低含量风化煤活化提取高纯度腐植酸研究

本文对河北省唐山地区的风化煤的特点,提出了一条活化提取高纯度腐植酸的工艺,产品的收率高,质量符合高效铅蓄电池用腐植酸标准。

风化煤活化制备高纯腐植酸的研究

针对腐植酸的碱抽提再酸化制备工艺普遍存在收率低、质量不稳定的缺点,本文以唐山地区的风化煤资源利用为背景,提出了一条活化提取高纯度腐植酸的新工艺。对比实验结果表明该工艺所得产品收率高,质量完全符合蓄电池用腐植酸标准。

活化杨树花提取物对肉鸡解毒增免的观察

选择某商品场肉鸡随机分组,采用分子活化型杨树花提取物用于解毒增免、抗菌增效、促生长的方案,期望能提高机体免疫力、减少抗生素使用和促进生产性能。本次试验结果证明,该方案达到较好效果,可增加经济效益,值得在鸡场试用。

Study on Anti-oxidation and Inhibitory Effect on Nonenzymatic Glycation Reaction of Fermentation Extract from Biotransformation of Ginkgo biloba L. (EGB) by Hericium erinaceus

[ Objective] In order to study the anti-oxidation and inhibitory effect on nonenzymatic glycation reaction of EGB fermentation extraction biotransformed by Hericium erinaceus. [ Method ] The free radical scavenging ability and reducing capacity of DPPH as well as inhibitory rate of nonenzymatic glycation reaction were measured targets for comparing changes of anti-oxidation and inhibitory effect on nonenzymatic glycation reaction of fermentation lyophilizer and fermentation extraction before and after EGB fermention adsorbed by AB-8 macroporous resin. The EGB fermention was biotransformed by Hericium erinaceus. [ Result ] After adsorbed by AB-8 macroporous resin, the bioactive matters were concentrated and separated. The free radical scavenging rate, reducing capacity and inhibitory rate of nonenzymatic glycation reaction were increased significantly after adsorbed by AB-8 macroporous resin. [ Conclusion] AB-8 macroporous resin could be used for preliminary concentration of EGB fermentation which was biotransformed by Hericium erinaceus.

Effect of Lonicerae Flos extracts on reflux esophagitis with antioxidant activity

AIM： To observe the effects of traditional antiinflammatory medicine Lonicerae FIos （LF） on rat reflux esophagitis （RE） induced by pylorus and forestomach ligation compared with the well-known proton antioxidant, α-tocopherol. METHODS： Rats were pretreated with three different dosages of LF （500, 250 and 125 mg/kg） orally, once a day for 14 d before pylorus and forestomach ligation. Nine hours after pylorus and forestomach ligation, changes to the stomach and esophagus lesion areas, gastric volumes, acid and pepsin outputs, antioxidant effects, esophageal lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT）, malondialdehyde （MDA）, myeloperoxidase and glutathione （GSH） levels, and collagen contents （marker of flexibility） were observed on the esophageal and fundic histopathology. The results were compared with an α-tocopherol （once orally, 1 h before operation, 30 mg/kg） treated group in which the effects on RE were already confirmed.RESULTS： Pylorus and forestomach ligations caused marked increases of gross esophageal and gastric mucosa lesion areas, which corresponded with histopathological changes. In addition, increases of esophageal lipid peroxidation, decreases of SOD, CAT, and GSH-free radical scavengers, increases of collagen were observed. However, these pylorus and forestomach ligation induced RE were dose-dependently inhibited by treatment of 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg of LF extract, mediated by antioxidant effects. RE at 250 mg/kg showed similar effects α-tocopherol. CONCLUSION： The results suggest that antioxidant effects of LF could attenuate the severity of RE and prevent the esophageal mucosal damage, and validate its therapeutic use in esophageal reflux disease.

