清末民国时期洋糖冲击与赣南糖业应对措施分析

清末民国时期,赣南糖业面对日益激烈的市场竞争环境表现了积极的变迁轨迹,并开始向现代转型。然而,置身于市场经济下的赣南糖业面对洋糖冲击而日益陷入困境。阐述了洋糖与赣南糖业的争夺以及面对冲击赣南糖业又是如何应对的,从中可窥见地处山区的赣南在近代的产业转型中所面对的重重阻力。

"精洁化":近代中国洋糖消费的兴起

19世纪中期以降,伴随着西方消费主义文化在中国的流行以及多样洋货品种的批量涌入,中国城乡民众的消费方式发生了较大的变化,消费洋糖就是其中颇具特色的一类。近代中国消费洋糖,是一种兼具"实用性"与"现代性"的消费行为,究其兴起原因不外乎质优价廉洋糖的批量涌入中国市场,但是,它并不单纯是一个关涉中外贸易、行业生产等内容的经济行为,而且也是一种蕴含着新消费理念的社会文化现象。在洋糖消费兴起的过程中,"土洋之争"及"复兴糖业"遂成近代中国糖业经济发展中的重要议题,晚清政府、北京政府、^(1)南京国民政府均在不同程度上致力于中国机器制糖业的发展。这一消费偏好,在一定程度上可以认为是中国糖品消费的第二次转向,它既带有鲜明的时代特性,又在中国乃至东亚糖业经济中引发一系列至深且巨的影响。比如,其与东亚地区进口糖税税则调整、东亚糖业经济格局变动等方面均密切相关。

“精洁化”:近代中国洋糖消费的兴起

在《清华大学学报》2023年第4期撰文指出,中国糖品消费在清中期实现了庶民化的转向,糖品从仅供少数上层阶级消费的奢侈品变为普罗大众消费得起的普通商品。清末民初,批量洋糖涌入中国市场,中国糖品消费发生了“精洁化”的转向。近代中国消费“精洁”洋糖,受到两个因素的影响:一是近代世界机器制糖技术有了迅猛发展,使糖品的精制和洁净成为可能。

反相高效液相色谱法制备广金钱草黄酮对照品

目的:建立广金钱草黄酮对照品6-C-葡萄糖-8-C木糖洋芹素(vicen in-2)的反相高效液相色谱制备方法。方法:结合萃取、大孔树脂柱层析、重结晶等方法,用反相高效液相色谱法对广金钱草的乙醇提取物进行分离纯化,以HPLC对分离产物进行纯度和含量测定。结果:从广金钱草中分离纯化出黄酮对照品vicen in-2纯度可以达到98.5%以上。结论:该方法简单、准确、重现性好,产品纯度高,可作为中药药效物质基础研究中的对照品。

Seasonal Variation of the Glycogen Enzyme Activity in Diploid and Triploid Pacific Oyster Gonad During Sexual Maturation

The glycogen content and the activities of two key enzymes in glycogen metabolism, glycogen phosphorylase and gly- cogen synthetase, in the gonad of diploid and triploid Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were compared during maturation. The glycogen content in the gonad of diploids decreased with gametogenesis (by 85.7%), but the glycogen content in the gonad of trip- loids did not vary significantly. Activity of glycogen phosphorylase (GP) in the gonad of diploids decreased with gametogenesis (by 55.5%), while GP activity of triploids did not vary significantly during maturation. Activity of glycogen synthetase (GS) in the gonad of diploids increased slightly with gametogenesis, reaching a peak in June. Activity of GS declined sharply from June to July, which might be due to gonad spawning. GS activity of triploid oysters in spawning time (July and August) was significantly higher than that in other months, which might be explained with a ‘compensating’ mechanism for the higher glycogen content in triploids.

Stress Responses to Rapid Temperature Changes of the Juvenile Sea Cucumber(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka)

Activities of hexokinase （HK）, pyruvate kinase （PK）, superoxide dismutase （SOD） and catalase （CAT） and Hsp70 level were measured to evaluate the response of the commercially important sea cucumber （Apostichopus japonicus Selenka） to rapid temperature changes in laboratory. Animals were subjected to a higher temperature （from 10 to 20℃） （Tinc treatment） or to a lower temperature （from 20 to 10℃） （Tddec treatment） for 72 h. At 1, 3, 12, 24, 72 h of exposure, animals were removed and prepared for further analysis. Results showed that the effect of acute temperature changes on enzyme activities was significant. In Tinc treatment, activities of SOD and CAT increased immediately. The significant enhancement of SOD and CAT activities suggested that oxidative stress increases significantly when ambient temperature increasing from 10 to 20℃. The up-regulation of Flsp70 in Tinc and Tdec treatments indicated that Hsp70 was a bioindicator of thermal stress in the sea cucumber, and the expression pattern depended on the thermal treatment.

