三电极开关系统自击穿特性微观分析

针对三电极开关系统基于粒子扩散、碰撞、电离、激发等过程,建立等离子体流体—化学模型,采用有限元法,模拟真空条件下三电极开关自击穿微观过程,并与其在SF_6介质中微观过程进行对比分析。仿真分析了开关从放电初始到等离子体通道形成的物理过程。结果表明,与SF_6介质相比,开关在真空条件下等离子体通道电子密度数较多、电子温度较低;开关等离子体通道电子密度和电子温度随间距增加而增加。

交流与直流真空电弧等离子体特性比较分析

应用COMSOL多物理场仿真软件,基于电磁学与流体动力学理论建立真空电弧等离子体的流体—化学混合模型,数值模拟真空断路器灭弧室中交流与直流真空电弧放电过程。考虑粒子的经典扩散、漂移、碰撞、电离、激发的影响,研究纵向磁场作用下交流与直流电弧等离子体参数的分布。仿真结果表明:电弧放电过程中,交、直流真空电弧燃弧特性即存在相似性也存在明显不同;纵向磁场直接影响交流与直流真空电弧的发展及电弧微观粒子(电子与离子等)的密度与温度等的空间分布。如相同电流激励下,交流电弧与直流电弧等离子体参数分布相似;由于交流电弧能量下降更快,相比直流电弧其更容易被开断;纵向磁场的作用会减小阳极触头表面的电子温度,削弱阴极表面的离子速度,减少真空电弧金属蒸气的电离率。

纵向磁场对直流真空电弧等离子体发展进程的影响研究

从微观角度出发,数值模拟直流真空电弧燃弧初期电弧的发展进程,研究纵向磁场对电弧等离子体参数输运特性的影响。建立电弧等离子体流体-化学混合模型,仿真研究纵向磁场作用下的电弧运动特性。数值模拟电弧等离子体中粒子输运特性,以得到电弧等离子体参数随磁场变化规律。仿真结果表明:纵向磁场分布对直流真空电弧放电初期粒子的数密度与温度等参数的作用,直接影响电弧的发生与发展。研究并分析了直流真空电弧燃弧初期的过程。

初始种子电子团对短空气间隙流注放电行为的影响

流注放电过程中初始种子电子团的形成数量及位置具有随机性,为揭示初始种子电子团对流注放电行为的影响,建立流体动力学-化学反应混合模型,数值仿真大气压下棒-板间隙为5 mm的流注放电过程。模型包括电子、正负离子连续性方程、电子平均能量方程和电场的泊松方程以及23种粒子间化学反应。分别在模型中对密度峰值和分布位置预设置3个不同数值,研究初始种子电子团密度峰值和分布位置对空气间隙流注放电行为的影响。结果表明:初始种子电子团密度峰值的增加只会加速流注的形成,不会影响流注的时空变化规律;而分布位置的改变会影响流注的时空发展特性,初始位置与棒电极的距离越远,形成的流注到达板电极的时间愈短。

Velocity of a Liquid Drop with a Sorption-Controlled Surfactant

The terminal velocity of a liquid droplet settling in a sulfactant solution has been studied for the non-linear adsorption Langmuir frameworks accounting for monolayer saturation and non-ideal surfactant interactions. Most prior research uses a linear adsorption model which cannot capture these effects, The Maragoni migration of a liquid drop settling through a surfactant solution is examined by using Langmuir framework. The solution concentration Ceq is assumed large enough for the surfactant mass transfer to be adsorption-controlled. Langmuir model generates non-linear Marangoni stresses which diverge in the limit of approaching ∝, strongly retarding U'.