Optimization of pectin extraction and antioxidant activities from Jerusalem artichoke

Jerusalem artichoke is an economic crop widely planted in saline-alkaline soil. The use of Jerusalem artichoke is of great significance. In this study, the response surface method was employed to optimize the effects of processing variables （extraction temperature, pH, extraction time, and liquid-to- solid ratio） on the yield of Jerusalem artichoke pectin. Under the optimal extraction conditions： pHl .52, 63.62 min, 100℃ and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 44.4 mL/g, the maximum pectin yield was predicted to be 18.76%. Experiments were conducted under these optimal conditions and a pectin yield of 18.52＋0.90% was obtained, which validated the model prediction. The effects of different drying methods （freeze drying, spray drying and vacuum drying） on the properties of Jerusalem artichoke pectin were evaluated and they were compared with apple pectin. FTIR spectral analysis showed no major structural differences in Jerusalem artichoke pectin samples produced by various drying treatments. The antioxidant activities of pectin dried by different methods were investigated using in vitro hydroxyl and DPPH radical scavenging systems. The results revealed that the activities of spray dried pectin （SDP） and apple pectin （AP） were stronger than those of vacuum oven dried pectin （ODP） and vacuum freeze dried pectin （FDP）. Therefore compared with the other two drying methods, the spray drying method was the best.

Chemical constituents and antioxidant activities of waste liquid extract from Apostichopus japonicus Selenka processing

Apostichopus japonicus Selenka is an ideal tonic food that is used traditionally in many Asian countries, and it contains many bioactive substances, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer materials. To convert waste liquid generated during production into a useful resource, extract from waste liquid was isolated by column chromatography and studied by the pyrogallol autoxidation and 1,10-phenanthroline-Fe^2＋ oxidation methods. Results show that the extract scavenged about 91% of the superoxide anion radical at a concentration of 1.4 mg/mL and 24% of the hydroxyl radical at 3.3 mg/mL. Four compounds were isolated and identified from the extract： 2,4-dihydroxy-5-methyl-1,3-azine; 2,4-dihydroxy- 1,3-diazine; 3-O-β-D-quinovopranosyl-（1→2）-4-O-sodium sulfate-β-D-xylopranosyl]-holosta-9（11）-ene313,12β,17α-triol; and 24-ethyl-5α-cholesta-7-ene-3β-O-β-D-xylopyranoside. All of these compounds are known in A. japonicus, and were found in the waste liquid for the first time.

Ultrasonic Extraction of Polysaccharides from Laminaria japonica and Their Antioxidative and Glycosidase Inhibitory Activities

In the present study, ultrasonic extraction technique （UET） is used to improve the yield of polysaccharides from Lami- naria japonica （LJPs）. And their antioxidative as well as glycosidase inhibitory activities are investigated. Box-Behnken design （BBD） combined with response surface methodology （RSM） is applied to optimize ultrasonic extraction for polysaccharides. The optimized conditions are obtained as extraction time at 54 min, ultrasonic power at 1050 W, extraction temperature at 80℃ and ratio of material to solvent at 1：50 （g mL-1）. Under these optimal ultrasonic extraction conditions, an actual experimental yield （5.75% ＋ 0.3%） is close to the predicted result （5.67%） with no significant difference （P〉0.05）. Vitro antioxidative and glycosidase inhibitory activities tests indicate that the crude polysaccharides （LJP） and two major ethanol precipitated fractions （LJP1 and LJP2） are in a concentration-dependent manner. LJP2 （30%-60% ethanol precipitated polysaccharides） possesses the strongest α-glucosidase in- hibitory activity and moderate scavenging activity against hydroxyl radicals （66.09% ±2.19%, 3.0 mg mL-l）. Also, the inhibitory activity against a-glucosidase （59.08% ± 3.79%, 5.0 mg mL-1） is close to that of acarbose （63.99% ± 3.27%, 5.0 mg mL-l）. LJP 1 （30% ethanol precipitated polysaccharides） exhibits the strongest scavenging activity against hydroxyl radicals （99.80%q-0.00%, 3.0mg mL-1） and moderate a-glucosidase inhibitory activity （47.76%± 1.92%, 5.0 mgmL-1）. LJP shows the most remarkable DPPH scav- enging activity （66.20%±0.11%, 5.0mgmL-1） but weakest a-glucosidase inhibitory activity （37.77%±1.30%, 5.0mgmL-1）. How- ever, all these LJPs exert weak inhibitory effects against a-amylase. These results show that UET is an effective method for extract- ing bioactive polysaccharides from seaweed materials. LJP 1 and LJP2 can be developed as a potential ingredient in hypoglycemic agents or functional food for the management of diabetes. This study provides scientific evidence and advances in the preparation technology and a hypoglycemic activities evaluation method for seaweed polysaccharides, especially glycosidase inhibition in com- bination with an antioxidative activity evaluation method.

