[Objective] The aim of the study was to establish the effective and accurate formulas for estimating the digestible energy （DE） values of plant protein supplement in pig. [Method] By difference method with different...[Objective] The aim of the study was to establish the effective and accurate formulas for estimating the digestible energy （DE） values of plant protein supplement in pig. [Method] By difference method with different amount of alternative feeds （20% -50%）, two4 x4 Latin- square-designed trials were taken on eight castrated male pigs [ Yorkshire x Landrace x Neijiang pig, initial body-weight： （46 ±2） kg ] to deter- mine the apparent digestible energy （ADE） of the eight kinds of plant protein supplement commonly used in China, that is, corn gluten meal （sol.）, soybean meal （ sol. ）, fababean, pea, rapeseed meal （ sol. ）, sesame meal （ sol. ）, rapeseed meal （ exp. ） and cotton seed meal （sol.）. [Resultl （1） Fiber was the most important factor to estimate the ADE of plant protein supplement in pigs, and ADF was the best one. （2） The most effective equations were as below： （ 1 ） OE （kJ/kg DM） = 14 741.86 - 185.01ADF＋54.01SCHO＋22.45CP （ R =0.988,RSD= 67.9,P〈0.01 ） ; （2） DE （kJ/kg DM） =22 223.26 -209.58ADF＋26.79SCHO-1.09GE （ Ff =0.989,RSD=66.9, P〈0.01 ） . [Conclusion] The accurate, practical and specific regression equations were established for DE prediction of plant protein supplement in pig.展开更多
To understand the effects of the chemical and physical properties of plant leaves on food choice in Rhinopithecus bieti, we collected mature leaves of nine food and five non-food plant species at the southernmost part...To understand the effects of the chemical and physical properties of plant leaves on food choice in Rhinopithecus bieti, we collected mature leaves of nine food and five non-food plant species at the southernmost part of the species＇s range. Chemical properties such as fat, ash, crude protein （CP）, total phenolics （TP）, and fiber content including neutral detergent fiber （NDF）, acid detergent fiber （ADF）, lignin, celluloses and hemicelluloses, and physical toughness were measured. R. bieti tended to choose leaves with lower fiber content, higher ash, a higher ratio of CP/ADF, and lower toughness. No difference was found for fat, crude protein, total phenolics, hemicelluloses and lignin between food and non-food leaves. Even though the ratio of CP/ADF is generally regarded as a good indicator for colobine food choice, the difference in the ratio of CP/ADF between food and non-food leaves was only the result of differences in ADE Since positive correlations were found between ADF and tough- ness from all leaves （both food and non-food species）, and toughness of leaves was likely easier for R. bieti to sense than fiber content via mastication, the toughness of leaves may function as a predictor of food choice in this species [Current Zoology 56 （6） 643-49, 2010].展开更多
Net energy （NE） is the most accurate and unbiased way in characterizing the energy content of feed. Comparatively speaking, research on NE prediction is still limited and under development. Therefore, it is importan...Net energy （NE） is the most accurate and unbiased way in characterizing the energy content of feed. Comparatively speaking, research on NE prediction is still limited and under development. Therefore, it is important to correctly assess NE for further study. In this study, an energy balance trial and a fasting metabolism trial were used to measure the net energy for production （NEp） and the net energy for maintenance （NEm）, respectively. Meanwhile, a backward method of multiple linear regression was applied to establish prediction equations for NE. The results showed that corn NE is about 2 times higher than that of soybean meal, due to the efficiency of ME （k） utilization by the ingredients. Meanwhile, AME and acid detergent fiber （ADF） were found to be better predictors for the NE of corn and soybean meal, respectively. Furthermore, Equations 1（R^2=0.993, RSD=0.0091） and 12 （R^2=0.999, RSD=0.0008） were found to be better prediction equations in multiple linear regression analyses for corn and soybean meal, respectively. However, considering the cost of the analytical procedures, the accuracy of the prediction （RSD）, and the additional variability or errors due to interlaboratory variance, Equation 4 （R^2=0.990, RSD=0.0109） and Equation 20 （R^2=0.996, RSD=0.0043） were better models for corn and soybean meal, respectively. Nevertheless, these equations for corn and soybean meal should be applied only under similar experimental conditions.展开更多