A Polysaccharide-Degrading Marine Bacterium Flammeovirga sp.MY04 and Its Extracellular Agarase System

Bacteria of the genus Flammeovirga can digest complex polysaccharides (CPs), but no details have been reported regarding the CP depolymerases of these bacteria. MY04, an agarolytic marine bacterium isolated from coastal sediments, has been identified as a new member of the genus Flammeovirga. The MY04 strain is able to utilize multiple CPs as a sole carbon source and grows well on agarose, mannan, or xylan. This strain produces high concentrations of extracellular proteins (490 mg L-1 ± 18.2 mg L-1 liquid culture) that exhibit efficient and extensive degradation activities on various polysaccharides, especially agarose. These proteins have an activity of 310 U mg-1 ± 9.6 U mg-1 proteins. The extracellular agarase system (EAS) in the crude extracellular enzymes contains at least four agarose depolymerases, which are with molecular masses of approximately 30-70 kDa. The EAS is stable at a wide range of pH values (6.0-11.0), temperatures (0-50℃), and sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations (0- 0.9 mol L-1). Two major degradation products generated from agarose by the EAS are identified to be neoagarotetraose and neoagarohexaose, suggesting that β-agarases are the major constituents of the MY04 EAS. These results suggest that the Flammeovirga strain MY04 and its polysac-charide-degradation system hold great promise in industrial applications.

Preparations,Characterizations and Applications of Chitosan-based Nanoparticles

Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide prepared by the N-deacetylation of chitin. In this paper we have reviewed the methods of preparation of chitosan-based nanoparticles and their pharmaceutical applications. There are five methods of their prepa-rations:emulsion cross-linking,emulsion-droplet coalescence,ionic gelation,reverse micellar method and chemically modified chi-tosan method. Chitosan nanoparticles are used as carriers for low molecular weight drug,vaccines and DNA. Releasing characteris-tics,biodistribution and applications are also summarized.

Bromophenols from Marine Algae with Potential Anti-Diabetic Activities

Marine algae contain various bromophenols with a variety of biological activities, including antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-diabetic effects. Here, we briefly review the recent progress in researches on the biomaterials from marine algae, emphasizing the relationship between the structure and the potential anti-diabetic applications. Bromophenols from marine algae display their hyper- glycemic effects by inhibiting the activities of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, ct-glucosidase, as well as other mechanisms.

Occurrence and Diversity of Marine Yeasts in Antarctica Environments

A total of 28 yeast strains were obtained from the sea sediment of Antarctica.According to the results of routine identi-fication and molecular characterization,the strains belonged to species of Yarrowia lipolytica,Debaryomyces hansenii,Rhodotorula slooffiae,Rhodotorula mucilaginosa,Sporidiobolus salmonicolor,Aureobasidium pullulans,Mrakia frigida and Guehomyces pullu-lans,respectively.The Antarctica yeasts have wide potential applications in biotechnology,for some of them can produce b-galactosidase and killer toxins.

Impact of Korean Ginseng （Panax Ginseng） on Power Generation of Microbial Fuel Cells

This study reports an increase in power generation of a MFC （microbial fuel cell） by the addition of Korean ginseng （Panax ginseng）. It was noted that the use of ginseng enhances the microbial anaerobic degradation of cellobiose, a disaccharide that was used as a substrate in the anode chamber of the MFC. The power output of the MFC where ginseng was added showed noticeable enhancement compared to the control MFC. The increase slowly ramped at the initial days and became appreciably higher after the 11th day of incubation in an experiment set up for 16 days duration. It is attributed that the ginseng increases the CO2 production by accelerating the fermentation process. Decrease in CH4/CO2 ratio was observed also due to decrease in methane production per digested cellobiose, the proton donor in the current study. Four ring steroid-like structural moiety Ginsenoside of Panax ginseng seemed to play a beneficial role in the electron transfer from ceilobiose to the anode, perhaps by rendering easier electron transfer due to favorable energy level alignments.

