流动水域浮体结构倾覆力矩影响因素分析

运用CFD数值仿真模拟方法,采用合适的网格尺度研究不同长高比、距底高度以及上下游水位差下的浮体结构在流动水域中所受到的倾覆力矩及其变化规律。结果表明:随着浮体结构距底高度的增大,其倾覆力矩总体上呈现先增大、后减小的趋势;随着长高比或上下游水位差的增大,浮体结构的倾覆力矩总体上呈现增大的趋势。

有限流动水域浮体结构对水流结构的影响

基于物理模型试验,研究浮体结构在有限流动水域运行过程中对下游水流流动结构产生的影响。在不同浮体结构位置及来流条件下,对下游水流结构特征断面的流速分布、流速不均匀系数以及回流区长度进行了测量分析。结果表明:浮体结构位置对流速分布及流速不均匀系数存在明显影响;来流条件的改变同样对两者有较大的影响,其影响随着来流流量的增大而增大;回流区的长度受浮体结构位置以及来流流量影响都较大。在实际工程中,应重点关注浮体结构位置及来流流量变化引起的水流流动结构改变。

一种LiDAR点云数据生成DEM的流动水域高程赋值方法

针对LiDAR点云数据生产DEM时流动水域面格网点高程赋值,本文提出一种基于有限向量法线无极分割的原理,沿水系中心线对流动水域面进行分割离散化后再拟合高程的方法。首先提取流动水域边界线及中心线,然后对流动水域面进行自动分段,再对高程赋值及改正。实验表明,该方法拟合效果好,具有全面、高效的特点,能够在实际生产中应用。

有限流动水域浮体受力及侧倾研究

为研究浮体结构在淹没状态下运行过程中的受力以及力矩,采用物理模型试验,对不同体型和流速下的浮体结构在水流作用下产生的作用力以及侧倾力矩进行了比较分析。结果表明,不同浮体结构的长高比对浮体结构在垂直方向所受动水压力、浮体结构侧倾力矩都存在显著影响,随着长高比的增加,两者明显增大;但对浮体结构水平受力影响不大;而不同水流流速对浮体结构所受水平作用力影响巨大,随着来流流速的增加,水平作用力明显增大,对浮体结构在垂直方向的受力影响微小,且在一定程度上,随着来流流速的增大侧倾力矩同样增大。

浮体结构对下游水流结构影响

采用物理模型试验研究流动水域中浮体结构对下游水流流动结构的影响,对不同长高比浮体结构及其在不同水位差条件下浮体结构下游水流结构特征断面的流速分布、流速不均匀系数以及回流区长度进行分析。结果表明:浮体结构体型的变化对流速分布及流速不均匀系数的影响并不明显,水位差对两者均有较大的影响,其影响随着水位差的增大而增大;回流区长度受浮体结构体型以及水位差影响均较敏感,在实际运用中,应该主要关注水位差变化引起的水流流动结构的变化。

Effects of Roughness Elements Distribution on Overland Flow Resistance

Roughness elements are various in a mountain area; they include gravel and ground surface vegetation that often result in surface friction drag to resist overland flows. The variation and characteristics of flow resistance strongly impact the overland flow process and watershed floods. In view of the universal existence of natural vegetation, such as Chlorophytum malayense(CM) or Ophiopogon bodinieri(OB), and the sand-gravel bed of the river channel, it is important to understand the role of different types of roughness elements in flow resistance. This study was performed to investigate and compare through flume experiments the behaviors of overland flow resistance by the reaction of multi-scale configuration of different roughness elements. The result showed that the resistance coefficient gradually reduced versus the increase of flow rate in unit width and tended to be a constant when q = 3.0 l/s.m, Fr = 1.0, and Re = 4000 for slopes of 6 to 10 degrees. The gap of the vegetated rough bed and the gravel rough bed is limited to the same as the gap of the two types of vegetation, CM and OB. It was noted that the vegetation contributed to the increase in form resistance negatively and may lead to the mean resistance on decrease. To classify the flow pattern, the laminar flows were described by DarcyWeisbach's equation. In the study the f-Re equation of vegetated bed was developed with f ?5000 Re.The friction coefficient for laminar flows can be regarded as the critical value for identifying the transformation point of the flow pattern.

