松脂立式连续熔解锅活汽盘管结构的改进

主要介绍了对立式连续熔解锅活汽盘管结构的改进 。

Sustainable Activated Carbons from Agricultural Residues Dedicated to Antibiotic Removal by Adsorption

The. objectives.of this study are to convert at laboratory s.cale agric.ultural residues into activated carbons （AC） with specific properties, to characterize them and to test them in adsorption reactor for tetracycline removal, a common antibiotic. Two new ACs were produced by direct activation with steam from beet pulp （BP-H2O） and peanut hu_lls （PH-H2O） in environmental friendly conditions BP-H2O and PH-H2Opresentcarbon content rangedcarbons with different intrinsic properties.

Steam reforming of methane over Ni catalysts prepared from hydrotalcite-type precursors: Catalytic activity and reaction kinetics

Ni/Mg–Al catalysts derived from hydrotalcite-type precursors were prepared by a co-precipitation technique and applied to steam reforming of methane. By comparison with Ni/γ-Al2O3 and Ni/α-Al2O3 catalysts prepared by incipient wetness impregnation, the Ni/Mg–Al catalyst presented much higher activity as a result of higher specific surface area and better Ni dispersion. The Ni/Mg–Al catalyst with a Ni/Mg/Al molar ratio of 0.5:2.5:1 exhibited the highest activity for steam methane reforming and was selected for kinetic investigation. With external and internal diffusion limitations eliminated, kinetic experiments were carried out at atmospheric pressure and over a temperature range of 823–973 K. The results demonstrated that the overall conversion of CH4 and the conversion of CH4 to CO2were strongly influenced by reaction temperature, residence time of reactants as well as molar ratio of steam to methane. A classical Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model proposed by Xu and Froment(1989)fitted the experimental data with excellent agreement. The estimated adsorption parameters were consistent thermodynamically.

Binary Adsorption Equilibrium of Benzene-Water Vapor Mixtures on Activated Carbon

Adsorption equilibrium isotherms of benzene in the concentrationrange of 500-4000 mg·m^-3 on two commercial activated carbons wereobtained using long-column method under 30 deg. C and differenthumidity condi- tions. Results show that the benzene and water vaporshave depression effects upon the adsorption of each other and thatthe unfavorable effect of water vapor resembles its single-componentisotherm on activated carbon. A com- petitive adsorption model wasproposed to explore the depression mechanisms of the non-ideal,non-similar binary adsorption systems.

SO_2/Hg removal from flue gas by dry FGD

To study the mechanism of SO2 and Hg removal from flue gas, an experimental packed bed reactor was designed to simulate the dry FGD, where a mixture of lime and fly ash in ratio 1：3 w/w was used as the S02 and Hg sorbent, and steam at temperature of 100 ℃ was applied for activation of the sorbent, while the activation time set to 20 rain. The experimental factors including the SO2/Hg sorbent characteristics, 50% breakthrough time for SO2/Hg removal, sorbent packed bed depth and reaction temperature were investigated. The experimental results show that after steam activation, the BET specific surface area and specific pore volume increased from 37.8 to 45.5 m^2/g and from 0.42 to 0.51 cm^3/g, respectively. With activation of the sorbent by steam, the 50% breakthrough times of SO2 and Hg removal increased from 34 to 42 rain and from 23 to 45 rain, respectively. When the packed bed depth was increased from 5 to 25 ram. the 50% breakthrough times for Hg and S02 removal increased from 12 to 52 rain and from 6 to 47 rain, respectively. With the increase of the reaction temperature, the 50% breakthrough of SO2/Hg removal decreased accordingly. Steam activation can efficiently improve SO2/Hg removal simultaneously.

Isobaric Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium for Toluene, 3-Methylthiophene and N-formylmorpholine at 101.33 kPa

Isobaric vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data were measured for binary mixtures of toluene+N- formylmorpholine, toluene+3-methylthiophene and 3-methylthiophene+N-formylmorpholine at 101.33 kPa. The VLE data of the binary systems were found to be thermodynamically consistent. The saturated vapor pressure calculated by CSGC-PR equation of the pure component had higher accuracy than that calculated by Antoine equation. The liquid- phase activity coefficients of the binary systems were calculated by the Wilson, NRTL and UNIFAC models, and the binary interaction parameters of the three models were determined by the VLE data. The Wilson model was selected as the most suitable model to predict the VLE data of the ternary system of toluene+3-methylthiophene+N- formylmorpholine. The relative volatility between toluene and 3-methylthiophene was also calculated. Moreover, the effect of N-formylmorpholine as solvent was studied. When the molar ratio of solvent to feed (S/F) was 7, the relative volatility reached 1.904, which is almost twice the relative volatility without solvent. Therefore, N-formylmorpholine can be considered as an effective extracting agent for the separation of the close-boiling mixture of toluene+3- methylthiophene by extractive distillation.