The present experiment was focused on quality of dry distillers＇ grains with solubles （DDGS） produced from corn （DDGSc）, wheat （DDGSw）, triticale （DDGSt）, and wet distillers grains from corn （WDGc） for rumi...The present experiment was focused on quality of dry distillers＇ grains with solubles （DDGS） produced from corn （DDGSc）, wheat （DDGSw）, triticale （DDGSt）, and wet distillers grains from corn （WDGc） for ruminants. The products were tested for dry matter （DM）, crude protein （CP）, neutral detergent fibre （NDF）, acid detergent fibre （ADF） acid detergent insoluble nitrogen （NIAD）, amino acid （AA） profile, CP degradability and intestinal digestibility （ID） of rumen undegraded protein （RUP）. The average content of CP （g/kg DM） ranged from 289.9 （DDGSc） to 356.9 （DDGSw）. The highest content of essential AA was in WDGc （440.1 g/160g N） followed with DDGSc. The most variable was the content of Lys in DDGSw （from 13.69 to 22.79 g/160 g N）. The NIAD was found the highest for DDGSw （from 16.8% to 36.2%）, effective CP degradability was only 50.2% and ID of RUP 82.2%, total essential AA 81.2%, Lys 77.69% and Met 81.4%. Lys was generally the least digestible AA. The ruminally degradable CP fraction was in the range from 52.6% to 70.2% for DDGSc. ID of total and essential by-pass AA was very high 96.2% and 96.1%, Lysine 90.9% and Methionine 96.7%. From these data it can be concluded that DDGS from grains are a good source of protein for ruminants.展开更多
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of additions of different doses of clove oil （Syzygium aromaticum L.） on cell wall component of wheat straw. For this purpose, wheat straw was treated with 100 ppm ...The aim of this study was to determine the effects of additions of different doses of clove oil （Syzygium aromaticum L.） on cell wall component of wheat straw. For this purpose, wheat straw was treated with 100 ppm and 200 ppm clove oil and applied at two different time period （1 h and 5 h）. The microscopic analysis was made on cell wall components of untreated and treated of the straw. According to the research findings, with increasing doses and time of clove oil treatment, particularly, neutral detergent fiber （NDF） and acid detergent fiber （ADF） content of straw significantly （P 〈 0.05） reduced, approximately at the level of 15% for NDF and 13% for ADF, respectively. The lowest NDF, ADF, acid detergent lignin （ADL） and cellulose contents were found in 200 ppm dose and 5 h period. However, the lowest stem section thickness likewise was determined in 5 h period （P 〈 0.05）, but there was no significant difference between the dose. Consequently, it could be said that the addition of clove oil have a positive influence on cell wall components and stem section thickness of wheat straw.展开更多
The contents of dry matter, crude fat, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, crude ash, Ca and P in 43 Saccharum spontaneum L.germplasms during the vegetative period were determined. Among them...The contents of dry matter, crude fat, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, crude ash, Ca and P in 43 Saccharum spontaneum L.germplasms during the vegetative period were determined. Among them, the crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, P and Ca contents were treated as the judging indicators. The nutritional value evaluation was carried out with the analytic hierarchy process(AHP). The results showed A49(Guangxi)had the highest nutritional value. Its dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash,neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, Ca and P contents were 32.35%,7.20%, 4.06%, 8.07%, 75.81%, 50.72%, 0.23% and 0.16% respectively. While A3(Guangdong) had the lowest nutritional value. Its dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, Ca and P contents were32.24%, 4.62%, 0.51%, 6.38%, 46.40%, 40.02%, 0.15% and 0.09% respectively.The crude protein content differed significantly among different germplasms. A48 had the highest crude protein content(9.11%), and A14 had the lowest crude protein content(3.72%). Based on the evaluation results, the 43 Saccharum spontaneum L.germplasms were divided into 3 groups: high-nutritional value type, moderate-nutritional value type and low-nutritional value type. We hoped to provide a theoretical reference for the application of Saccharum spontaneum L. as a forage grass.展开更多