Properties of Polysaccharides in Several Seaweeds from Atlantic Canada and Their Potential Anti-Influenza Viral Activities

To explore the polysaccharides from selected seaweeds of Atlantic Canada and to evaluate their potential anti-influenza virus activities, polysaccharides were isolated from several Atlantic Canadian seaweeds, including three red algae (Polysiphonia lanosa, Furcellaria lumbricalis, and Palmaria palmata), two brown algae (Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus), and one green alga (Ulva lactuca) by sequential extraction with cold water, hot water, and alkali solutions. These polysaccharides were ana-lyzed for monosaccharide composition and other general chemical properties, and they were evaluated for anti-influenza virus activities. Total sugar contents in these polysaccharides ranged from 15.4% (in U. lactuca) to 91.4% (in F. lumbricalis); sulfation level was as high as 17.6% in a polysaccharide from U. lactuca, whereas it could not be detected in an alikali-extract from P. palmaria. For polysaccharides from red seaweeds, the main sugar units were sulfated galactans (agar or carrageenan) for P. lanosa, F. lumbricalis, and xylans for P. palmata. In brown seaweeds, the polysaccharides largely contained sulfated fucans, whereas the polysaccharides in green seaweed were mainly composed of heteroglycuronans. Screening for antiviral activity against influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus revealed that brown algal polysaccharides were particularly effective. Seaweeds from Atlantic Canada are a good source of marine polysaccharides with potential antiviral properties.

Evaluation of antioxidant activity of marine Agrobacterium SP. 1202

The three water-soluble polysaccharides （PI, PII and Pill）, the ethyl acetate extraction （EA） and its five fractions of petroleum ether （PeF）, ethyl acetate （EaF）, butanol （BuF）, methanol （MeF） and water （WtF） from marine agrobacterium 1202 were prepared and then subjected to antioxidant activity evaluation. The antioxidant activity was tested using the 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl （DPPH） free radical-scavenging assay, the hydrogen peroxide-induced luminot chemiluminescence （CL） assay and hydroxyl free radical-initiated chemiluminescence （CL） assay. All the fractions exerted significant inhibitory effects on hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl free radical. The extracts of EA, EaF and BuF could also showed inhibition on DPPH. Among of them, the extracts of EaF showed full of antioxidant activity on the three tested system. The result suggested that the marine agrobacterium 1202 is a potential source of natural antioxidantagent.

清末民初江西省的砂糖业

江西省曾是全国产糖大省,乐平、东乡、赣州均为江西省产糖大区,赣州产糖尤为驰名。清末以后,由于自身固守传统旧法制糖、糖质不佳、政府强征厘金重税、中央地方政局不稳、资金不足以及遭受英属香港糖、日本糖、爪哇糖的强力冲击,江西砂糖业日渐衰落,逐渐由原来的产糖大省、输出大省沦为砂糖进口省。民国政府和江西省政府虽采取了一些振兴、复苏之策,却因缺乏安定和平的环境、足够的资金、裁撤厘金、关税自主等条件,江西省砂糖业最终难以扭转其颓势。

Chemical constituents of marine algal-derived endophytic fungus Exophiala oligosperma EN-21

Seven compounds (1–7) were identified from the cultivation of the endophytic fungus Exophiala oligosperma (EN-21) that was isolated from the inner tissue of the marine red alga Laurencia similis. Their structures were identified with spectroscopic and chemical methods as 2-phenoxynaphthalene (1), (2S, 3R, 4E, 8E)-1-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3-hydroxy-2-[(R)-2′-hydroxyoctadecanoyl] amino-9-methyl-4, 8-octadeca-diene (2), (22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22-dien-3β,5α,6β-triol (3), (22E, 24R)-3β, 5α, 9α-trihydroxy- ergosta-7, 22-dien-6-one (4), (22E, 24R)-5α, 6α-epoxy-ergosta-8, 22-dien-3β, 7α-diol (5), (22E, 24R)- ergosta-4, 6, 8(14), 22-tetraen-3-one (6), and euphorbol (7). This paper reports for the first time the chemical constituents of fungus Exophiala oligosperma and the discovery of compound 1 as a natural product from the fungus.

