利用P^(1/2)法判别储层流体性质

如何准确、直观地判断储层流体性质一直以来都是测井解释研究的重要课题之一。开发了一种利用计算机图形绘制多口井测井数据的应用程序,实现了用数学上的正态概率分布法来反映视地层水电阻率的变化规律,并根据其变化规律判别储层的流体性质,效果良好。研究结果表明,即便是在孔隙空间结构复杂的储层和地层水的性质未知的情况下,该方法也能够快捷、准确地判断标准水井、气井、气水井的水层和气水层,因此大大降低了测井解释的难度。

川渝油气田碎屑岩储层测井解释及流体识别

四川盆地侏罗系—上三叠统的蓬莱镇组、沙溪庙组和须家河组等碎屑岩储层具有低孔低渗、岩性复杂、储集空间种类多、单砂体规模较小但累积厚度较大、横向变化大、含水饱和度较高、储层识别及储层参数定量计算难度大,流体判别符合率低等特点。为此,开展了一系列分析研究工作:①在岩心分析基础上进行长石砂岩、岩屑砂岩、钙质砂岩等岩性识别;②利用声电成像和常规测井资料进行低孔低渗碎屑岩储层识别;③利用多种能谱资料计算泥质含量,以及多种测井资料计算束缚水饱和度等储层参数;④使用电阻率—孔隙度法和饱和度法等进行流体类型判别;⑤使用压汞资料和试油资料进行有效储层确定。从而形成了一套适合四川盆地低孔低渗碎屑岩储层的测井解释和流体识别方法。利用该套技术能快速有效地确定射孔层位,较准确地评价单井产能和油气藏储量,在川渝地区多个油气田中取得了良好的地质应用效果,提高了川渝油气田碎屑岩储层的解释评价精度和效率。

CFD modeling of gas−liquid flow phenomenon in lead smelting oxygen-enriched side-blown furnace

A validated numerical model was established to simulate gas−liquid flow behaviors in the oxygen-enriched side-blown bath furnace.This model included the slip velocity between phases and the gas thermal expansion effect.Its modeling results were verified with theoretical correlations and experiments,and the nozzle-eroded states in practice were also involved in the analysis.Through comparison,it is confirmed that the thermal expansion effect influences the flow pattern significantly,which may lead to the backward motion of airflow and create a potential risk to production safety.Consequently,the influences of air injection velocity and furnace width on airflow behavior were investigated to provide operating and design guidance.It is found that the thin layer melt,which avoids high-rate oxygen airflow eroding nozzles,shrinks as the injection velocity increases,but safety can be guaranteed when the velocity ranges from 175 to 275 m/s.Moreover,the isoline patterns and heights of thin layers change slightly when the furnace width increases from 2.2 to 2.8 m,indicating that the furnace width shows a limited influence on production safety.

论储层评价中的五性关系

储层空隙空间结构(孔隙、裂缝和溶洞)十分复杂,完全破坏了传统的储层四性关系,在储层评价中暴露出越来越多的矛盾,严重地阻碍了该技术的发展。为此,从展示这些矛盾的根源入手,进行了大量的实例研究,并提出了解决方案。研究表明,复杂空隙结构储层中常见孔隙度与渗透率、孔隙度与含水饱和度、绝对渗透率与有效渗透率、电性与含油气性的矛盾,其孔隙的类型、孔喉大小、裂缝产状等因素是造成这些矛盾的主要原因。在此基础上提出了储层空隙空间几何特性的概念,并分别探讨了定量或定性描述孔隙、裂缝、溶洞几何特性的方法:①孔隙。孔、喉大小与岩石结构和物性、含流体性质的关系;孔隙类型与含流体性质及测井响应特性的关系。②裂缝。产状与孔隙结构指数(m)的关系;径向延伸与深浅探测电阻率的关系;张开度与裂缝渗透率的关系;产状与储层基质岩块含水饱和度的关系;发育指数与岩性的关系。③溶洞。大小、连通状况与m值和3种测井(中子、密度、声波)孔隙度的关系;充填程度与测井响应特性的关系。所建立的储层空隙空间几何特性与岩性、物性、含流体性和电性的五性关系,从根本上提高了复杂储层(如碳酸盐岩等)评价的水平。

P-SV wave elastic impedance and fluid identification factor in weakly anisotropic media

The P-SV wave reflection coefficients in VTI and HTI media were obtained by approximation of the Jilek（2002a and b）equation in orthotropic anisotropic media.An approximate equation for P-SV wave elastic impedance can be derived from the combination of the new coefficients with S-wave elastic impedance（Duffaut et al.,2000）.On this basis, the fluid identification factor in weakly anisotropic media was constructed and used to identify the Castagna and Smith（1994）lithologic combination and achieved good results. Finally,we specifically analyzed the anisotropic parameter impacts P-SV wave elastic impedance and fluid factor trends.