The objective of this study was to find highly nutritious native plants to feed cattle in northern Veracruz （Mexico） as an alternative to avoid deforestation for pasture establishment. Six fodder tree species （Leuc...The objective of this study was to find highly nutritious native plants to feed cattle in northern Veracruz （Mexico） as an alternative to avoid deforestation for pasture establishment. Six fodder tree species （Leucaena, Leucaenaleucocephala, Morera, Morus alba, Chacloco, rubiHamelia patents, Guficima, Guasumaulmifolia, Pichoco-bunting, Erythrinaamericana, Cocuite, Gliricidiasepium） were selected for their leave production, rapid growth and high nutritional quality. The plants were evaluated in the bud stage of senescence and flowering, restricting the fraction of mature foliage in the samples located under 2 meters height. Samples were collected from five plants per specie that were randomly selected. The nutritious parameters were evaluated through proximate analysis with the Van Soest technique. This study used a completely randomized design with five replicates. The nutritious composition showed PC （protein content） differences （P 〈 0.05） among species indicating that Leucaenaleucocephala （20%） had the lowest, Gliricidiasepium was （21%） intermediate and Morus alba （23%） had the highest. The FDN （neutral detergent fiber） and FDA （acid detergent） were lowest for Guasumaulmifolia （23.4%） and the other five species exceeded 40%. In conclusion, native foliage of fodder trees in northern, Veracruz are highly nutritious for cattle feeding and could alternative to avoid deforestation for pasture establishment to continue.展开更多
Goat satisfying energy requirements of goat are determined by anatomical body and browse leaves. In High Bassin zone of Mandrare in Southern Madagascar, sampling area of 400 m^2 has been monitored to analysis floristi...Goat satisfying energy requirements of goat are determined by anatomical body and browse leaves. In High Bassin zone of Mandrare in Southern Madagascar, sampling area of 400 m^2 has been monitored to analysis floristic diversity and Shannon-Weaver index and to establish rangeland typology. With one ram, two castrated goats and three ewes, foraging behaviour, bite rate and forage nutritive value were analyzed in native pastureland during six days at two browsing periods. As results, four pastureland groups were classified with dominant shrubs plants Acacia farnesiana, Poupartia caffra, Kigelianthe madagascariensis and Rhigozum madagascariense. Rangelands sites have presented lower heterogeneity with floristic density （236-658 plants per hectare）, Shannon-Weaver index （0.28-0.95）, maximum diversity （1.04 ± 0.07） with P 〈 0.05. Most of 42 identified fodder plants presented significant difference （P 〈 0.05） and higher nutritive value （35-54% Dry Matter or DM）; mineral matter （70-162 g·kg DM^-1）; Crude Protein （124-175 g·kg DM^-1）; Crude Fibre （203-376 g·kg DM^-1）; Neutral Detergent Fiber （388-548 g·kg DM^-1） and gross energy （3617-4464 kcal·kg DM^-1）. Acaciafarnesiana rangeland was overgrazed with 4.00 to 9.00 bites·mn^-1. In fact, relationships between phytosociology, nutritional parameters and foraging behaviour have been analyzed to improve with autochthonous plants and to manage rangeland in semi arid environment.展开更多
