滴灌对干旱区绿洲防护林土壤盐分的淋洗作用

为了探清滴灌对防护林地土壤水盐分布、不同滴灌年限林地根系分布、不同滴头距离处理下土壤盐分淋洗特征的影响,采用了野外监测方法,在喀拉米吉镇绿洲进行了对比试验。结果表明,目前的灌溉制度基本没有阻碍林木根系生长,但根系分布在滴灌作用下有上移的趋势。建议:塔里木河下游绿洲沙枣防护林在前几年种植中,可选择较窄的滴头距离淋洗土壤盐分;虽然滴灌在第1、2、3年对盐分的影响深度基本没有阻碍根系的生长,且随着林龄的增长,滴灌年限越大,淋洗深度越大,但是滴灌对根系周围的洗盐作用是局部范围内的,建议每年进行1次大水漫灌。

Salt Dynamics in Rhizosphere of Puccinellia ciliata Bor. in a Loamy Soil

A glasshouse experiment using a rhizobox technique was conducted to examine salt dynamics in the rhizosphere of a salt-tolerant grass, Puccinellia ciliata Bor. ’Irwin Hunter’, grown in a loamy soil, and to study the effect of rainfall flush on salt accumulation in the rhizosphere. The rhizobox (10 × 5.5 × 50 cm) had a nylon mesh (1 μm) positioned vertically in the middle to create two compartments filled with soil amended with 1 g NaCl kg-1. The plants were grown in one compartment only. Flushed treatments received 275 mL of deionized water two days before harvest. In the plant-growing compartment, soils were sectioned vertically at 5 cm intervals. Significant differences in soil electrical conductivity (EC) (P < 0.05) and pH (P < 0.05) were observed for depths, but not between flushed and non-flushed treatments. In the no-plant compartment (rhizosphere), soil cores were taken horizontally at depths of 5, 20 and 40 cm and sliced at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 20 mm away from the roots. Soil EC and Cl- concentration at the 5 and 20 cm depths, and Na+ concentration at the 5 cm depth significantly decreased (P < 0.05) with the distance away from the root, but no significant differences were observed in soil pH and concentrations of the K+ and Ca2+. The flush treatment only had significant influence on soil EC, pH, and Cl- concentration at the 20 cm depth. Thus, salt accumulation could occur in the rhizosphere of salt-tolerant species on saline soils, and the periodic low rainfall might not have a strong influence on salt distribution in the rhizosphere and/or root zone.

塔里木河下游地区滴灌沙枣防护林地土壤盐分分布特征

为了研究不同滴灌措施对极端干旱区防护林土壤盐分的淋洗作用,以沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia)防护林作为研究对象,对塔里木河下游喀拉米吉绿洲沙枣防护林开展了灌溉与不灌溉、不同滴头距离、不同滴灌年限处理的试验。结果表明:①不灌溉林地土壤盐分含量与流动沙丘相似,流动沙丘土壤盐分分布的空间异质性大于不灌溉林地。滴灌林地土壤含盐量低于不灌溉林地。②1.5m滴头距离处理与其他处理相比压盐碱效果显著(P<0.01)。1.5m与3m滴头距离处理在50cm土体中含盐量差异达极显著水平(P<0.01),前者比流动沙丘低30.5%～32.7%、后者比流动沙丘高17.1%～13.3%。与3m滴头距离处理相比,1.5m滴头距离处理产生水盐运移的"互作"影响,盐峰下移。③滴灌后的第1、2、3年,林地的土壤盐分分别下降至30cm、50cm和70cm以下,基本对沙枣根系生长没有影响。随着滴灌次数增加,根系生物量逐渐增大,根系附近土壤盐分逐渐减少。滴灌能使防护林的根系分布上移,大部分在10～65cm土层内,土层越深,林木的根系越少。④灌水季节末期,不同林龄的防护林在120cm土体的含盐量表现为:1a林>2a林>6a林,说明滴灌对林龄大的防护林淋洗效果更为明显;非灌溉季节里,防护林的林龄越大,其土壤盐分表聚现象越明显。