基于聚合反应机理的膨胀型高聚物浆液平面裂隙注浆仿真方法研究

现行高聚物浆液裂隙注浆扩散模拟方法多采用浆液密度变化经验表达式进行计算,这种简化处理方法没有考虑浆液内在的化学反应驱动机制,其求解结果与实际情况存在较大偏差。为解决这一问题,基于计算流体动力学理论,考虑浆液聚合反应机理,建立了描述高聚物浆液在平面裂隙中流动扩散过程的“化学反应-流体动力学”模型,用龙格库塔方法求解化学反应动力学方程,用平面裂隙注浆准三维模型离散流动控制方程,用SIMPLE算法实施迭代控制,实现了对浆液化学反应、温度场、流场的耦合求解。在此基础上,对绝热条件下高聚物浆液在平面裂隙中的扩散过程进行了数值模拟,分析了浆液组分反应转化率、温度、扩散范围、密度、压力等随时间变化规律,结果表明:伴随浆液化学反应进程,其组分转化率、温度逐渐增大,浆液扩散范围、密度变化表现出明显的阶段性特征;浆液密度随时间经历缓慢减小、急剧下降、逐渐趋缓三个阶段,与此相对应,其扩散范围最初平稳增加,随后快速扩大,最终趋于稳定,其压力则呈现缓慢增大、急剧上升、逐渐下降的三阶段变化特征。所开展工作为深入研究温度、压力等因素对浆液扩散行为的影响奠定了基础。

Geometric Design of Anode-Supported Micro-Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells by Multiphysics Simulations

High volumetric power density （VPD） is the basis for the commercial success of micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells （mtSOFCs）. To find maximal VPD （MVPD） for anode-supported mtSOFC （as-mtSOFC）, the effects of geometric parameters on VPD are analyzed and the anode thickness, tan, and the cathode length, lea, are identified as the key design parameters. Thermo-fluid electrochemical models were built to examine the dependence of the electrical output on the cell parameters. The multiphysics model is validated by reproducing the experimental I-V curves with no adjustable parameters. The optimal lea and the corresponding MVPDs are then determined by the multiphysics model for 20 combinations of rin, the inner tube radius, and tan. And all these optimization are made at 1073.15 K. The results show that： （i） significant performance improvement may be achieved by geometry optimization, （ii） the seemingly high MVPD of 11 and 14 W/cm^3 can be easily realized for as-mtSOFC with single- and double-terminal anode current collection, respectively. Moreover, the variation of the area specific power density with/cac（2 mm, 40 mm） is determined for three representative （tin, tan） combinations. Besides, it is demonstrated that the current output of mtSOFC with proper geometric parameters is comparable to that of planar SOFC.

棒极外形对SF6棒-板短间隙流注放电特性的影响

为研究SF6绝缘设备中可能存在的不均匀电场环境对绝缘性能的影响,从微观角度解释不均匀电场对SF6流注放电特性的影响,建立流体动力学-化学反应混合模型,数值仿真棒-板间隙的SF6流注放电过程。改变棒尖端外形以及棒极半径,仿真锥尖头、球头、平头等3种棒电极下棒-板短间隙的SF6流注放电特性。结果表明:棒极外形对SF6短间隙放电特性影响显著,不同外形棒极在初始放电阶段存在不同的电场分布,锥尖头棒尖端外形流注注头电场峰值最大,发展速率更快,流注发展速率随放电间隙的增大而减小,而平头棒尖端外形流注的放电通道半径最大。棒极半径的增大使流注头部电场强度以及平均电子能减小,流注发展速率减慢。

Waveforms analysis and optimization of new electro-hydraulic excitation technology

A new electro-hydraulic exciter that consists of rotary valve and micro-displacement double-functioned hydraulic cylinder was proposed to realize different kinds of waveforms.Calculated fluid dynamics(CFD) simulation of rotary valve orifice reveals that orifice exists the two-throttle phenomenon.According to the finding,the revised flow area model was established.Vibration waveforms analysis was carried out by means of mathematic model and the related experiments were validated.Furthermore,as a new analysis indicator,saturation percentage was introduced first.The experimental results indicate that the revised flow area model is more accurate compared to the original one,and vibration waveforms can be optimized through suitable spool parameters and the revised cylinder structure.