Native （Andropogon gayanus, Panicum maximum and Pennisetum purpureum） and exotic grasses （Brachiaria ruzi：iensis, Panieum maximum cv. C1 and T58） consumed in tropical humid zone were evaluated by estimating their...Native （Andropogon gayanus, Panicum maximum and Pennisetum purpureum） and exotic grasses （Brachiaria ruzi：iensis, Panieum maximum cv. C1 and T58） consumed in tropical humid zone were evaluated by estimating their voluntary intake and in vivo digestibility. The measurements were performed with 4 male Djallonke sheep （28 kg LW） fed ad libitum in metabolic cages, during a 10-days in vivo trial, preceded by a 14-days accommodation period. Each grass was studied at 3 stages of development. The samples （distributed grasses, refusals and faeces） were analysed for organic matter （OM）, crude fibre （CF）, neutral detergent fibre （NDF）, acid detergent fibre （ADF）, acid detergent lignin （ADL） and crude protein （CP） contents. Voluntary digestible organic matter intake （VDOMI） and voluntary digestible crude protein intake （VDCPI） were calculated （in g kg ^-1 LW075） as synthetic parameters to compare the grasses. The chemical composition of the distributed forages varied significantly （P 〈 0.001） between species or cultivars and development stages. After 4-5 leaves per tiller stage, CP contents decreased in all species and lowest in native species. Andropogon gayanus was the most l ignified species at any stage of development. At the end of the rainy season, Pennisetum purpureum leaves and Brachiaria ruziziensis had the highest CP. For all the grasses, CP contents were higher （and CF contents lower） in the consumed material, compared to the offered forages, showing thereby the high selectivity by the sheep. Dry matter intake, OM and CP digestibility varied greatly （P 〈 0.001） between forages and development stages with high interactions between these factors （P 〈 0.001）. Voluntary digestible organic matter intake and VDCPI were the highest （P 〈 0.05） for native Panicum maximum and Pennisetum purpureum. There was a relationship between digestibility and intake parameters, and ADL content of the grasses seems to be an important factor determining at least digestibility.展开更多
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of enzyme supplementations on performance of growing pigs, apparent total tract digestibility （ATTD） and in vitro digestibility （IVD） of nutrients. 224 growing ...The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of enzyme supplementations on performance of growing pigs, apparent total tract digestibility （ATTD） and in vitro digestibility （IVD） of nutrients. 224 growing pigs weighing 30-4-1.2 kg were allocated to fed basal diets supplemented with 0, 0.1, 0.15 or 0.2 g/kg enzyme preparations in growth trail. Those four diets were used for in vio＇o digestibility study. Pigs fed enzyme-supplemented diets improved average daily gain and decreased ratio of feed/gain （P〈0.05）. Enzyme supplementations increased ATTD of dry matter, energy, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fibre and hemicellulose （P〈0.05）. Supplementation with enzymes improved reducing sugar production and the IVD of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fibre, total arabinoxylans, galacturonic acid, hemicellulose and cellulose. 0.015% enzyme supplementation in diets seemed to be sufficient to achieve maximum growth performance, nutrients digestibilities and reducing sugar production. Collectively, these results suggested that the supplementation of enzymes in diet increased the digestibilities of nutrients through the promotion of NSP degradation, thereby enhancing growth performance of growing pigs.展开更多
文摘[Objective] The aim of the study was to establish the effective and accurate formulas for estimating the digestible energy （DE） values of plant protein supplement in pig. [Method] By difference method with different amount of alternative feeds （20% -50%）, two4 x4 Latin- square-designed trials were taken on eight castrated male pigs [ Yorkshire x Landrace x Neijiang pig, initial body-weight： （46 ±2） kg ] to deter- mine the apparent digestible energy （ADE） of the eight kinds of plant protein supplement commonly used in China, that is, corn gluten meal （sol.）, soybean meal （ sol. ）, fababean, pea, rapeseed meal （ sol. ）, sesame meal （ sol. ）, rapeseed meal （ exp. ） and cotton seed meal （sol.）. [Resultl （1） Fiber was the most important factor to estimate the ADE of plant protein supplement in pigs, and ADF was the best one. （2） The most effective equations were as below： （ 1 ） OE （kJ/kg DM） = 14 741.86 - 185.01ADF＋54.01SCHO＋22.45CP （ R =0.988,RSD= 67.9,P〈0.01 ） ; （2） DE （kJ/kg DM） =22 223.26 -209.58ADF＋26.79SCHO-1.09GE （ Ff =0.989,RSD=66.9, P〈0.01 ） . [Conclusion] The accurate, practical and specific regression equations were established for DE prediction of plant protein supplement in pig.
