in recent years, there have been draniatic increases in the production of NorthAmerican ginseng around the tvorld. These increases and the expectation of their continuation havegiven rise to a need to critically evalu...in recent years, there have been draniatic increases in the production of NorthAmerican ginseng around the tvorld. These increases and the expectation of their continuation havegiven rise to a need to critically evaluate all aspects of North American ginseng (Panar quinquefoliumL.) production. Employing a system approach, the production of North American ginseng can be di-vided into its principal components that include seed preparation and planting, growing environmentcreation and maintenance, plant health maintenance, harvest and post-harvest activities, and productprocessing. As competitive industry forces are beginning to result in increased global competition, itis prudent to carefully assess both the strengths and weaknesses of the North American ginseng pro-duction system. It is clear that the utilization of appropriate technology will be a key to future industrysuccesses and the continuity of successful economic development that is associated with the industry.It is recognized that careful technological choices and changes will be required to successfully facethe challenges of an ever increasingly competitive global ginseng marketplace.展开更多
A new species of bubblegum coral, Paragorgia rubra sp. nov., discovered from a seamount at a water depth of 373 m near the Yap Trench is studied using morphological and molecular approaches. Paragorgia rubra sp. nov. ...A new species of bubblegum coral, Paragorgia rubra sp. nov., discovered from a seamount at a water depth of 373 m near the Yap Trench is studied using morphological and molecular approaches. Paragorgia rubra sp. nov. is the fourth species of the genus found in the tropical Western Pacific. The new gorgonian is red-colored, uniplanar, and measures approximately 530 mm high and 440 mm wide, with autozooids distributed only on one side of the colony. Paragorgia rubra sp. nov. is most similar to P. kaupeka Sainchez, 2005, but differs distinctly in the polyp ovals with large and compound protuberances （vs. small and simple conical protuberances） and the medullar spindles possessing simple conical protuberances （vs. compound protuberances）. Moreover, P. rubra sp. nov. differs from P. kaupeka in the smaller length/ width ratio of surface radiates （1.53 vs. 1.75 ）. The genetic distance of the mtMutS gene between P. rubra sp. nov. and P. kaupeka is 0.66%, while the intraspecific distances within Paragorgia Milne-Edwards ＆ Haime, 1857 except the species P. regalis complex are no more than 0.5%, further supporting the establishment of the new species. Furthermore, the ITS2 secondary structure ofP. rubra sp. nov. is also different from those of congeners. Phylogenetic analyses indicate Paragorgia rubra sp. nov. and P. kaupeka form a clade, which branched early within Paragorgia and diversified approximately 15 Mya.展开更多
文摘in recent years, there have been draniatic increases in the production of NorthAmerican ginseng around the tvorld. These increases and the expectation of their continuation havegiven rise to a need to critically evaluate all aspects of North American ginseng (Panar quinquefoliumL.) production. Employing a system approach, the production of North American ginseng can be di-vided into its principal components that include seed preparation and planting, growing environmentcreation and maintenance, plant health maintenance, harvest and post-harvest activities, and productprocessing. As competitive industry forces are beginning to result in increased global competition, itis prudent to carefully assess both the strengths and weaknesses of the North American ginseng pro-duction system. It is clear that the utilization of appropriate technology will be a key to future industrysuccesses and the continuity of successful economic development that is associated with the industry.It is recognized that careful technological choices and changes will be required to successfully facethe challenges of an ever increasingly competitive global ginseng marketplace.
基金Supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA11030201)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41406162)the CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams(No.20140491526)
文摘A new species of bubblegum coral, Paragorgia rubra sp. nov., discovered from a seamount at a water depth of 373 m near the Yap Trench is studied using morphological and molecular approaches. Paragorgia rubra sp. nov. is the fourth species of the genus found in the tropical Western Pacific. The new gorgonian is red-colored, uniplanar, and measures approximately 530 mm high and 440 mm wide, with autozooids distributed only on one side of the colony. Paragorgia rubra sp. nov. is most similar to P. kaupeka Sainchez, 2005, but differs distinctly in the polyp ovals with large and compound protuberances （vs. small and simple conical protuberances） and the medullar spindles possessing simple conical protuberances （vs. compound protuberances）. Moreover, P. rubra sp. nov. differs from P. kaupeka in the smaller length/ width ratio of surface radiates （1.53 vs. 1.75 ）. The genetic distance of the mtMutS gene between P. rubra sp. nov. and P. kaupeka is 0.66%, while the intraspecific distances within Paragorgia Milne-Edwards ＆ Haime, 1857 except the species P. regalis complex are no more than 0.5%, further supporting the establishment of the new species. Furthermore, the ITS2 secondary structure ofP. rubra sp. nov. is also different from those of congeners. Phylogenetic analyses indicate Paragorgia rubra sp. nov. and P. kaupeka form a clade, which branched early within Paragorgia and diversified approximately 15 Mya.