Numerical Analysis on Magnetic-induced Shear Modulus of Magnetorheological Elastomers Based on Multi-chain Model

Based on the magnetic interaction energy, using derivative of the magnetic energy density, a model is proposed to compute the magnetic-induced shear modulus of magnetorheological elastomers. Taking into account the influences of particles in the same chain and the particles in all adjacent chains, the traditional magnetic dipole model of the magnetorheological elastomers is modified. The influence of the ratio of the distance etween adjacent chains to the distance between adjacent particles in a chain on the magnetic induced shear odulus is quantitatively studied. When the ratio is large, the multi-chain model is compatible with the single chain model, but when the ratio is small, the difference of the two models is significant and can not be neglected. Making certain the size of the columns and the distance between adjacent columns, after constructing the computational model of BCT structures, the mechanical property of the magnetorheological elastomers composed of columnar structures is analyzed. Results show that, conventional point dipole model has overrated the magnetic-induced shear modulus of the magnetorheological elastomers. From the point of increasing the magnetic-induced shear modulus, when the particle volume fraction is small, the chain-like structure exhibits better result than the columnar structure, but when the particle volume fraction is large,the columnar structure will be better.

Rheological properties of low consistency TMP from thinning wood of Chinese Fir

The rheological behavior of low consistency thermomechanical pulp of Chinese fir harvested by intermediate thinning was analyzed. The results show that the apparent viscosity of pulp changed along with the beating degree, pulp consistency and shearing velocity. With the increasing of pulp consistency, the apparent viscosity of pulp increased gradually. Beating degree of pulp had an effect on microstructure of pulp. The apparent viscosity of pulp declined as beating degree of pulp increased, and the apparent viscosity of pulp fell along with the shearing velocity increasing. Based on the results, the rheological models are set up. The models showed that the fluid types of the low consistency pulp could be described as pseudoplastics fluids （non-Newtonian fluids）.

Review on the Development of Oil and Gas Flow in Underground Porous Media

Through reviewing the flow theory’s birth and development history in underground porous media and contrasting the mechanics of underground fluids and mechanics of viscous fluids, this paper points out the main factors, which affect the development of the theory on oil and gas porous flow. The development law and development route of the mechanics of fluids in porous media are also summarized in this paper.

Test of the Relative Permeability Curve of a Gas and Oil Condensate System and its Effect on the Recovery of Oil and Gas

The relative permeability curve has been measured with simulation oil (refined oil) and gas (nitrogen or air) at room temperature and a lowpressure, both of which are very important parameters for depicting the flow of fluid through porous media in a hydrocarbon reservoir. This basic measurement is often applied in exploitation evaluation, but the underground conditions with high temperature and pressure, and the phase equilibrium of oil and gas, are not taken into consideration when the relative permeability curve is tested. There is an important theoretical and practical sense in testing the diphase relative permeability curve of the equilibrium of oil and gas under the conditions of high temperature and pressure. The test method for the relative permeability curve is proposed in this paper. The relative permeability of the equilibrium of oil and gas and the standard one are tested in two fluids, and the differences between these two methods are stated. The research results can be applied to the simulation and prediction of CVD in long cores and then the phenomenon can better explain that the recovery of condensate gas rich in condensate oil is higher than that of CVD test in PVT. Meanwhile, the research shows that the relative permeability curve of equilibrium oil and gas is sensitive to the rate of exploitation, and the viewpoint proves that an improved gas recovery rate can properly increase the recovery of condensate oil.

Application of seismic anisotropy fluid detection technology in the Ken 71 well block of Shengli Oilfield

On the basis of Chapman＇s（2003） model,as the seismic wave incidences angles vary from 0° to 45° while propagating in anisotropic media（HTI）,the slow S-wave will sufferred by serious attenuation and dispersion and is sensitive to fluid viscosity but the P-and fast S-waves don＇t.For slow S waves propagating normal to fractures,the amplitudes are strongly affected by pore fluid.So,the slow S-wave can be used to detect fractured reservoir fluid information when the P-wave response is insensitive to the fluid.In this paper,3D3C seismic data from the Ken 71 area of Shengli Oilfield are processed and analyzed.The travel time and amplitude anomalies of slow S-waves are detected and correlated with well log data.The S-wave splitting in a water-bearing zone is higher than in an oil-bearing zone.Thus,the slow S-wave amplitude change is more significant in water-bearing zones than in oil-bearing zones.

