-flow hazards.

Monitoring and Recognition of Debris Flow Infrasonic Signals

Low frequency infrasonic waves are emitted during the formation and movement of debris flows, which are detectable in a radius of several kilometers, thereby to serve as the precondition for their remote monitoring.However, false message often arises from the simple mechanics of alarms under the ambient noise interference.To improve the accuracy of infrasound monitoring for early-warning against debris flows, it is necessary to analyze the monitor information to identify in them the infrasonic signals characteristic of debris flows.Therefore, a large amount of debris flow infrasound and ambient noises have been collected from different sources for analysis to sum up their frequency spectra, sound pressures, waveforms, time duration and other correlated characteristics so as to specify the key characteristic parameters for different sound sources in completing the development of the recognition system of debris flow infrasonic signals for identifying their possible existence in the monitor signals.The recognition performance of the system has been verified by simulating tests and long-term in-situ monitoring of debris flows in Jiangjia Gully,Dongchuan, China to be of high accuracy and applicability.The recognition system can provide the local government and residents with accurate precautionary information about debris flows in preparation for disaster mitigation and minimizing the loss of life and property.

Debris-flow of Zelongnong Ravine in Tibet

Zelongnong Ravine,a branch ravine of Brahmaputra,is an old large glacier debris-flow ravine.Debris-flows with medium and/or small scales occur almost every year;multiple super debris-flows have also broken out in history,and have caused destructive disaster to local residents at the mouth of ravine and blocked Brahmaputra.The huge altitude difference and the steep slope of the Zelongnong Ravine provide predominant energy conditions for the debris-flow.The drainage basin is located in the fast uplifted area,where the complicated geologic structure,the cracked rock,and the frequent earthquake make the rocks experience strong weathering,thus plenty of granular materials are available for the formation of debris-flows.Although this region is located in the rain shadow area,the precipitation is concentrated and most is with high intensity.Also,the strong glacier activity provides water source for debris-flow.According to literature reviews,most debris-flows in the ravine are induced by rainstorms,and their scales are relatively small.However,when the melted water is overlaid,the large scale debris-flows may occur.Parametric calculation such as the flow velocity and the runoff is conducted according to the monitoring data.The result shows that large debris-flows can be aroused when the rainstorm and the melted water are combined well,but the possibility of blocking off Brahmaputra is rare.The occurrence of the super debris-flows is closely related to the intense glacier activity(e.g.,glaciersurge).They often result in destructive disasters and are hard to be prevented and cured by engineering measures,due to the oversized scales.The hazard mitigation measures such as monitoring and prediction are proposed.

Outlining a stepwise,multi-parameter debris flow monitoring and warning system:an example of application in Aizi Valley,China

In recent years, the increasing frequency of debris flow demands enhanced effectiveness and efficiency of warning systems. Effective warning systems are essential not only from an economic point of view but are also considered as a frontline approach to alleviate hazards. Currently, the key issues are the imbalance between the limited lifespan of equipment, the relatively long period between the recurrences of such hazards, and the wide range of critical rainfall that trigger these disasters. This paper attempts to provide a stepwise multi-parameter debris flow warning system after taking into account the shortcomings observed in other warning systems. The whole system is divided into five stages. Differentwarning levels can be issued based on the critical rainfall thresholds. Monitoring starts when early warning is issued and it continues with debris flow near warning, triggering warning, movement warning and hazard warning stages. For early warning, historical archives of earthquake and drought are used to choose a debris flow-susceptible site for further monitoring. Secondly, weather forecasts provide an alert of possible near warning. Hazardous precipitation, model calculation and debris flow initiation tests, pore pressure sensors and water content sensors are combined to check the critical rainfall and to publically announce a triggering warning. In the final two stages, equipment such as rainfall gauges, flow stage sensors, vibration sensors, low sound sensors and infrasound meters are used to assess movement processes and issue hazardwarnings. In addition to these warnings, communitybased knowledge and information is also obtained and discussed in detail. The proposed stepwise, multiparameter debris flow monitoring and warning system has been applied in Aizi valley China which continuously monitors the debris flow activities.

山地灾害链式监测预警技术体系及应用

山地在全球和我国都有着较为广泛的分布,是滑坡、泥石流等灾害的主要发生地。中国科学院·水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所在专家智库与多源空间技术相结合的滑坡识别、基于遥感与工程结构的低频泥石流风险评价技术、复合时空广域滑坡监测技术、关键参数滑坡/泥石流监测系统与预警模型等方面获得系列突破,建立山地灾害链式监测预警技术体系,并在多地完成监测预警示范应用。