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea L.) Extracts Obtained by Classical and Ultrasound Extraction

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Echinacea purpurea L. (Asteraceae) extracts obtained by classical and ultrasound solvent extraction were compared. The dry aerial part of plant was extracted by 70% etha-nol at a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1︰10 (m/v) and 25°C. The extract obtained by classical solvent extraction contained 29% larger amounts of phenolic compounds and 20% higher content of flavonoids. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picril hydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging reached 93.6% and the values of EC50 were (34.16±0.65) μg·ml-1 and (65.48±1.12) μg·ml-1 for the extracts obtained by the classical and ultrasound extractions, respectively. The extracts, independent of the extraction technique applied, showed a considerable growth inhibition on Candida albicans and Saccharo-myces cerevisiae, while no growth inhibition zones were observed for Aspergillus niger. The diameters of inhibition zone observed for all the microorganisms were larger for extracts obtained by classical extraction than those by ul-trasound extraction.

Structures and Antiviral Activities of Butyrolactone Derivatives Isolated from Aspergillus terreus MXH-23

A new butyrolactone derivative,namely butyrolactone Ⅷ （1）,and six known butyrolactones （2-7） were separated from the ethyl acetate （EtOAc） extract of the fermentation broth of a fungus,Aspergillus terreus MXH-23.The chemical structures of these metabolites were identified by analyzing their nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） and mass spectrometry （MS）.Known butyrolactone derivatives contain an α,β-unsaturated γ-lactone ring with α-hydroxyl and y-benzyl,and butyrolactone Ⅷ （1） was the first butyrolactones contains α-benzyl and γ-hydroxyl on α,β-unsaturated lactone ring.All of the butyrolactone derivatives were tested for their anti-influenza （H 1N 1） effects.Derivatives 4 and 7 showed moderate antiviral activities while the newly-identified,derivative 1,did not.

Purification and Characterization of Plant Peroxidase from Coccinia Grandis （Ivy Gourd）

Plant peroxidase extracted from Coccinia grandis Lin. （Ivy gourd） was purified from crude extract by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, and size exclusion chromatography. The purified enzyme preparation exhibited a specific activity of 6106.63 p.mol.minl.mg protein1, while purification fold and yield were 17.45 and 34.70%, respectively. The purified peroxidase was homogenous as judged by native and sodium dodecyl sulfate （SDS） polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight as determined by gel filtration and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 45 kD, which suggested that the purified peroxidase contained only one subunit. The apparent Km and Vmax values of the enzyme against phenol were 93 p.M and 561 μmol.min^-1.mg protein^-1, respectively. The temperature and pH optimum for purified peroxidase were 45℃ and pH 6.0, respective. However, it was stable at 30-60℃ and pH 4.0-8.0. The presence of metal ions such as Cu2＋ and Ca2＋ enhanced peroxidase activity. On the other hand, Cr3＋ and Hg2＋ strongly inhibited the enzyme activity at 500 p.M. Sodium dodecyl sulfate reduced a half of peroxidase activity at approximately 3 mM. Ivy gourd was stability in the presence of each urea concentrations. The affinity of the enzyme with different substrates showed as the highest relative activities on gallic acid followed by catechin, ascorbic acid and caffeic acid, respectively.