基金supported by TNC "Conservation Ecology of Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) at Two Geographic Extremes of Species Range"PhD Funding from Dali University,National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.30770308,30960084,30960085)+1 种基金Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control in Yunnan Province (ZK09A313)Key Subject of Wildlife Conservation and Utilization in Yunnan Province (XKZ200904)
文摘To understand the effects of the chemical and physical properties of plant leaves on food choice in Rhinopithecus bieti, we collected mature leaves of nine food and five non-food plant species at the southernmost part of the species＇s range. Chemical properties such as fat, ash, crude protein （CP）, total phenolics （TP）, and fiber content including neutral detergent fiber （NDF）, acid detergent fiber （ADF）, lignin, celluloses and hemicelluloses, and physical toughness were measured. R. bieti tended to choose leaves with lower fiber content, higher ash, a higher ratio of CP/ADF, and lower toughness. No difference was found for fat, crude protein, total phenolics, hemicelluloses and lignin between food and non-food leaves. Even though the ratio of CP/ADF is generally regarded as a good indicator for colobine food choice, the difference in the ratio of CP/ADF between food and non-food leaves was only the result of differences in ADE Since positive correlations were found between ADF and tough- ness from all leaves （both food and non-food species）, and toughness of leaves was likely easier for R. bieti to sense than fiber content via mastication, the toughness of leaves may function as a predictor of food choice in this species [Current Zoology 56 （6） 643-49, 2010].
文摘Net energy （NE） is the most accurate and unbiased way in characterizing the energy content of feed. Comparatively speaking, research on NE prediction is still limited and under development. Therefore, it is important to correctly assess NE for further study. In this study, an energy balance trial and a fasting metabolism trial were used to measure the net energy for production （NEp） and the net energy for maintenance （NEm）, respectively. Meanwhile, a backward method of multiple linear regression was applied to establish prediction equations for NE. The results showed that corn NE is about 2 times higher than that of soybean meal, due to the efficiency of ME （k） utilization by the ingredients. Meanwhile, AME and acid detergent fiber （ADF） were found to be better predictors for the NE of corn and soybean meal, respectively. Furthermore, Equations 1（R^2=0.993, RSD=0.0091） and 12 （R^2=0.999, RSD=0.0008） were found to be better prediction equations in multiple linear regression analyses for corn and soybean meal, respectively. However, considering the cost of the analytical procedures, the accuracy of the prediction （RSD）, and the additional variability or errors due to interlaboratory variance, Equation 4 （R^2=0.990, RSD=0.0109） and Equation 20 （R^2=0.996, RSD=0.0043） were better models for corn and soybean meal, respectively. Nevertheless, these equations for corn and soybean meal should be applied only under similar experimental conditions.
文摘The present experiment was focused on quality of dry distillers＇ grains with solubles （DDGS） produced from corn （DDGSc）, wheat （DDGSw）, triticale （DDGSt）, and wet distillers grains from corn （WDGc） for ruminants. The products were tested for dry matter （DM）, crude protein （CP）, neutral detergent fibre （NDF）, acid detergent fibre （ADF） acid detergent insoluble nitrogen （NIAD）, amino acid （AA） profile, CP degradability and intestinal digestibility （ID） of rumen undegraded protein （RUP）. The average content of CP （g/kg DM） ranged from 289.9 （DDGSc） to 356.9 （DDGSw）. The highest content of essential AA was in WDGc （440.1 g/160g N） followed with DDGSc. The most variable was the content of Lys in DDGSw （from 13.69 to 22.79 g/160 g N）. The NIAD was found the highest for DDGSw （from 16.8% to 36.2%）, effective CP degradability was only 50.2% and ID of RUP 82.2%, total essential AA 81.2%, Lys 77.69% and Met 81.4%. Lys was generally the least digestible AA. The ruminally degradable CP fraction was in the range from 52.6% to 70.2% for DDGSc. ID of total and essential by-pass AA was very high 96.2% and 96.1%, Lysine 90.9% and Methionine 96.7%. From these data it can be concluded that DDGS from grains are a good source of protein for ruminants.