Multi-Physics Modeling Assisted Design of Non-Coking Anode for Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Fueled by Low Steam Methane

Internal reformation of low steam methane fuel is highly beneficial for improving the energy efficiency and reducing the system complexity and cost of solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs).However,anode coking for the Ni-based anode should be prevented before the technology becomes a reality.A multi-physics fully coupled model is employed to simulate the operations of SOFCs fueled by low steam methane.The multi-physics model produces I-V relations that are in excellent agreement with the experimental results.The multi-physics model and the experimental non-coking current density deduced kinetic carbon activity criterion are used to examine the effect of operating parameters and the anode diffusion barrier layer on the propensity of carbon deposition.The interplays among the fuel utilization ratio,current generation,thickness of the barrier layer and the cell operating voltage are revealed.It is demonstrated that a barrier layer of 400μm thickness is an optimal and safe anode design to achieve high power density and non-coking operations.The anode structure design can be very useful for the development of high efficiency and low cost SOFC technology.

One-step fabrication of TiO2/graphene hybrid mesoporous film with enhanced photocatalytic activity and photovoltaic performance

We synthesized a mesoporous film based on TiO2-reduced graphene oxide(RGO)hybrids using a one-step vapor-thermal method without the need for an additional annealing process.The vapor-thermally prepared TiO2-graphene hybrid(VTH)features unique structures with an ultra-large specific surface area of^260 m^2 g^-1 and low aggregation,giving rise to enhanced light harvesting and increased charge generation and separation efficiency.It was observed that a mesoporous film with uniform pore distribution is simultaneously obtained during the VTH growth process.When a 5.0 wt%RGO VTH film was used as the active layer in photocatalysis,the highest photocatalytic activity for degradation of methyl orange was achieved.For another,when a 0.75 wt%RGO VTH film was used as the photoanode in a dye-sensitized solar cell,the power conversion efficiency reached 7.58%,which represents an increase of 73.1%compared to a solar cell using an a photoanode of pure TiO2 synthesized by a traditional solvothermal method.It is expected that this facile method for the synthesis of TiO2/graphene hybrid mesoporous films will be useful in practical applications for preparing other metal oxide/graphene hybrids with ultra-high photocatalytic activity and photovoltaic performance.

Extended XG Equation for the Prediction of Adsorption Equilibrium of Vapor Mixture on Activated Carbon

The XG equation, which is developed by us previously for describing the adsorption equilibrium of pure vapor on activated carbon, is extended to multi-component system. Verified by experimental data, the extended XG equation was found to be more successful in predicting the adsorption equilibrium of vapor mixture on activated carbon than the extended Langmuir equation, the extended BET equation and the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST).

Research on the Arc Interpolation for the Nonstandard Section Curve of the Piston

The transverse section of piston skirt is not a standard circle and is with high precision. So the section curve should be interpolated through the high accuracy method of circular arc interpolation before NC machining. In order to smooth the connection of adjacent arcs and shorten the NC machining program, an interpolation method based on Chebyshev theory of function approximation is proposed here. According to the analysis of the interpolation error, the algorithm is simple and with high precision. By this way the fewest interpolating circular arc segments can be got, and the manufacture requirement is satisfied with the circular arc interpolating curves.

Pneumatic active suspension system for a one-wheel car model using fuzzy reasoning and a disturbance observer

This paper presents the construction of a pneumatic active suspension system for a one-wheel car model using fuzzy reasoning and a disturbance observer. The one-wheel car model can be approximately described as a nonlinear two degrees of freedom system subject to excitation from a road profile. The active control is composed of fuzzy and disturbance controls, and the active control force is constructed by actuating a pneumatic actuator. A phase lead-lag compensator is inserted to counter the performance degradation due to the delay of the pneumatic actuator. The experimental result indicates that the proposed active suspension improves much the vibration suppression of the car model.