Antioxidant Activity of Isothiocyanate Extracts from Broccoli

Isothiocyanates(ITCs) extracts were prepared from fresh broccoli.Their antioxidant properties were evaluated by using the in vitro bioassays,including superoxide anion radical( 2 O·-) ,hydroxyl radical(HO·-) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydracyl(DPPH·) radical-scavenging methods,lipid peroxidation assay,and reducing power assay.The ITCs extracts exhibited significant dose-dependent antioxidant activities(P<0.01) .Its antioxidant-stability was affected by temperature and storage condition,although it was more stable than vitamin C(Vc) .GC-MS iden-tified sulforaphane in the ITCs extracts.The antioxidant activity of sulforaphane was approximately one tenth to one fifth of that of Vc.Sulforaphane was experimented to be one of dominating contributors to antioxidant capacity of ITCs extracts.However,there was no direct antioxidant activity found for benzyl isothiocyanate(BITC) in vitro. Therefore,it could be concluded that the general group(-N=C=S) was not the essential part for the antioxidant activity of sulforaphane.It is suggested that the ITCs extracts from broccoli can be developed into a promising food additive for healthy food.

Comparison of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Methanolic Extracts of the Artemisia sp.Recovered by Different Extraction Techniques

The polyphenol content,antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the extracts obtained by classical, ultrasonic and Soxhlet extractions from dry aerial parts of two Artemisia species(Artemisia vulgaris and Artemisia campestris)were compared.Ultrasound positively affected the yield of extractive substance and the kinetics of extraction,but the extract obtained by the classical extraction showed the highest antioxidant activities and contained higher total contents of phenolic compounds and flavonoids than the extracts obtained by two other extraction techniques.Both flavonoid aglycones(apigenin,quercetin,quercetin 3,3′-dimethyl ether)and flavonoid glycosides(rutin,hyperoside and kaempferol 3-rhamnoside)were identified by thin layer chromatograph(TLC)analysis in the extracts from both species.A.campestris extracts were richer in quercetin than A.vulgaris and its antimicrobial activity was also better than A.vulgaris.Extracts obtained from both species were found to be more effective on the tested yeasts than bacteria.The kinetics of the total extractive substances,such as phenolic,flavonoids and quercetin extraction,was successfully described by the model of unsteady-state diffusion.

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of the Essential Oil and Methanol Extract from Mentha Iongifolia L. Hudson from North of Iran

This study was designed to evaluate antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and methanol extract from Mentha longifolia L. hudson. Antioxidant activity was evaluated through 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） assay and β-carotene/linoleic acid assay. The essential oil and methanol extract were individually tested [disc-diffusion assay and evaluating minimum inhibition concentration （MIC）] against a number of bacteria. The essential oil showed strong antimicrobial activity against bacteria tested whereas the methanol extract almost remained inactive. In contrast, the extract showed much better activity than the essential oil in antioxidant activity assays employed, e.g. in the inhibition of free radical DPPH and β-carotene/linolcic acid systems. In the former, the extract was able to reduce the stable free radical DPPH with an IC50 of 55.3μg/mL while that of the oils were 10,630μg/mL. When compared to BHT （butylated hydroxytoluene）, a synthetic antioxidant, both showed weaker antioxidative potential. Similarly, in β-carotene/linoleic acid assay, these samples were not effectively able to inhibit the linoleic acid oxidation; exhibiting only 24% and 36% inhibitions at 2 mg/mL, respectively; both were far below than that of BHT. Total phenolic constituent of the extract was approximately 4.5 g/100 g as gallic acid equivalent. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy （GC-MS） analysis of the oil resulted in the identification of 45 constituents, ei^-piperitone epoxide, pulegone and piperitenone oxide being the main components. The results indicate that essential oil and extract ofM. longifolia L. hudson may be used as natural preservative in food against the agents of foodborne diseases and food spoilage.

