洱海北部“两江一河”水污染治理调研报告

为做好保护洱海的工作,对洱海北部为洱海提供主要来水量的"两江一河"(永安江、罗时江和弥苴河)的水污染治理情况进行调研。针对其水污染严重的现实,在回顾以往治理工作的基础上,分析水污染治理中的制约因素、存在问题及导致水污染的原因,最后提出加强"两江一河"水污染治理的十条对策建议。

云南省洱海北部地区农田面源污染现状及控制的补偿政策

农田面源污染是洱海富营养化的重要原因之一。本文利用在洱海北部地区收集的实地调研数据,从化肥施用与流失和秸秆利用情况,分析了该地区的农田面源污染现状。结果表明:该地区的农田面源污染主要来源于大蒜田与玉米田的氮磷流失,以及大蒜秸秆与玉米秸秆的焚烧或丢弃。从补偿对象与主体、补偿标准、补偿环节与方式、配套政策四个方面,探讨了农田面源污染控制的补偿政策,并结合在洱海北部地区的实地调研资料,分析了测土配方施肥和秸秆还田两种农田面源污染控制技术采纳的补偿政策案例;提出政府应在基础设施建设、技术指导、教育培训、"无公害"农产品市场建设等方面给予政策支持。

明清时期洱海北部的“坝子水利”与社会能动性的发展

明初以来,尽管洱海北部坝区经历了较为频繁的制度变化,也存在群体身份差异,但最为重要的社会变化,是村落和地方社群的组织、维持、相互间竞争等长期过程中建立、发展起来的社会能动性。小型水利灌溉和分享体系“坝子水利”逐渐形成以水利、村庙为协调和合作中心的村落共同体,并发展成为基于村庙的大小不等的村落公共财产管理体系和仪式体系。村落共同体和村落联盟的发展,远远超越了其他形式的社群组合,成为公共财产管理、资源和劳动力分配和文化诠释的重要力量。基于共同的村庙或者村庙之间联合的灌溉共同体的管理运作模式不断发展,形成村与村、村庙与村庙之间的劳动力、水资源和宗教仪式之间共享的合作体系。

入湖河流水质对土地利用时空格局的响应研究:以洱海北部流域为例

揭示土地利用与入湖河流水质的内在联系是非点源研究的重要内容,以洱海北部流域为研究对象,从土地利用类型组成和空间格局入手,综合空间分析和统计分析方法对两者响应关系进行研究.结果表明,研究区平均坡度(SLOPE)、植被区面积百分比(VEG)作为表征土地利用类型组成的指标,与入湖河流TN和TP的关系显著,斑块密度(PD)、农业用地斑块密度(PDagr)、水体形状指数(LSIwat)作为表征土地利用空间格局的指标,与TP和NH+4-N的关系显著;类型水平下,入湖河流水质对土地利用空间格局的响应关系较景观水平强,水质响应指标为雨季TP和旱季NH+4-N,回归调整系数R2分别为0.761和0.978;旱季,入湖河流水质对土地利用的响应关系强于雨季,水质响应指标为TN、TP和NH+4-N.因此,进行洱海北部流域非点源污染治理时可考虑提高植被覆盖率和农业用地集约化程度,尽量避免旱季对自然水体的人为干扰,后续进行土地利用空间格局与入湖河流水质关系研究建议选类型水平.

云南省洱海北部地区农田面源污染现状及控制的补偿政策

农田面源污染是洱海富营养化的重要原因之一。本文利用在洱海北部地区收集的实地调研数据,从化肥施用与流失和秸秆利用情况,分析了该地区的农田面源污染现状。结果表明:该地区的农田面源污染主要来源于大蒜田与玉米田的氮磷流失,以及大蒜秸秆与玉米秸秆的焚烧或丢弃。从补偿对象与主体、补偿标准、补偿环节与方式、配套政策四个方面,探讨了农田面源污染控制的补偿政策,并结合在洱海北部地区的实地调研资料,分析了测土配方施肥和秸秆还田两种农田面源污染控制技术采纳的补偿政策案例;提出政府应在基础设施建设、技术指导、教育培训、"无公害"农产品市场建设等方面给予政策支持。

Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses in Different Crop Rotation Systems in the North of Erhai Lake Basin

[Objective] Nitrogen and phosphorus losses of surface runoff in various crop rotation systems in the north of Erhai Lake basin were studied with the objective to provide references for risk evaluation of environmental pollution and formulating countermeasures to control the nonpoint source pollution from agriculture.[Method] Water samples collected in four typical crop rotation systems distributed in seven towns（townships） in the north of Erhai Lake basin were investigated,as well as the fertilizer input,to explore the dynamic change of nitrogen and phosphorus content in surface water of farmland and ditch water,and the correlation between fertilizer input and the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the surface water of farmland and in the ditch water.[Result] The results showed that nitrogen loss in surface water of farmland in different crop rotation systems differed greatly,and the risk of nitrogen loss was 38% lower in broad bean-rice crop rotation than that in garlic-rice crop rotation.The water soluble nitrogen was the primary form of nitrogen loss.The content of water soluble nitrogen was significantly higher in garlic-rice crop rotation than that in the other rotation systems,and the concentrations of nitrogen in the surface water of farmland in different crop rotation systems followed the sequence below：garlic-rice crop rotationryegrass-rice crop rotationbroad bean-rice crop rotationrape-rice crop rotation.The loss of phosphorus in the surface water of farmland was relatively low and phosphorus combined with silt was the primary form for phosphorus loss.There was no significant difference of the loss of various forms of phosphorus in different crop rotation systems.The contents of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the surface water of farmland were higher than that in ditch water,with increasing rates of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in ditch water of 72% and 82%,respectively.Topdressing was the critical reason for the high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the surface water,which also caused the increasing load to the ditch water.[Conclusion] Both the nitrogen and phosphorus loss were the highest in garlic-rice crop rotation.Reasonable crop rotation systems should be established based on both the environmental and economic benefits.This study provided references for controlling the nonpoint source pollution of farmland and improving the water quality of Erhai Lake.

洱海北部入湖河流水质特征及其对北部湖区的影响

基于2016-2018年罗时江、弥苴河、永安江及洱海北部湖区监测数据分析,探讨洱海北部入湖河流污染变化特征及对北部湖区的影响。结果表明:1)"北三江"监测断面总磷、COD、氨氮浓度整体稳定在GB 3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅱ—Ⅲ类标准限值内,年内污染物浓度变化表现出典型的农业面源污染特征,且受流域内产业模式等的综合影响 2)研究期间,河流首要污染物为TN,旱季次要污染物为COD,雨季为TP。雨季入湖负荷高于旱季,弥苴河污染负荷大于罗时江、永安江。"北三江"入湖TN和TP污染负荷分别占洱海允许负荷的50.1%和59.7% 3)入湖河流的磷元素输入是洱海北部湖区磷污染的重要来源。北部湖区污染物浓度对氮、磷入湖污染负荷相关性次月强于当月,响应存在延迟。筛选环境友好型种植模式,控制"北三江"氮磷入湖负荷,有利于保护洱海水环境。