文摘The aim of this study was to determine the effects of additions of different doses of clove oil （Syzygium aromaticum L.） on cell wall component of wheat straw. For this purpose, wheat straw was treated with 100 ppm and 200 ppm clove oil and applied at two different time period （1 h and 5 h）. The microscopic analysis was made on cell wall components of untreated and treated of the straw. According to the research findings, with increasing doses and time of clove oil treatment, particularly, neutral detergent fiber （NDF） and acid detergent fiber （ADF） content of straw significantly （P 〈 0.05） reduced, approximately at the level of 15% for NDF and 13% for ADF, respectively. The lowest NDF, ADF, acid detergent lignin （ADL） and cellulose contents were found in 200 ppm dose and 5 h period. However, the lowest stem section thickness likewise was determined in 5 h period （P 〈 0.05）, but there was no significant difference between the dose. Consequently, it could be said that the addition of clove oil have a positive influence on cell wall components and stem section thickness of wheat straw.
基金Supported by the Tropical Forage Grass Germplasm Conservation Project of Ministry of Agriculture(2011BAD17B01-01-5)Modern Agriculture Talent Support Program(No.PZS083)Tropical Crops Germplasm Conservation Project(12RZZY-09)
文摘The contents of dry matter, crude fat, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, crude ash, Ca and P in 43 Saccharum spontaneum L.germplasms during the vegetative period were determined. Among them, the crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, P and Ca contents were treated as the judging indicators. The nutritional value evaluation was carried out with the analytic hierarchy process(AHP). The results showed A49(Guangxi)had the highest nutritional value. Its dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash,neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, Ca and P contents were 32.35%,7.20%, 4.06%, 8.07%, 75.81%, 50.72%, 0.23% and 0.16% respectively. While A3(Guangdong) had the lowest nutritional value. Its dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, Ca and P contents were32.24%, 4.62%, 0.51%, 6.38%, 46.40%, 40.02%, 0.15% and 0.09% respectively.The crude protein content differed significantly among different germplasms. A48 had the highest crude protein content(9.11%), and A14 had the lowest crude protein content(3.72%). Based on the evaluation results, the 43 Saccharum spontaneum L.germplasms were divided into 3 groups: high-nutritional value type, moderate-nutritional value type and low-nutritional value type. We hoped to provide a theoretical reference for the application of Saccharum spontaneum L. as a forage grass.
文摘The objective of this study was to find highly nutritious native plants to feed cattle in northern Veracruz （Mexico） as an alternative to avoid deforestation for pasture establishment. Six fodder tree species （Leucaena, Leucaenaleucocephala, Morera, Morus alba, Chacloco, rubiHamelia patents, Guficima, Guasumaulmifolia, Pichoco-bunting, Erythrinaamericana, Cocuite, Gliricidiasepium） were selected for their leave production, rapid growth and high nutritional quality. The plants were evaluated in the bud stage of senescence and flowering, restricting the fraction of mature foliage in the samples located under 2 meters height. Samples were collected from five plants per specie that were randomly selected. The nutritious parameters were evaluated through proximate analysis with the Van Soest technique. This study used a completely randomized design with five replicates. The nutritious composition showed PC （protein content） differences （P 〈 0.05） among species indicating that Leucaenaleucocephala （20%） had the lowest, Gliricidiasepium was （21%） intermediate and Morus alba （23%） had the highest. The FDN （neutral detergent fiber） and FDA （acid detergent） were lowest for Guasumaulmifolia （23.4%） and the other five species exceeded 40%. In conclusion, native foliage of fodder trees in northern, Veracruz are highly nutritious for cattle feeding and could alternative to avoid deforestation for pasture establishment to continue.