An investigation of cam-roller mechanism applied in sphere cam engine

As an alternative power source for hybrid electrical vehicle(HEV), electric generating system(EGS) driven by sphere cam engine(SCE) is said to own higher power density and integration. In this work, the structure and working principle of EGS were introduced, based on which the advantages of EGS were displayed. The profile of sphere cam was achieved after the desired motion of piston was given. After establishing the dynamic model of power transmission mechanism, the characteristics of cam-roller mechanism were studied. The results show that the optimal cam profile of SCE is a sinusoid curve which has two peaks and two valleys and a mean pressure angle of 47.19°. Because of the special cam shape, the trace of end surface center of piston is an eight-shape curve on a specific sphere surface. SCE running at speed of 3000 r/min can generate the power of 33.81 kW, which could satisfy the need of HEVs. However, the force between cylinder and piston skirt caused by Coriolis acceleration can reach up to 1182 N, which leads to serious wear between cylinder liner and piston skirt and may shorten the lifespan of SCE.

Activity Coefficient Models to Describe Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Ternary Hydro-Alcoholic Solutions

In this study,three semipredictive activity coefficient models:Wilson,non-random-two liquid model(NRTL),and universal quasi-chemical model(UNIQUAC),have been used for modeling vapor-liquid equilibrium properties of ternary mixtures that include substances found in alcoholic distillation processes of wine and musts.In particular,vapor-liquid equilibrium in ternary mixtures containing water + ethanol + congener has been modeled using parameters obtained from binary and ternary mixture data.The congeners are substances that although present in very low concentrations,of the order of part per million,are important enological parameters.The results given by these different models have been compared with literature data and conclusions about the accuracy of the models studied are drawn,recommending the best models for correlating and predicting phase equilibrium properties of this type of mixtures.

A simplified adsorption model for water vapor adsorption on activated carbon

A simplified model was developed to describe the water vapor adsorption on activated carbon. The development of the simplified model was started from the original model proposed by DO and his co-workers. Two different kinds of carbon materials were prepared for water vapor adsorption, and the adsorption experiments were conducted at different temperatures(20-50 °C) and relative humidities(5%-99%) to test the model. It is shown that the amount of adsorbed water vapor in micropore decreases with the temperature increasing, and the water molecules form larger water clusters around the functional group as the temperature is up to a higher value. The simplified model describes reasonably well for all the experimental data. According to the fitted values, the parameters of simplified model were represented by the temperature and then the model was used to calculate the water vapor adsorption amount at 25 °C and 35 °C. The results show that the model can get relatively accurate values to calculate the water vapor adsorption on activated carbon.

Development of RSDS-III Technology for Ultra-Low-Sulfur Gasoline Production

The 3rd generation catalytic cracking naphtha selective hydrodesulfurization(RSDS-III) technology developed by RIPP included the catalysts selective adjusting(RSAT) technology, the development of new catalysts and optimized process conditions. The pilot plant test results showed that the RSDS-III technology could be adapted to different feedstocks. The sulfur content dropped from 600 μg/g and 631 μg/g to 7 μg/g and 9 μg/g, respectively, by RSDS-III technology when feed A and feed B were processed to meet China national V gasoline standard, with the RON loss of products equating to 0.9 units and 1.0 unit, respectively. While the feed C with a medium sulfur content was processed according to the full-range naphtha hydrotreating technology, the sulfur content dropped from 357 μg/g in the feed to 10 μg/g in gasoline, with the RON loss of product decreased by only 0.6 units. Thanks to the high HDS activity and good selectivity of RSDS-III technology, the ultra-low-sulfur gasoline meeting China V standard could be produced by the RSDS-III technology with little RON loss.

Utilization of Chemically Activated Coconut Shells for Removal of Chromium （VI） from Aqueous Solution

The purpose of this study is to develop low cost adsorbing materials to remove the heavy metals from waste waters. The outer covering of coconut, coconut shell, is the most abundant in the countries of its plantation and enormous use. Utilization of agricultural waste （coconut shell） in the production of activated carbon potentially leads to produce a highly effective adsorbent generated from low cost raw materials that are available in huge quantity as renewable resources. At present coconut shell is not in use as valuable entity due to which disposal and ultimate environmental problems are faced. In this study coconut shells were impregnated with phosphoric acid and chemically activated at 450 C. The potential to remove chromium （VI） from aqueous solution by using activated coconut shells was investigated by batch experiment. The various sorption parameters i.e pH, sorbent dose, sorbate concentration, agitation time and agitation speed were optimized. The sorption of Cr （VI） onto activated carbon, developed from coconut shell, at pH 2 was achieved 81.25%. The best optimum conditions were obtained when 0.75 gm of sorbent was agitated at 150 rpm with 60 mg/L of sorbate for 40 min. Activated coconut shells has potential to be a good resource material for effective removal of chromium （VI） of low concentration from wastewater.