Preparation and stability of zinc ferrite nano-particle suspension of ammonia-water solution

In order to apply nano-particles to the ammonia-water absorption refrigeration, the zinc ferrite nano-particles suspension of ammonia-water solution with the mixed surfactants of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate （SDBS） and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide （CTAB） is prepared. A series of experiments is performed to investigate the stability of the prepared nanofluid with different contents and proportions of surfactants, different durations of ultrasonic wave vibration and different durations of illumination. The optimal dispersion conditions are 1.5% SDBS, 0. 015% CTAB（mass fraction）, 30 min of ultrasonic vibration and over 72 h of illumination. Finally, based on double electrode layer theory, the influences of the content of the surfactants on the stability of nanofluid are analyzed. The existence of the optimal surfactant content is proved, which is in accordance with the experimental results.

Fluid sensitivity study of elastic parameters in lowmedium porosity and permeability reservoir rocks

In this article,based on the acoustic measurements of core samples obtained from the low to medium porosity and permeability reservoirs in the WXS Depression,the densities and P and S wave velocities of these core samples were obtained.Then based on these data,a series of elastic parameters were computed.From the basic theory and previous pore fluid research results,we derived a new fluid identification factor（F）.Using the relative variations,Ag/w and Ao/w,of the elastic parameters between gas and water saturated samples and between oil and water saturated samples,λρ,σHSFIF,Kρ,λρ-2μρ,and F as quantitative indicators,we evaluate the sensitivity of the different fluid identification factors to identify reservoir fluids and validate the effects by crossplots.These confirm that the new fluid identification factor（F） is more sensitive for distinguishing oil and water than the traditional method and is more favorable for fliud identification in low to medium porosity and permeability reservoirs.

The analysis of frequency-dependent characteristics for fluid detection: a physical model experiment

According to the Chapman multi-scale rock physical model, the seismic response characteristics vary for different fluid-saturated reservoirs. For class I AVO reservoirs and gas-saturation, the seismic response is a high-frequency bright spot as the amplitude energy shifts. However, it is a low-frequency shadow for the Class III AVO reservoirs saturated with hydrocarbons. In this paper, we verified the high-frequency bright spot results of Chapman for the Class I AVO response using the frequency-dependent analysis of a physical model dataset. The physical model is designed as inter-bedded thin sand and shale based on real field geology parameters. We observed two datasets using fixed offset and 2D geometry with different fluid- saturated conditions. Spectral and time-frequency analyses methods are applied to the seismic datasets to describe the response characteristics for gas-, water-, and oil-saturation. The results of physical model dataset processing and analysis indicate that reflection wave tuning and fluid-related dispersion are the main seismic response characteristic mechanisms. Additionally, the gas saturation model can be distinguished from water and oil saturation for Class I AVO utilizing the frequency-dependent abnormal characteristic. The frequency-dependent characteristic analysis of the physical model dataset verified the different spectral response characteristics corresponding to the different fluid-saturated models. Therefore, by careful analysis of real field seismic data, we can obtain the abnormal spectral characteristics induced by the fluid variation and implement fluid detection using seismic data directly.

A trial study of vibration-induced effects on the spontaneous potential

Vibrator excitation generates not only reflections and refractions of wave fields on the subsurface interfaces but also electromagnetic waves with different frequencies. In this paper, we address the vibration-induced effects on the spontaneous potential field. The effects of controllable vibration on the spontaneous potential field were studied under real field geologic conditions. Experimental data confirmed that the vibration-induced effects on the spontaneous potential field do exist under field conditions. Monitoring records over a long time interval showed that there exist three information zones in the vibration-induced effects on the spontaneous potential field. These are the signal-varying zone, the extremestable zone, and the relaxation-recovery zone. Combined with different well-site data, it was concluded that the time-varying features of the anomalies in the information zones was closely related to the properties of the subsurface liquid （oil and water）.