Effect of Discontinuous Administration of β -glucan and Glycyrrhizin on the Growth and Immunity of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus Vannamei

A six-week growth trial was conducted to compare the effects of different feeding strate- gies of dietary immunostimulants on the growth and immunity of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei （4.70 ±0.20g）. Shrimps were fed with diet containing glycyrrhizin continuously, containing β -glucan continuously, discontinuously （seven days with diet containing β -gluseven days with diet without -glucan; two days with diet containing β-glucan following five days with diet without -glucan）,

Preparation and characterization of controlled-release fertilizers coated with marine polysaccharide derivatives

Encapsulation of water-soluble nitrogen fertilizers by membranes can be used to control the release of nutrients to maximize the fertilization ef fect and reduce environmental pollution.In this research,we formulated a new double-coated controlled-release fertilizer(CRF)by using food-grade microcrystalline wax(MW)and marine polysaccharide derivatives(calcium alginate and chitosan-glutaraldehyde copolymer).The pellets of water-soluble nitrogen fertilizer were coated with the marine polysaccharide derivatives and MW.A convenient and eco-friendly method was used to prepare the CRF.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)were used to characterize the morphology and composition of the products.The nitrogen-release properties were determined in water using UV-Vis spectrophotometry.The controlled-release properties of the fertilizer were improved dramatically after coating with MW and the marine polysaccharide derivatives.The results show that the double-coated CRFs can release nitrogen in a controlled manner,have excellent controlled-release features,and meet the European Standard for CRFs.

Bioactive compounds of sea cucumbers and their therapeutic effects

Abstract Sea cucumbers belong to the Class Holothuroidea of marine invertebrates. They are commercially valuable and prized as a food and folk medicine in Asia. Nutritionally, sea cucumbers have an impressive profile of valuable nutrients such as vitamins, minerals and amino acids. A number of unique biological and pharmacological activities/properties, including anticancer, anticoagulant/antithrombotic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antihypertension and radioprotective, have been ascribed to various compounds isolated from sea cucumbers. The therapeutic properties and medicinal benefits of sea cucumbers can be linked to the presence of a wide array ofbioactives, especially triterpene glycosides, acid mucopolysaccharide, sphingoid bases, glycolipids, fucosylated chondroitin sulfate, polysaccharides, phospholipids, cerebrosides, phosphatidylcholines, and other extracts and hydrolysates. This review highlights the valuable bioactive components as well as the multiple therapeutic properties of sea cucumbers with a view to exploring their potential uses as functional foods and a natural source of new multifunctional drugs.

Chemical Characteristics and Anticoagulant Activities of Two Sulfated Polysaccharides from Enteromorpha linza (Chlorophyta)

Two sulfated polysaccharides, designated MP and SP, were extracted from the marine green alga Enteromorpha linza using hot water and then purified using ion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. The anticoagulant activities of MP and SP were examined by determination of their activated partial thromboplastin time （APTT）, thrombin time （TT） and prothrombin time （PT） using human plasma. Results showed that MP and SP were composed of abundant rhamnose with small amounts of xylose and glucuronic acid, whereas SP also contained a small amount of galactose. Approximate molecular weights of MP and SP were 535 and 502 kDa, respectively. As compared with SP, MP had higher contents of sulfate ester （19.0%） and uronic acid （14.9%）. The MP mainly consisted of （1→4）-linked rhamnose residues with partially sulfated groups at the C-3 position, and small amounts of （1→3, 4）-linked rhamnose, （1→2,4）-linked rhamnose, （1→4）-linked glucuronic acid and （1→4）-linked xylose residues. The SP contained abundant （1→4）-linked rhamnose with minor amounts of （1→3）-linked rhanmose, （1→3, 4）-linked rhamnose, （1→2, 4）-linked rhanmose, （1→4）4inked glucuronic acid, （1→4）-linked xylose, and （1→3）-linked galactose residues. The sulfate groups were mainly located at C-3 of （1→4）-linked rhamnose residues. Both MP and SP, in particular the former, effectively prolonged APTT and TT. This work demonstrates that MP and SP have unique structural characteristics distinct from those of other sulfated polysaccharides from Enteromorpha. The MP is a potential source of anticoagulant, and the difference in anticoagulant activities of the two sulfated polysaccharides is directly linked to the discrepancy of their chemical features.