硝化速率法用于活性污泥活性测试的研究

以城市污水厂回流污泥中的硝化细菌(氨氧化细菌和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌)为受试生物,HgCl2为标准毒性物质,通过对两组实验———氨氧化速率实验(NH4+-N→NO2--N)和亚硝酸盐氧化速率实验(NO2--N→NO3--N)的研究表明,氨氧化细菌对HgCl2的灵敏度(IC50=0.034 mmol/L)明显高于亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(IC50=0.20 mmol/L)。氨氧化速率法测试活性污泥活性时,使用NH4+-N或NOX--N指标需要120 min或更长的时间,但使用NO2--N指标仅需30 min就可完成测试,而且结果重现性要比NH4+-N和NOX--N好,其变异系数CV为5.9%。

Ni^(2+)对活性污泥活性及群落多样性的影响

通过检测活性污泥的电子传递体系活性以及生物多样性,研究Ni2+对活性污泥微生物活性及群落多样性的影响。结果表明:与对照系统相比,5 mg/L的Ni2+对2,3,5-triphenylteltrazolium chloride(TTC-ETS)活性未产生显著的影响;但当Ni2+的浓度进一步增大到10、20和40 mg/L后,其对序批式反应器内活性污泥TTC-ETS活性的抑制率分别达到(36.79±11.14)%、(55.88±13.90)%和(70.97±6.78)%。低浓度Ni2+能增强活性污泥微生物对碳源的利用,但高于10mg/L的Ni2+则显著抑制了活性污泥微生物对碳源的利用。各个SBR系统中微生物群落最常见的物种相近,物种丰富度和均一性则均有所不同,其中群落物种丰富度随着Ni2+浓度的增加而逐渐减小。TTC-ETS活性、平均每孔颜色变化率、Shannon指数和Simpson指数,与Ni2+的胁迫浓度之间的显著相关性表明,它们均可有效地表征Ni2+胁迫对活性污泥微生物活性及群落多样性的影响程度。

低能N^+注入对活性污泥生物活性的影响

在研究不同剂量的N+注入活性污泥细菌存活率与注入剂量的关系的基础上,研究了低能N+注入活性污泥生物活性的变化规律。低能N+注入活性污泥细菌的剂量存活曲线呈典型的“马鞍形”曲线,20 keV,60×1014N+/cm2离子注入活性污泥细菌的存活率在0.3左右。20×1014、60×1014和100×1014N+/cm2三个剂量的变异均呈现“几乎所有变异为负突变,且突变谱狭窄”的分布特点,这在单一菌株的诱变研究中非常罕见。3种单剂量注入的混合样品的变异特点仍和单剂量注入的相近,没有出现正向突变率提高的现象。

PAC-SBR反应器处理制药废水活性污泥驯化实验研究

制药废水的特点是成分复杂，有机物浓度高，且含有难生物降解和有抑制作用的抗生素等毒性物质．较为适合的处理方法是生化处理。文章研究了PAC-SBR反应器处理盐酸林可霉素原料药生产废水过程中活性污泥的驯化。活性污泥经1个月3个阶段的驯化后，发现在逐渐提高制药废水投加量的污泥驯化过程中，当投加量为1％时，去除率连续4d基本上稳定在90％以上。出水COD值全部在40mg／L以下。随着制药废水投加量的增加．COD去除率及出水质量有所下降，但仍能保持较高的COD去除率。较长时间稳定的去除率表明，污泥已基本适应盐酸林可霉素原料药的生产废水特性，活性污泥驯化完成。

萃取+三级活性污泥法处理酚醛树脂废水实例

文章针对酚醛树脂废水苯酚、甲醛、有机物含量高的水质特征,采用萃取、粉末活性炭-完全混合活性污泥法、完全混合式活性污泥法和推流式活性污泥法组合工艺处理,结果表明通过该工艺处理后出水水质能稳定达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)三级标准的要求,处理效果良好。

基于活性炭纤维处理印染废水方法优选

印染废水是当前工业废水处理的难点,污染物质主要来自各种染料、化学药剂等,具有污染浓度高、色度大、水质变化大等特点。分别用生物活性炭纤维法、活性污泥-生物活性炭纤维联合法处理印染废水,并对两种方法的处理效果进行比较。试验结果表明,活性污泥-生物活性炭纤维联合法处理印染废水,COD去除率为94.3%,色度值降至40倍,悬浮物浓度降至40 mg/L,氨氮浓度降至2.2 mg/L;生物活性炭纤维法处理印染废水,COD去除率为86.0%,色度值降至520倍,悬浮物浓度降至240 mg/L,氨氮浓度降至1.5 mg/L。活性污泥-生物活性炭纤维联合法对废水COD、色度、悬浮物的处理效果优于生物活性炭纤维法。