MORPHOLOGICAL MODEL FOR RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PLANT CELL SUSPENSION CULTURE SYSTEM

This paper puts forward a physical and mathematical model for the rheological properties of a plant cell suspension culture system.The model can explain why the system is pseudoplastic satisfactorily,thus the rheological properties of the system as the effect of the flow behavior index on plant cell concentration are interpreted correctly and the mechanism of the rheological properties of the system is further understood.Therefore the model can be applied in the technological design and optimum conditions of the system and the reformation,evaluation and scale up of reactors.

ALE FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF NONLINEAR SLOSHING PROBLEMS BASED ON F LUID VELOCITY POTENTIAL

Base d on fluid velocity potential, an ALE finite element formulation for the analysi s of nonlinear sloshing problems has been developed. The ALE kinemat ical description is introduced to move the computational mesh independently of f luid motion, and the container fixed noninertial coordinate system is employed to establish the governing equations so that the mesh is needed to be updated in this coordinate system only. This leads to a very simple mesh moving algorithm which makes it easy to trace the motion of the moving boundaries and the free su rface without producing undesirable distortion of the computational mesh. The fi nite element method and finite difference method are used spacewise and timewise , respectively. A numerical example involving either forced horizontal oscillati on or forced pitching oscillation of the fluid filled container is presented to illustrate the effectiveness and the robustness of the method. In additi on, this work can be extended for the fluid structure interaction problems.

Linear numerical calculation method for obtaining critical point,pore fluid,and framework parameters of gas-bearing media

Up to now, the primary method for studying critical porosity and porous media are experimental measurements and data analysis. There are few references on how to numerically calculate porosity at the critical point, pore fluid-related parameters, or framework-related parameters. So in this article, we provide a method for calculating these elastic parameters and use this method to analyze gas-bearing samples. We first derive three linear equations for numerical calculations. They are the equation of density p versus porosity Ф, density times the square of compressional wave velocity p Vp^2 versus porosity, and density times the square of shear wave velocity pVs^2 versus porosity. Here porosity is viewed as an independent variable and the other parameters are dependent variables. We elaborate on the calculation steps and provide some notes. Then we use our method to analyze gas-bearing sandstone samples. In the calculations, density and P- and S-velocities are input data and we calculate eleven relative parameters for porous fluid, framework, and critical point. In the end, by comparing our results with experiment measurements, we prove the viability of the method.

弹性体粘合剂

据Lord介绍，Chemlok6253是一种在汽车和工业市场上使用的橡胶-金属粘合剂，它耐用，易粘且效果好。Chemlok6253是为汽车罩下和减振配件如发动机支架、流体装置、衬套和扭振减振器这些性能要求较高的场合而开发的。这种粘合剂固体含量较高，涂一次就可成膜，易于施用，

Effect of Cyclic Deformation on Magnetorheological Elastomers

Fatigue properties of magnetorheological elastomer （MRE） samples were investigated based on cis-polybutadiene rubber by using a fatigue test machine. Three MRE samples with iron particles mass fraction of 60%, 70%, and 80% were fabricated, and their properties dependence of three strain amplitudes （50%, 75%, and 100%） were measured. The absolute magnetorheological （MR） effect, storage modulus, and loss modulus of MRE samples after fatigue were evaluated by a modified dynamic mechanical analyzer. The results revealed that MR effect, storage modulus, and loss modulus of MREs containing 80% iron particles depended strongly on the strain amplitudes and the number of cycles, while storage mod-ulus and loss modulus of MREs containing 70% iron particles also depended on the strain amplitudes and the number of cycles but not as strongly as sample which contains 80% iron particles, but the properties of MREs containing 60% iron particles after cyclic deforma-tion were almost independent of the fatigued conditions. In order to investigate the fatigue mechanism of MREs, the sample was carried out with a quasi-static tensile testing and its surface morphology during testing was observed in situ by scanning electron microscopy.

Theoretical Study on the Temporary Cavity Caused by a High Speed Projectile When Wounding Living Organisms

Analyzes and calculates the process of development of a temporary cavity in the muscle directly after a projectile wounds organisms at a high speed. The muscle is taken as a non compressible Voigt Kelvin viscoelastic fluid model, on the assumption of moving in a radial direction and on spherical symmetry, a theoretical model proposed using the basic equations of the non Newtonian fluid mechanics. The model can well describe the pulsation process of the temporary cavity and changes of pressure in the cavity. The calculated results are in correspondence with the experimental results. The model can be applied in the quantitative analysis of a temporary cavity.