“优歌”“秧干”辨

广灵秧歌,又有"优歌"、"秧干"等异称,但文献中并不见其作为"秧歌"的记载。笔者在详尽辨析之后认为,"优歌"非"秧歌,""优歌"很可能是一个泛称;"秧干"是"秧歌"一词的读音在广灵方言中发生音变所致。此外,舞台题壁中的"洋歌"、"洋干"、"洋哥"等称呼,除方言原因外,亦与书写者文化水平普遍偏低,书写随意,不求文字的准确性有关。

A comparison of fishery biology of jumbo flying squid, Dosidicus gigas outside three Exclusive Economic Zones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean

Although many studies on the fishery biology of jumbo flying squid, Dosidicus gigas, have been conducted in the coastal areas within Exclusive Economic Zones （EEZs） of various countries due to its commercial and ecological importance, limited biological information is available from waters outside these EEZs. In this paper, we examined D. gigas fishery biology from waters outside Chilean, Peruvian and Costa Rican EEZs, based on the fishery data collected by Chinese jigging vessels during 2006 to 2010. The dominant mantle lengths olD. gigas were 350-450 mm, 250-400 mm and 250-350 mm outside Chilean, Peruvian and Costa Rican EEZs, respectively. Size structure analysis show that a medium-sized group existed mostly in the waters outside the Chilean and Peruvian EEZs, whereas a small-sized group occurred mainly in the waters outside the Costa Rican EEZ. The longevity of the squid outside the Costa Rican EEZ was less than 10 months, while most of those outside Chilean and Peruvian EEZs were about 1-1.5 years and very few large individuals were 1.5-2 years old. A higher percentage of mature individuals existed outside Costa Rican EEZ implying the region as a potential spawning ground, while lower proportions of mature squid outside the Peruvian and Chilean EEZs indicated that spawning may be occurring outside our study area. Spatial differences in sizes at maturity of the squid are thought to be result from different environmental factors especially different temperature and nutrition among the three areas. Stomach-content analysis showed that cannibalism was important in the diet of D. gigas. Stress generated by jigging may increase the incidence of cannibalism.

First record of Paraonella platybranchia (Hartman,1961) (Polychaeta:Paraonidae) from the Yellow Sea

This paper reports for the first time a species of polychaetous family Paraonidae, Paraonella platybranchia (Hartman, 1961), a rare species found previously only in the coast near the boundary between the United States and Mexico, and it was recently discovered in the samples collected in 1982 from Chinese side of the Yellow Sea. This is the first record of the species in China as well as in the Northwest Pacific.

Monitoring of the Corrosion on a Steel Sheet-Pile Marine Breakwater by Systematic Thickness Measurements

In Quepos, Pacific of Costa Rica, it was finished on 2010 the first phase of a marina, including two mix breakwaters, with rubble mound （rocks and concrete units）, and 25 circular steel sheet piles cofferdam cells, filled with sand and gravel. The maintenance plan, considers tracking sheet pile corrosion, comparing ＂actual＂ against expected rates, checking structural limits, and programming countermeasures if accelerated corrosion is identified. Specific control sections, along the breakwaters, both inside and outside the basin, were established. In each section, thicknesses were measured every meter from the top of the steel cell to seabed using an ultrasonic equipment, and an underwater transducer. Both land crew, and divers for submerged portions, were used. The measurements campaigns are for several years from 2011 to 2016. Sectors of the breakwater with varied corrosion attack levels could be differentiated. Also, corrosion rates and lifespans were estimated, both general for the structures, and specific for each section and level. In turn, this allowed to identify maintenance priorities, defining sites where measures of corrosion protection should initiate, as well, to have confidence in the structural capacity and safety of the breakwaters.

The Impact of Pollution on the Bouregreg Estuary （Morocco, Atlantic Ocean）： The Molluscs as an Indicator of Metal Contamination

On the Morrocan Atlantic coast, the estuary of the Bouregreg was submitted to many anthropic effects. After the dam Sidi Mohammed ben Abdellah was built in 1974, the flow became almost null. The waters of the estuary are meant for recreational activities, fishing, but at the same time they receive water collecting domestic and industrial wastewater. The waste in old landfills was not treated and leaked into the river water. The matter gets worse with the action of tides which make it difficult to escape the pollution load （physicochemical, bacteriological, heavy metals, etc.）. The concentrations of heavy metals （Pb, Fe, Cu and Cr） recorded in the sediments are higher than those found in the two molluscs. However, we have found out that Mytilus has accumulated more heavy metals （Cr, Pb and Zn） than Solen marginatus. The Zn makes an exception： It presents a greater concentration in the molluscs （63.015 mg/kg dry weight for Mytilus and 232.736 mg/kg dry weigh for Solen） than in the sediments （57.639 mg/kg）. The amount of these metals exceeds the standard values. The impact of the marine pollution on human health derives from the consumption by humans of heavy-metal polluted molluscs. The detected concentrations of these pollutants are superior to the permissible maximum amounts.

Anisakid Nematodes of Pagellus acarne and Trachurus trachurus, from North Atlantic Moroccan＇s Waters

An epidemiological survey of anisakid nematodes was conducted on 205 specimens of horse mackerel （Trachurus trachurus） and 183 of axillary seabream （Pagellus acarne） captured in the zone between Tangier and Larache in the north Atlantic Moroccan＇s coasts. Three species of nematodes were morphologically identified： Anisakis simplex s.l., Hysterothylacium sp., Pseudotarranova sp. According to the season, the nematode most observed in T. trachurus was .4. simplex s.1. （the highest values of prevalence （100%）, the mean intensity （48.6）. Hysterothylacium sp. was the most frequent anisakid in P. acarne with 100% of prevalence and 34.46 of the mean intensity. The infestation parameters were also analyzed according to the host species length, noting a maximum of infected fish by Anisakis simplex s.1. （96%） in samples of horse mackerel larger than 28 cm, while in axiliary seabream, the highest prevalence of infestation by Hysterothylacium sp. （100%） was found in fish more than 29 cm.

Sea Level Variation at Western Coast of Mexican Pacific in Response to Tsunamigenic Earthquakes （2012-2015）

Tsunamis in Mexico are a real threat, still unknown to many, mainly by people living in or visiting the coast. The Tsunami Warning Center in Mexico recently created （September 19, 2011） monitors earthquakes and sea level change caused by these same. Sea level on the west coast of the Mexican Pacific was analyzed after the occurrence of local, regional and distant earthquakes, in order to determine the existence of an anomaly due to the quake itself. Variations in sea level due to local registered earthquakes Mw 6.0 to 7.4 range was from 0.10 to 0.30 m; for regional earthquakes of Mw 7.3 and 8.2 were 0.12 and 0.22 m respectively and to the distant earthquake of Mw 8.0 recorded in Solomon Islands, the change in sea level of the maximum recorded was 0.20 m in Manzanillo, Colima. It is important to know that earthquakes whether local, regional or distant whose magnitudes are in the range specified here, did not present a risk to the Mexican coast, but do not rely, having to monitor variations in sea level that earthquakes can produce and be aware that you may perhaps occur as a tsunami in Indonesia in 2004 or Japan in 2011.