PAC-SBR法处理制药废水污泥驯化研究

制药废水的特点是成分复杂,有机物浓度高,且含有难生物降解和有抑制作用的抗生素等毒性物质,较为适合的处理方法是生化处理。研究了PACSBR反应器处理盐酸林可霉素原料药生产废水过程中活性污泥的驯化。活性污泥经1个月3阶段的驯化后,已基本适应盐酸林可霉素原料药生产废水特性,活性污泥驯化完成。

PACT+WAR工艺处理石化污水工程实例及分析

采用粉末活性炭活性污泥法(PACT)-湿式氧化再生(WAR)工艺处理某石化企业含油、含盐污水,处理规模均为500 m^(3)/h。针对装置运行过程中存在的问题进行了分析和优化,工程运行监测结果表明:该工艺脱氮除碳能力强且耐负荷冲击;含油污水处理后出水COD为36.8 mg/L,降低率为87.8%,氨氮平均质量浓度为0.3 mg/L,平均去除率为97.2%;含盐污水处理后出水COD为48.4 mg/L,降低率为89.9%,氨氮平均质量浓度为0.4 mg/L,平均去除率为98.0%,达到了装置出水水质指标要求;污水处理直接运行成本为3.07元m^(3),且实现了装置废气达标排放、生化剩余污泥近零排放,具有较好的示范作用。

焦化废水生物处理技术

简要介绍了近年来焦化废水主要的生物处理技术、发展动态和一些具有潜力的新方法。指出焦化废水的处理不是任何单一技术所能解决的,必须将各种技术结合在一起,取长补短,才能找到根治焦化废水的既有效又经济的最佳组合。

混合菌处理高浓度泔脚原液的研究

泔脚水含有大量的淀粉、蛋白质和动植物油,这些物质极易发生腐烂变质,对周围环境和水体造成严重污染。本实验采用由筛选到的微生物构成的活性污泥—活性炭混合法对高浓度泔脚原液不经稀释,直接进行处理。实验结果证明,泔脚水中的CODcr、TN和油脂得到明显的去除,水体的透光度得到很大提高。本法操作简单,对设备要求低,非常适合餐饮点分散、泔脚水排放量少的各餐饮单位采用。根据对α-淀粉酶活力的测定得知,利用CaCO3调节曝气液的pH值,能够提高和稳定α-淀粉酶的活力。

氟化工产业园区污水处理工程实例

以辽宁某氟化工产业园区污水处理工程为研究对象,在污水水质、水量分析的基础上,确定了该厂污水处理工艺流程。物化预处理采用"粗格栅+调节池+细格栅+反应池+斜管初沉池"工艺,生化段处理采用"厌氧水解池+A/O池+平流二沉池"工艺,生化深度处理采用"生物滤池+臭氧消毒"工艺。对主要单元工艺进行了参数设计、工程特点及运行效果分析。工程运行结果表明,出水BOD_5、COD、SS、TN、TP、F^-含量满足GB 18918-2002中的一级A标准及GB 8978-1996一级标准要求,去除率分别达到96%、92.9%、95%、52.0%、90%、96.7%以上。

Evaluation of Estrogenic Activity and Measurement of EDCs in Wastewater Treatment Plants

Correlations between estrogenic activity and DOC/UV260 ratio in wastewater treatment processes were investigated to propose a simple, reliable and comprehensive indicator for the presence of estrogenic substances. Contrary to this, when short-term bioassays such as the E-SCREEN, receptor binding and reporter gene expression assays are used for detecting estrogenic activity in the wastewater sample, they require a long time, at least a few days. The major factors contributing to the estrogenic activity were found to be 17β-estradiol （E2） and estrone （El）. A good relationship between the DOC/ UV260 ratio and the concentration of estrogens （El and E2） in the effluent of the activated sludge process was found： the E2 concentration increased as the DOC/UV260 ratio increased while the E1 concentration decreased. The relative estrogenic activity and DOC/UV260 ratio showed a good correlation （R^2 = 0.84） for all sewage samples except the ozonized samples in the sewage treatment plants. This study shows that the estrogenic compounds are hard to be mineralized by the conventional biological processes. Advanced oxidation processes are required to further remove estrogenic substances in the secondary effluent. By analysis of DOC and UV260, the estrogenic activity in the wastewater can be rapidly estimated.

Oxygen Transfer and Hydrodynamics in a Flexible Fibre Biofilm Reactor for Wastewater Treatment

A flexible fibre biofilm reactor was developed for treatment of organic wastewaters.The hydrodynamic characteristics and mass transfer coefficients of oxygen were studied and compared with those of the conventional activated sludge processes.Tracer experiments were performed to obtain the residence time distributions of the reactors.The results indicated that both reactors could be treated as mixed flow reactors.The effects of flow rates of water and air on the overall mass transfer coefficient of oxygen were investigated,and the correlations between the mass transfer coefficient and the ratio of flow rates were obtained.Compared to the conventional activated sludge reactor,the mass transfer coefficients in the flexible fibre reactor were similar to but slightly lower,and less sensitive to the variation in the ratio of flow rates.It indicated that the fibre packing in the reactor hindered the oxygen transfer to some extent.