Preliminary Findings on Anticancer and Lymphocyte Stimulated Activities of Bioactive Compounds Extracted from Vietnam Carica papaya Leaves

In this study, the target bioactive compounds （e.g., alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and other polar compounds） in Vietnamese Caricapapaya leaves were extracted. The cytotoxic activities of the papaya leaves extracts on the selected tumor cell lines, such as lung cancer cell line LU-1, carcinoma cell line KB, breast cancer cells MCF7 and leukemia cell line HL-60, were examined. Preliminary findings showed a high inhibitive activity of papaya leave extracts against the four tested tumor cell lines at the concentration of 100 μg/mL. Out of the bioactive compounds in papaya leaves extract, alkaloids showed the highest inhibitive activity （105.95% on MCF7 and 91.86% on LU-1）, followed by polar compounds （62.88% on LU-1 and 21.80% on KB）, and saponins （59.74% on MCF7 and 25.25% on LU-1）. Flavonoids has the lowest inhibitive activity on cell lines （e.g., 45.51% on MCF7 and 20.32% on LU-1）. Taken together, the results suggest that alkaloids have a relatively high inhibitive activity on the selected tumor cell lines and their stimulated concentration at 50% （IC50） values for on MCF7 and KB were 24.67 μg/mL and 33.56 μg/mL, respectively. However, the result pointed out the immunostimulatory ability of only polar compounds and saponins which could stimulate the growth of in vitro lymphocytes but not flavonoids and alkaloids. The SC50 （stimulated concentration at 50%） values of polar compounds and saponins were 287.87μg/mL and 192.99 μg/mL, respectively.

Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extract of Pomegranate Seed

In this study, the ethanol extract of pomegranate seed was prepared and its antioxidant activities were investigated. It was found the total phenolic content in the extract was as high as 41.791 mg GAE/g. And the extract showed high antioxidant activity measured as scavenging of DPPH radicals, hydroxyl radicals. It also exhibited strong antioxidant activity in reducing power and Rancimat test. These results demonstrated Pomegranate seeds could serve as a new source of natural antioxidant.

Antialgal and Antilarval Activities of Bioactive Compounds Extracted from the Marine Dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae

Abstract With the global ban on the application of organotin-based marine coatings by the International Maritime Organization, the development of environmentally friendly, low-toxic and nontoxic antifouling compounds for marine industries has become an urgent need. Marine microorganisms have been considered as a potential source of natural antifoulants. In this study, the antifouling potential of marine dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae, the toxic and red-tide microalgae, was investigated. We performed a series of operations to extract the bioactive substances from Amphidinium carterae and tested their antialgal and antilarval activities. The crude extract of Amphidinium carterae showed significant antialgal activity and the ECs0 value against Skeletonema costatum was 55.4 ~tg mL-1. After purification, the isolated bioactive substances （the organic extract C） exhibited much higher antialgal and antilar- val activities with ECso of 12.9μgmL-1 against Skeletonema costatum and LC50 of 15.1 μmL-1 against Amphibalanus amphitrite larvae. Subsequently, IR, Q-TOFMS, and GC-MS were utilized for the structural elucidation of the bioactive compounds, and a series of unsaturated and saturated 16- to 22-carbon fatty acids were detected. The data suggested the bioactive compounds isolated from Amphidinium carterae exhibited a significant inhibiting effect against the diatom Skeletonema costatum and Amphibalanus amphi- trite larvae, and could be substitutes for persistent, toxic antifouling compounds.