Liquid Flow Distribution in a New Type of Multi-tube Column

A new type of multi-tube column, in which a novel internal-structure is installed in the bed of random packing, has been invented. The internal-structure reduces the hydraulic radius of the column and adjusts the gas/liquid flow so that the liquid maldistribution is greatly abated. A mathematical model with boundary conditions based on close-open mechanism at the internal-structure was established to study the hydraulic behavior of such a column and experiments were carded out to verify the applicability of the model. Predictions from the model agreed well with experimental results. The optimal ratio of the hydraulic diameter of the new multi-tube column to the packing element diameter is found to be 17.5 to 23.3 by employing the optimization method of nonlinear programming. And this new type of multi-tube column opens a new way for random packing columns to be scaled up for industry.

Combustion simulation and key parameter optimization for opposite axial piston engine in small-scale

As potential alternative power sources used in portable electric generators, opposite axial piston engines in small-scale were investigated to show their advantages in power density. A novel cylinder charge system was introduced, based on which a quasi-dimension model and a CFD(computational fluid dynamics) model were established. Comparison of those two models was carried out to validate the quasi-dimension model. Furthermore, optimal diameter of charge cylinder and speed were determined after evaluating the quasi-dimension model based on different parameters. High agreement between the quasi-dimension model and the CFD model validates the quasi-dimension model. Further studies show that the power of engine increases with the diameter of charge cylinder. However, a too big charge cylinder lowers the fuel efficiency instead. Taking economic influence into consideration the charge cylinder should be 1.4 times power cylinder, which could ensure the power density, volumetric efficiency and fuel economic at the same time. Axial piston engine running at 1.0×104 r/min could achieve a better overall performance. The maximal power of engine with optimal parameters is 0.82 k W, which fits the power need of the portable electric generators completely.

Feature Solution in the Process of Parameterizing Port Model

Aimed at attaining to an integrated and effective pattern to guide the port design process, this paper puts forward a new conception of feature solution, which is based on the parameterized feature modeling. With this solution, the overall port pre-design process can be conducted in a virtual pattern. Moreover, to evaluate the advantages of the new design pattern, an application of port system has been involved in this paper; and in the process of application a computational fluid dynamic analysis is concerned. An ideal effect of cleanness, high efficiency and high precision has been achieved.

Numerical simulation on conjugate heat transfer of turbine cascade

Numerical simulation on conjugate heat transfer of an internal cooled turbine vane was carried out. Numerical techniques employed included the third-order accuracy TVD scheme, multi-block structured grids and the technique of arbitrary curved mesh. Comparison between results of commercial CFD codes with several turbulence models and those of this code shows that it is incorrect of commercial CFD codes to predict the thermal boundary layer with traditional turbulence models, and that turbulence models considering transition lead to more accurate heat transfer in thermal boundary layer with some reliability and deficiency yet. The results of this code are close to those of CFX with transition model.

Modeling of Fluidized Bed Gasification:Assessment of Zero-dimensional and CFD Approaches

In modeling fluidized bed gasification experiments,equilibrium and CFD models are valuable options.The existence of multi-dimensional effects inside the reactor vessel due to the kinetics of the process and the fluid dynamics phenomena could result in deviation from the zero-dimensional assumption.Complex models integrating kinetics and hydrodynamics are being developed by using a computer fluid dynamics(CFD)approach.The objective of this investigation is to assess and compare the adequacy of zero-dimensional and CFD approaches in modeling fluidized bed gasification regarding a semi-industrial scale(numerical results are validated under experimental runs).Results show that the zero-dimensional model based on the approach of dual stage equilibrium performs reasonably well in adequately predicting the product gas composition at different operating conditions and for different feedstocks,although with quantitative discrepancy.Furthermore,the discrepancy depends on the oxygen content of the oxidation agent and on the steam-to biomass ratio decreasing when these parameters increased.CFD models provide deeper information being able to estimate the syngas composition or other operating parameter at any point of space and time.Despite of some quantitative discrepancy,the zero-dimensional modeling approach is deemed satisfactory from the viewpoint of the determining design conditions simulation.