Water discharge variability of Changjiang(Yangtze) and Huanghe(Yellow) Rivers and its response to climatic changes

Influences of large-scale climatic phenomena, such as the E1Nifio/La Nifia-Southem Oscillation （ENSO） and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO）, on the temporal variations of the annual water discharge at the Lijin station in the Huanghe （Yellow） River and at the Datong station in the Changjiang （Yangtze） River were examined. Using the empirical mode decomposition-maximum entropy spectral analysis （EMD- MESA） method, the 2- to 3-year, 8- to 14-year, and 23-year cyclical variations of the annual water discharge at the two stations were discovered. Based on the analysis results, the hydrological time series on the inter- annual to interdecadal scales were constructed. The results indicate that from 1950 to 2011, a significant downward trend occurred in the natural annual water discharge in Huanghe River. However, the changes in water discharge in Changjiang River basin exhibited a slightly upward trend. It indicated that the changes in the river discharge in the Huanghe basin were driven primarily by precipitation. Other factors, such as the precipitation over the Changjiang River tributaries, ice melt and evaporation contributed much more to the increase in the Changjiang River basin. Especially, the impacts of the inter-annual and inter-decadal climate oscillations such as ENSO and PDO could change the long-term patterns of precipitation over the basins of the two major rivers. Generally, low amounts of basin-wide precipitation on interannual to interdecadal scales over the two rivers corresponded to most of the warm ENSO events and the warm phases of the PDO, and vice versa. The positive phases of the PDO and ENSO could lead to reduced precipitation and consequently affect the long-term scale water discharges at the two rivers.

Variation of Floods Characteristics and Their Responses to Climate and Human Activities in Poyang Lake, China

The Poyang Lake is one of the most frequently flooded areas in China. Understanding the changing characteristics of floods as well as the affecting factors is an important prerequisite of flood disaster prevention and mitigation. The present study identified the characteristics variations of historical floods in the Poyang Lake and their tendencies based on the Mann-Kendall(M-K) test, and also investigated the related affecting factors, both from climate and human activities. The results revealed that the highest flood stages, duration as well as hazard coefficient of floods showed a long-term increasing linear trend during the last 60 years with the M-K statistic of 1.49, 1.60 and 1.50, respectively. And, a slightly increasing linear trend in the timing of the highest stages indicated the floods occurred later and later during the last six decades. The rainfall during the flood season and subsequent discharges of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River and runoff from the Poyang Lake Basin were mainly responsible for the severe flood situation in the Poyang Lake in the 1990 s. In addition, the intensive human activities, including land reclamation and levee construction, also played a supplementary role in increasing severity of major floods. While, the fewer floods in the Poyang Lake after 2000 can be attributed to not only the less rainfall over the Poyang Lake Basin and low discharges of the Changjiang River during flood periods, but also the stronger influences of human activity which increased the floodwater storage of the Poyang Lake than before.

Ecosystem health evaluation system of the water-fluctuating zone in the Three Gorges Area

This paper discribes the definition of ecosystem health for the water-level flutuation zone of the Three Gorges Region and puts forward an evaluation system involving indicators in three groups: 1) structural indicators comprise slope, biodiversity, environmental capacity, stability, restoration ability and damage situation; 2) functional indicators including probability of geological hazard, erosion rate, habitat rate, land use intension and days of tourist season; 3) environmental indicatiors made up of population quality, potential intension of human, ground water quality, ambient air quality, wastewater treatment rate, pesticide use rate, fertilizer use rate, environmental management and public participation. In the design of the system, the subject zone is regarded as the type similar to wetland and the impacts of human activities on the zone are attached great importance to.

Hydrodynamic processes and depositional styles of glacierassociated deposits in the Moxi basin, Southwest China

This study aims to understand the particle size distribution and depositional styles of glacierassociated deposits in the Moxi basin in southwest China. Based on field surveys, 28 samples from glacier-associated deposits(including glacial till,fluvioglacial, debris flow, river and lake deposits)were collected and tested in the laboratory. The results showed that the glacier-associated deposits can be differentiated based on particle gradation,particle size distribution and accumulated percentages. We evaluated the evolution of a former dammed lake in the Moxi basin based on glacierassociated deposits. The results of this study also indicated that the Moxi Platform was not formed by a single depositional process but is composed of both fluvioglacial and debris flow deposits. This research shows that the depositional style analysis is useful in identifying different glacier-associated deposits in high mountain regions. Moreover, the evaluation of the differences in particle sizes of the glacierassociated deposits is useful in reconstructing geohazard events in periglacial regions, and this information can help in identifying and reducing the potential risks associated with geo-hazards.