Antioxidant Activity and Anti-Hyperglycemic Effect of Lagenaria Siceraria Fruit Extract

Lagenaria siceraria （Molina） Standl., known as bottle gourd is widely available throughout Vietnam as an edible vegetable. Bottle gourd is a commonly fruit but there are little reports about its biological activities. The aim of the present study was to evaluate antioxidant activity and anti-hyperglycemic potential of ethanolic extract of bottle gourd. The ethanolic extract was tested for its antioxidant activity on chelating power, the ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay （FRAP） and the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl （DPPH） free radical scavenging assay. The results showed that chelating activity was 80.02%, FRAP value was 92.84 μmol Fe^2＋/g and active radical scavenging which showed an IC50 was 49.50 μg/ml. The five different doses of ethanolic extract were treated by oral tolerance to mice body before oral glucose tolerance and blood glucose level was measured using glucose oxidase method. The result indicated that inhibition percentage of ethanolic extract of bottle gourd at the dose of 400 mg/kg in glucose-induced hyperglycemic mice was effectively similar to standard drug glibenclamide. The results obtained indicate that ethanolic extract from bottle gourd is the potential antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic agent.

Optimization of Extraction Process of Olive Leaves by RSM and Evaluation of Antioxidant Capacity Measurements to the Mixtures

Water extracts prepared from seven varieties of olive leaves native to the Mediterranean area but planted in Sichuan province, P.R. China, namely Frantoiao, Leccio, Ezhi, Picholine, Pendollino, Chenggu and Huaou 9#, were examined for their total phenonic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant capacity. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were measured by Folin-Ciocalteu method and a colorimetric method, respectively. ABTS＋ method and FRAP were used for examining antioxidant activity. Response surface methodology （RSM） was used for optimizing the extract condition. Under the optimum condition, the total phenolic and flavonoid content of aqueous extracts of the dry olive leaves （DOL） ranged from 40.27 to 56.58 mg gallic acid （GAE）/g DOL and 21.59 to 33.72 mg catechin （CE）/g DOL in June, 34.31 to 52.81 mg GAE/g DOL and 17.11 to 23.53 mg CE/g DOL in November. The ABTS＋ method and FRAP ranged from 0.23 to 0.35 mmol trolox （TE）/g DOL and 313.01 to 409.69 μmol Fe2＋/g DOL in June, 0.19 to 0.30 mmol TE/g DOL and 254.69 to 418.10 pmol Fe2＋/g DOL in November. Our results revealed that the total phenolic and flavonoid, or antioxidant capacity of the water extract were higher in June than November. Moreover, it was noticed that the antioxidant activity depends on the flavonoid and phenolic.

Screening and isolation of the algicidal compounds from marine green alga Ulva intestinalis

Twenty species of seaweed were collected from the coast of Zhejiang, China, extracted with ethanol, and screened for algicidal activity against red tide microalgae H eterosigma akashiwo and Prorocentrum micans. Inhibitory eff ects of fresh and dried tissues of green alga U lva intestinalis were assessed and the main algicidal compounds were isolated, purifi ed, and identifi ed. Five seaweed species, U. intestinalis, U. fasciata, Grateloupia romosissima, Chondria crassicaulis, and Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, were investigated for their algicidal activities. Fresh tissues of 8.0 and 16.0 mg/m L of U. intestinalis dissolved in media signifi cantly inhibited growth of H. akashiwo and P. micans, respectively. Dried tissue and ethyl acetate(Et OAc) extracts of U. intestinalis at greater than 1.2 and 0.04 mg/m L, respectively, were fatal to H. akashiwo, while its water and Et OAc extracts in excess of 0.96 and 0.32 mg/m L, respectively, were lethal to P. micans. Three algicidal compounds in the Et OAc extracts were identifi ed as 15-ethoxy-(6z,9z,12z)-hexadecatrienoic acid(I),(6E,9E,12E)-(2-acetoxy- β- D-glucose)-octadecatrienoic acid ester(II) and hexadecanoic acid(III). Of these, compound II displayed the most potent algicidal activity with IC_(50) values of 4.9 and 14.1 μg/m L for H. akashiwo and P. micans, respectively. Compound I showed moderate algicidal activity with IC_(50) values of 13.4 and 24.7 μg/m L for H. akashiwo and P. micans, respectively. These fi ndings suggested that certain macroalgae or products therefrom could be used as ef fective biological control agents against red tide algae.