文摘Goat satisfying energy requirements of goat are determined by anatomical body and browse leaves. In High Bassin zone of Mandrare in Southern Madagascar, sampling area of 400 m^2 has been monitored to analysis floristic diversity and Shannon-Weaver index and to establish rangeland typology. With one ram, two castrated goats and three ewes, foraging behaviour, bite rate and forage nutritive value were analyzed in native pastureland during six days at two browsing periods. As results, four pastureland groups were classified with dominant shrubs plants Acacia farnesiana, Poupartia caffra, Kigelianthe madagascariensis and Rhigozum madagascariense. Rangelands sites have presented lower heterogeneity with floristic density （236-658 plants per hectare）, Shannon-Weaver index （0.28-0.95）, maximum diversity （1.04 ± 0.07） with P 〈 0.05. Most of 42 identified fodder plants presented significant difference （P 〈 0.05） and higher nutritive value （35-54% Dry Matter or DM）; mineral matter （70-162 g·kg DM^-1）; Crude Protein （124-175 g·kg DM^-1）; Crude Fibre （203-376 g·kg DM^-1）; Neutral Detergent Fiber （388-548 g·kg DM^-1） and gross energy （3617-4464 kcal·kg DM^-1）. Acaciafarnesiana rangeland was overgrazed with 4.00 to 9.00 bites·mn^-1. In fact, relationships between phytosociology, nutritional parameters and foraging behaviour have been analyzed to improve with autochthonous plants and to manage rangeland in semi arid environment.
文摘Native （Andropogon gayanus, Panicum maximum and Pennisetum purpureum） and exotic grasses （Brachiaria ruzi：iensis, Panieum maximum cv. C1 and T58） consumed in tropical humid zone were evaluated by estimating their voluntary intake and in vivo digestibility. The measurements were performed with 4 male Djallonke sheep （28 kg LW） fed ad libitum in metabolic cages, during a 10-days in vivo trial, preceded by a 14-days accommodation period. Each grass was studied at 3 stages of development. The samples （distributed grasses, refusals and faeces） were analysed for organic matter （OM）, crude fibre （CF）, neutral detergent fibre （NDF）, acid detergent fibre （ADF）, acid detergent lignin （ADL） and crude protein （CP） contents. Voluntary digestible organic matter intake （VDOMI） and voluntary digestible crude protein intake （VDCPI） were calculated （in g kg ^-1 LW075） as synthetic parameters to compare the grasses. The chemical composition of the distributed forages varied significantly （P 〈 0.001） between species or cultivars and development stages. After 4-5 leaves per tiller stage, CP contents decreased in all species and lowest in native species. Andropogon gayanus was the most l ignified species at any stage of development. At the end of the rainy season, Pennisetum purpureum leaves and Brachiaria ruziziensis had the highest CP. For all the grasses, CP contents were higher （and CF contents lower） in the consumed material, compared to the offered forages, showing thereby the high selectivity by the sheep. Dry matter intake, OM and CP digestibility varied greatly （P 〈 0.001） between forages and development stages with high interactions between these factors （P 〈 0.001）. Voluntary digestible organic matter intake and VDCPI were the highest （P 〈 0.05） for native Panicum maximum and Pennisetum purpureum. There was a relationship between digestibility and intake parameters, and ADL content of the grasses seems to be an important factor determining at least digestibility.
文摘The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of enzyme supplementations on performance of growing pigs, apparent total tract digestibility （ATTD） and in vitro digestibility （IVD） of nutrients. 224 growing pigs weighing 30-4-1.2 kg were allocated to fed basal diets supplemented with 0, 0.1, 0.15 or 0.2 g/kg enzyme preparations in growth trail. Those four diets were used for in vio＇o digestibility study. Pigs fed enzyme-supplemented diets improved average daily gain and decreased ratio of feed/gain （P〈0.05）. Enzyme supplementations increased ATTD of dry matter, energy, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fibre and hemicellulose （P〈0.05）. Supplementation with enzymes improved reducing sugar production and the IVD of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fibre, total arabinoxylans, galacturonic acid, hemicellulose and cellulose. 0.015% enzyme supplementation in diets seemed to be sufficient to achieve maximum growth performance, nutrients digestibilities and reducing sugar production. Collectively, these results suggested that the supplementation of enzymes in diet increased the digestibilities of nutrients through the promotion of NSP degradation, thereby enhancing growth performance of growing pigs.