Withdrawing from Agrarian Livelihoods: Environmental Migration in Nepal

Although about two-thirds of Nepalese families depend on agriculture as their major source of income, the agriculture is mostly rain-fed and it has been adversely affected by water hazards and the subsequent degradation of resources. Based on case studies from three different geographical regions in Nepal, this research examines how environmental factors cause decreasing crop production and push people to abandon agriculture and accept emigration for employment. The research findings suggest a chain of push factors starting from drought or erratic rainfall causing water hazards, which impacts on depletion of crops and livestock, losses in income and employment and increased human mobility and emigration. The paper argues that the Government of Nepal and development partners can be more effective in enabling agrarian families to cope with the water hazards and shocks by formulating pro-poor mitigation and adaptation policies and strategies,focusing both on ‘rapid-onset' and ‘slow-onset' water hazards.

急流重坠钓鳜鱼

贵州黔东南地区山高林密,溪流江河众多,是垂钓爱好者的佳境。这里野生鱼种类多,钓法各异。 这里要说的重坠是指重200～400克左右的石头坠,以便能使钓饵在较急的流动水域中固定于江河底。 钓鱼者都知道鳜鱼是名贵鱼种,有着很多好听的名字。

用电视天线做七星漂

我喜欢用七星漂钓鱼，特别是在流动水域钓鱼使用七星漂既方便又灵敏。我以前使用的七星漂大部分是用老蒜挺儿、鸡、鸭、鹅、孔雀等羽毛翎的硬梗儿制作的，怕挤压，携带不方便。使用时间久了容易变成黄色，甚至发霉起黑斑，不容易清洗掉，涂上白漆，过不了多久就脱落了。

一种经济有效的诱饵

投撒诱饵打窝,是每一位钓友在垂钓中不可缺少的诱鱼手段。诱饵的诱鱼效果如何,直接影响着出钓的钓获量。现介绍一种既经济又有效的诱饵,供钓友们参考。

A study on flow fields and performance of water wheel turbine using experimental and numerical analyses

In this paper, an analysis of the performance and flow fields of water wheel turbines for tidal energy extraction is carried out using experimental and numerical methods. The purpose of this work is to develop a water turbine suitable for sites, where fast and shallow surface flows are available, such as rivers or tidal currents. For both methods, the water wheel turbine is tested over a range of tip speed ratios with a differing number of rotor blades, ranging between three and twelve. The results indicate that the numerical simulation shows agreement with the experiment in most cases. Also, the water wheel turbine operates effectively at a range of small tip-speed ratios, where the highest turbine efficiency is produced. Under the same working conditions, the turbines using between six and nine blades generate a greater efficiency and cause lesser reverse flows than others when submerged in water. In contrast, the 3-bladed turbine is the least efficient design as it produces the lowest amount of energy and causes intense vibrations and noises. These noises are a result of a collision between the incoming flow of the channel and the wheel blades during the experimentation, especially at high load conditions. By adding more blades, the torque generated is improved considerably; however, the upstream and downstream depths of the turbine, in this case, are also elevated significantly.Furthermore, in the inlet region, the 3-bladed and 6-bladed turbines have a smaller shock loss and a lower resistance to the main flow from the inlet than the others. Meanwhile, it is found that the flow in the outlet region on the turbines with between nine and twelve blades is in the opposite direction to the wheel's rotation, significantly obstructing the main flow from the inlet.

Interdecadal change of the connection between winter North Pacific Oscillation and summer precipitation in the Huaihe River valley

The relationship between the winter North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) and the following summer precipitation in the Huaihe River valley before and after the mid-1970s is investigated by using the Chinese 160-station precipitation data and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data from 1951 to 2008.It is found that their linkage appears to have an apparent interdecadal variation.Before the mid-1970s, there was a prominent out-of-phase relationship between the winter NPO and the summer precipitation in the Huaihe River valley.However, such a relationship is significantly weakened afterwards.The change of atmospheric circulations related to the winter NPO before and after the mid-1970s is further addressed.Before the mid-1970s, a strong (weak) winter NPO was followed by the summer situations with anomalous low-level cyclonic (anticyclonic) circulation over the western Pacific and descending (ascending) over the Huaihe River valley.Meanwhile, the water vapor transporting to the Huaihe River valley was reduced (enhanced).These conditions are unfavorable (favorable) for the precipitation occurring in the Huaihe River valley, and thus the local precipitation was decreased (increased).After the mid-1970s, however, the impact of winter NPO on the summer atmospheric circulation system associated with the rainfall in the Huaihe River valley becomes diluted, thereby weakening its linkage to the summer precipitation in the Huaihe River valley.