GeoQuest Project Computer Class Role Playing Game as Innovative Teaching Methodology to Foster STEAM Education

GeoQuest Project is the design of a new teaching and learning technology based on Computer Class Role Playing Games （RPG） to teach Earth Science in a STEAM educational approach. It ensures interdisciplinarity, multilinguai approach （CLIL compliance） and interactive activities in classrooms. This educational game uses students＇ personal tablets and smartphones to interact with the game, with a system more comprehensible and funny for young people compared to traditional methodologies. Students are bringing ＂in situation＂ by the adventure, so teachers can get a rigorous assessment of their skills. The Game includes several adventure paths, suitable for different age students. They are focused on scientific topics, humanities, hands-on activities in interdisciplinary way. If used conditions do not allow practical or laboratorial activities provided by the game, players can see some videos to understand the activities. Experimental results were outstanding： the RPG appreciation is in agreement with the experiments outcome. This work experience gets excellent feedbacks by teachers, in terms of efficacy of this new teaching methodology and of results achieving.

Comparison of Distillation Methods of Mentha cordifolia Opiz, Essential Oil on Antibacterial Activity for Application Use in Animal Feeds

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different distillation methods of Mentha cordifolia Opiz. essential oil on antibacterial activity. The essential oils were isolated by water and steam, hydro, ethanol, and 3methanol： lethanol distillations. Moreover, we also compared the efficacy of these various distillations with commercial peppermint oil. Essential oils were tested in vitro against three pathogen bacteria species by sensitivity test include disc diffusion assay （DD）, minimal inhibition concentration （MIC） and maximal bactericidal concentration （MBC）. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium were used in this investigation. The results showed that the water and steam distillation and 3methanol： lethanol under tested by DD assay was found to be effective against all the pathogenic bacteria, in which the zone of inhibition exhibited E. coil S. aureus and S. typhimurium were 9.67 ± 0.35, 11.67 ± 0.66, 18.0± 1.15 and 9.00 ± 0.05, 8.3 ± 0.35, 19.0 ± 0.00 ram, respectively. While the hydro and ethanol distillations did action to against only E. coli which the inhibition zones were 8.67 ± 0.66 and 8.67 ± 0.35 mm, respectively. However, the commercial oil was more effective against tested pathogenic bacteria than all M. cordifolia essential oil. In case of MIC and MBC assays, the results showed that all essential oil distillation methods posed antibacterial potential in which the water and steam distillation showed the lowest MIC and MBC values against E. coli, S. aureus and S. typhimurium. It is suggested that among all M. cordifolia essential oil extractions, water and steam distillation was found to be highly bactericidal as it has shown in lowest MIC and MBC values and high in growth inhibition zone diameter.

Water vapor adsorption in activated carbon modified with hydrophilic organic salts

Five different kinds of hydrophilic organic salts were used to modify commercial activated carbon in order to prepare hydrophilic carbon materials. Properties of the samples were analyzed by surface area analyzer and SEM-EDX. The hydrophilic organic salts with different properties were introduced into activated carbon and significantly affected the properties of the samples.During adsorption experiments, the water vapor adsorption amount in modified samples increases by 0.57-17.12 times in temperature range from 303 to 323 K and at relative pressure below 0.50. Water molecules combined with surface hydrophilic groups through H-bonding exhibit good thermo stability. The effects of temperature, oxygen content and properties of the hydrophilic organic salts on water vapor adsorption were studied. It is indicated that water vapor adsorption in modified samples is mainly affected by the surface oxygen content. The carboxylate radicals in the hydrophilic organic salts greatly affect the micropore structure of the modified samples, while the metal ions in them exhibit limited influence. Different adsorption capacity of modified samples can be explained with the electronegativity of elements presented by Pauling.