Daytime activity budgets of feral goats （ Capra hircus ） were studied in 1981, 1982 and 2000 on the Isle of Rum, northwest Scotland. This paper analyzes the influence of key weather variables （temperature and rainf...Daytime activity budgets of feral goats （ Capra hircus ） were studied in 1981, 1982 and 2000 on the Isle of Rum, northwest Scotland. This paper analyzes the influence of key weather variables （temperature and rainfall） and seasonal variations in daylength on daytime activity budgets. This study showed that the percentage of daytime spent in feeding by feral goats on Rum Island decreased with average monthly temperature, while the percentage of daytime spent in lying increased and rainfall had no significant effects on the percentage daytime spent in feeding or lying. The daylength varied greatly from January to December with the longest daylength being in June and July, and the shortest one in December and January. The amount of daytime spent feeding decreased from summer to winter, although the percentage of daytime spent feeding increased greatly from summer to winter. The seasonal variations in daylength seem to be an important factor in constraining feral goats＇ activity, especially in the cold and wet winters when forage biomass and quality are both at their lowest level. We discuss the influence of such constraining effects on the forage intake of these goats and their winter survival rate, as well as its implication for population regulation of these goats.展开更多
Line structures such as pipelines that cross active faults should be designed to retain leak-tightness if the design displacement (Ddesign) occurs. Principal approaches to the Ddesign and rupture kinematics assessment...Line structures such as pipelines that cross active faults should be designed to retain leak-tightness if the design displacement (Ddesign) occurs. Principal approaches to the Ddesign and rupture kinematics assessment are described. They are based on relationships between earthquake magnitude, rupture length and displacement, and on the detailed field data on a specific fault that crosses the pipeline route. Since the future offset at the crossing may exceed the design value, the probability of a displacement occurrence where the safety of the structure can not be ensured should be estimated. Assessment method on such event probability is described and exemplified through active fault studies carried out at several pipeline projects in Russia.展开更多
Seismicity in northern Arizona is concentrated in a northwest-southeast trending belt that stretches from the Utah border south to the edge of the Colorado Plateau. Located within this NASB （Northern Arizona Seismic ...Seismicity in northern Arizona is concentrated in a northwest-southeast trending belt that stretches from the Utah border south to the edge of the Colorado Plateau. Located within this NASB （Northern Arizona Seismic Belt） is the San Francisco volcanic field, classified by the United States Geological Survey as potentially active. The last volcanic event in the field was located at Sunset Crater and occurred less than 1,000 years ago. Eruption intervals in the volcanic field are of the same order of length of time. Seismic monitoring of the volcanic field area has improved greatly since 1985 with the establishment of new network seismic stations. This has allowed for a lowered threshold of detection of seismic events and improved location capabilities. As an example of the result of this improved ability to locate smaller tremors, two swarms have been identified in the field, the 2009 Halloween swarm near Sunset Crater volcano and the 2011 swarm near Flagstaff, the largest urban community in northern Arizona.展开更多
文摘Daytime activity budgets of feral goats （ Capra hircus ） were studied in 1981, 1982 and 2000 on the Isle of Rum, northwest Scotland. This paper analyzes the influence of key weather variables （temperature and rainfall） and seasonal variations in daylength on daytime activity budgets. This study showed that the percentage of daytime spent in feeding by feral goats on Rum Island decreased with average monthly temperature, while the percentage of daytime spent in lying increased and rainfall had no significant effects on the percentage daytime spent in feeding or lying. The daylength varied greatly from January to December with the longest daylength being in June and July, and the shortest one in December and January. The amount of daytime spent feeding decreased from summer to winter, although the percentage of daytime spent feeding increased greatly from summer to winter. The seasonal variations in daylength seem to be an important factor in constraining feral goats＇ activity, especially in the cold and wet winters when forage biomass and quality are both at their lowest level. We discuss the influence of such constraining effects on the forage intake of these goats and their winter survival rate, as well as its implication for population regulation of these goats.
文摘Line structures such as pipelines that cross active faults should be designed to retain leak-tightness if the design displacement (Ddesign) occurs. Principal approaches to the Ddesign and rupture kinematics assessment are described. They are based on relationships between earthquake magnitude, rupture length and displacement, and on the detailed field data on a specific fault that crosses the pipeline route. Since the future offset at the crossing may exceed the design value, the probability of a displacement occurrence where the safety of the structure can not be ensured should be estimated. Assessment method on such event probability is described and exemplified through active fault studies carried out at several pipeline projects in Russia.
文摘Seismicity in northern Arizona is concentrated in a northwest-southeast trending belt that stretches from the Utah border south to the edge of the Colorado Plateau. Located within this NASB （Northern Arizona Seismic Belt） is the San Francisco volcanic field, classified by the United States Geological Survey as potentially active. The last volcanic event in the field was located at Sunset Crater and occurred less than 1,000 years ago. Eruption intervals in the volcanic field are of the same order of length of time. Seismic monitoring of the volcanic field area has improved greatly since 1985 with the establishment of new network seismic stations. This has allowed for a lowered threshold of detection of seismic events and improved location capabilities. As an example of the result of this improved ability to locate smaller tremors, two swarms have been identified in the field, the 2009 Halloween swarm near Sunset Crater volcano and the 2011 swarm near Flagstaff, the largest urban community in northern Arizona.