Storage and Subsequent Reactivation of Phosphate-Accumulating Aerobic Granules

Phosphate-accumulating aerobic granules cultivated in a sequencing batch reactor were composed of inner rod-shaped bacteria aggregates and outer twining filamentous bacteria. The influence of two-month storage under dif- ferent conditions on the storage and subsequent reactivation performance of aerobic granules was investigated. After two-month storage the granules sealed at 4 ~C in distilled water or normal saline （named granules A and granules B, respectively） could maintain their characteristics as before, while the granules idled in the reactor at room temperature （named granules C） exhibited decreased properties. During reactivation, granules A and granules B presented almost identical recovery performance, faster than granules C, in terms of phosphorus removal efficiency, mixed liquor sus- pended solids （MLSS）, phosphate release and accumulating ability. The results suggest that hermetical storage at low temperature promoted the maintenance of the granular properties and the reviving behaviors of phosphateaccumulating aerobic granules, and storage medium had little influence on the storage and recovery perfomlance.

In Vitro Biossay for Assessing Estrogenic Activity of Sewage Treatment Works

The estrogenic activity of influents and effluents of five municipal sewage treatment works （STWs） in Nanjing was investigated. The water samples were enriched by solid phase extraction, then eluted with different polar solvents, and f＇mally three fractionated extracts were obtained. Estrogen receptor recombinant yeast screen was used to evaluate the estrogenic activity of individual fractionated extracts and their mixture. The results show that the influents and effluents of the two STWs mainly receiving industrial wastewater have no obvious estrogenic activity, and the water samples from the other three STWs mainly receiving domestic wastewater show different degrees of estrogenic activity. The total estrogenic concentration ranged from 171. 52 ng/L EEQ （E2 - equivalent concentration） to 1 008.37 ng/L EEQ in the influents, and from ND （not detected） to 36.3 ng/L EEQ in the effluents. By comparing the results of different fractionated extracts, the methanol and dichloromethane extracts of the water samples show higher estrogenic activity, while the hexane extracts very low. The （xeno）estrogens from domestic wastewater could be removed obviously by activated sludge treatment units. However, the effluents of STWs in Nanjing still have chemical contaminants capable of binding to estrogen receptors.

Pyrolysis Characteristics and Kinetics of the Preparation Process of Sludge-Based Activated Carbon by ZnCl_2 Activation Method

To obtain the pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of preparation process of sludge-based activated carbon by ZnCl2 activation method （i.e.the pyrolysis process of the sludge with ZnCl2 activation）,the characteristic of mass loss and gas products generated during pyrolysis of the sludge with ZnCl2 activation were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy （TG-FTIR）.The kinetic parameters were calculated by the Coats-Redfem method and the mechanism models were established.The role of ZnCl2 in the pyrolysis process of the sludge with ZnCl2 activation was also illustrated through the comparison of the pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of the sludge with and without ZnCl2 activation.The results showed that the pyrolysis process of the sludge with ZnCl2 activation can be divided into four stages including the dehydration of sludge and initial depolymerization of a small portion of organics matters,the decomposition of large molecular organic matters into small molecular intermediates,the further degradation of intermediates and volatilization of ZnCl2,and the decomposition of inorganic minerals and undecomposed organic matters.CO2,CO,CH4,H2O,some aldehydes and carboxylic acids are the major pyrolysis gaseous products.The activation energies and pre-exponential factors are in the range of 28.84-206.42 kJ/mol and 9885.16-8.08× 1011 min-1,respectively.During the pyrolysis of sludge,ZnC12 not only can function as a dehydration agent and inhibit the formation of tar,but also can peptize the organic matters in the sludge,making them easier to be decomposed.

响水化工园区爆炸事故污水应急预处理工艺筛选

响水化工园区爆炸事故污水具有成分复杂、高有机物、高氨氮、高毒性等特点.本文针对该爆炸事故污水难处理的特点,选择了粉末活性炭-活性污泥(PAC-AS)、活性炭吸附、水解酸化-A2O 3种工艺开展预处理研究.结果表明,PAC-AS工艺可显著去除事故污水中的有机污染物;总有机碳去除率达到96.50%,比另外两种工艺分别高77.68%和11.41%;而氨氮去除率为65.03%,比另外两种工艺分别高51.37%和3.92%.PAC-AS工艺成功应用于事故污水处理工程,实现了全部20580.00 m3事故污水的妥善预处理,累计削减COD 21260.71 kg、氨氮209.41 kg,且出水水质稳定.