水泵吸水池内部流动PIV试验的深入分析

ＰＩＶ技术是一种新型的流动量测手段，使用这种技术能够容易的得出流场中的速度分布情况，在此基础上进行深入分析，还可以得到许多十分重要的流动参数。这里，对水泵吸水池内部流动的ＰＩＶ试验进行深入分析，得出如下的流动参量：吸水口处的环量分布、测量面上的涡度分布、交叉面处的三维速度分布，另外，对试验中所拍摄的图片进行分析，可以得出吸入涡中气核大小的分布情况．

水泵吸水池的改进和PIV试验验证

水泵吸水池设计的合理与否 ,会直接影响到泵站的运行效率和安全 ,在新型水泵吸水池设计中采用了三种结构形式 :封闭式池身结构、双进口双流道结构和倒角过渡结构。应用PIV(粒子成像测速 )技术对这种吸水池模型的内部流动进行全场量测 ,试验结果表明这种吸水池结构能够很好的避免和减少各种涡的发生 ,优化了吸水池内部的流动状态 。

Calculation of wave and current loads on launching offshore jacket

It’s very complicated to calculate and analyze the wave and current loads on naval architectures since the sea condition is uncertain and complicated and the determinants vary from different form types and dimensions. For calculating the wave and current loads on upright small-long-size pipe, the Morrison equation is practical and applied. Jacket platform is a kind of offshore space frame structure comprised of lots of poles that are circular cylinders with small diameter and in the oblique status relative to seabed. In this paper, based on Morrison equation, the specific method and procedure calculating the wave and current loads on launching jacket are given and applied on a typical launching jacket. The instance shows that the method and procedure are convenient and make the calculation and analysis in good agreement with actual launching.

Measuring the Internal Velocity of Debris Flows Using Impact Pressure Detecting in the Flume Experiment

Measuring the internal velocity of debris flows is very important for debris flow dynamics research and designing debris flow control works. However, there is no appropriate method for measuring the internal velocity because of the destructive power of debris flow process. In this paper, we address this problem by using the relationship between velocity and kinetic pressure, as described by surface velocity and surface kinetic pressure data. Kinetic pressure is the difference of impact pressure and static pressure. The former is detected by force sensors installed in the flow direction at the sampling section. Observations show that static pressure can be computed using the formula for static water pressure by simply substituting water density for debris flow density. We describe the relationship between surface velocity and surface kinetic pressure using data from seven laboratory flume experiments. It is consistent with the relationship for single phase flow, which is the measurement principle of the Pitot tube.

Evaluation of Four Measurement Operation Modes of Streaming Potential for Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Membranes

Surface charge characteristics of a membrane can be determined by the streaming potential. In order to obtain more accurate streaming potential value during the measurement, four measurement operation modes were investigated in this study, and among the four modes, the steady mode with pressure stepped downward was considered the best one. Experimental results showed that the effects of compaction on the streaming potential measurement for a microfiltration membrane was more obvious than that for a ultrafiltration membrane. Both feed pH and presoaking could affect the measurement of streaming potential.

Study on hydrodynamic vibration in fluidic flowmeter

The characteristics of the fluidic flowmeter,which is a combination of impinged concave wall and bistable fluid amplifier,is investigated by experimental studies and numerical simulations. The numerical approaches are utilized to examine the time dependent flow field and pressure field inside the proposed flowmeter. The effect of varying structural parameters on flow characteristics of the proposed fluidic flowmeter is investigated by computational simulations for the optimization. Both the simulation and experimental results disclose that the hydrodynamic vibration,with the same intensity,frequency and 180° phase shift,occurs at axisymmetric points in the feedback channel of the fluidic flowmeter. Using the structural combination of impinged concave wall and bistable fluid amplifier and differential signal processing technique,a novel fluidic flowmeter with excellent immunity and improved sensibility is developed.

Fluent-based numerical simulation of flow centrifugal fan

Testing centrifugal fan flow field by physical laboratory is difficult because the testing system is complex and the workload is heavy, and the results observed by naked-eye deviates far from the actual value. To address this problem, the computational fluid dynamics software FLUENT was applied to establish three-dimensional model of the centrifugal fan. The numeral model was verified by comparing simulation data to experimental data. The pressure centrifugal fan and the speed changes in distribution in centrifugal fan was simulated by computational fluid dynamics soft-ware FLUENT. The simulation results show that the gas flow velocity in the impeller increases with impeller radius increase. Static pressure gradually increases when gas from the fan access is imported through fan impeller leaving fans.

A robust system for real-time pedestrian detection and tracking

A real-time pedestrian detection and tracking system using a single video camera was developed to monitor pedestrians. This system contained six modules: video flow capture, pre-processing, movement detection, shadow removal, tracking, and object classification. The Gaussian mixture model was utilized to extract the moving object from an image sequence segmented by the mean-shift technique in the pre-processing module. Shadow removal was used to alleviate the negative impact of the shadow to the detected objects. A model-free method was adopted to identify pedestrians. The maximum and minimum integration methods were developed to integrate multiple cues into the mean-shift algorithm and the initial tracking iteration with the competent integrated probability distribution map for object tracking. A simple but effective algorithm was proposed to handle full occlusion cases. The system was tested using real traffic videos from different sites. The results of the test confirm that the system is reliable and has an overall accuracy of over 85%.

Experimental Study on Hydrodynamics of L-type Podded Propulsor in Straight-ahead Motion and Off-Design Conditions

Experimental tests were conducted to evaluate the hydrodynamic performance of an L-type podded propulsor in straight-ahead motion and off-design conditions using an open-water measuring instrument developed by the authors for podded propulsors, a ship model towing tank, and under water particle image velocimetry （PIV） measurement systems. Under the three types of conditions, the main parameters of an L-type podded propulsor were measured, including the propeller thrust and torque, as well as the thrust, side force, and moment of the whole pod unit.In addition, the flow field on the section between the propeller and the strut was analyzed. Experimental results demonstrate that the dynamic azimuthing rate and direction and the turning direction affect the forces on the propeller and the whole pod unit. Forces are asymmetrically distributed between the left and right azimuthing directions because of the effect of propeller rotation. The findings of this study provide a foundation for further research on L-type podded propulsors.

Model improvement and verification of ring electrostatic sensors

Accurate measurement of flow parameters is important in gas-solid two-phase flow,and such flow has to be dealt with in many processes involving bulk solids handling and transportation.The circular electrostatic sensor is one of those used for gas-solid flow measurement.In this paper,the finite element method(FEM)is used to establish the mathematical model of the sensor,the spatial sensitivity characteristics of the sensors is analyzed,and the analytic model is improved by the nonlinear least square method and the iterative method.Finally,the correlation coefficients between the experimental results and the improved processing are compared and analyzed,and the mathematical expression of the model is improved.The feasibility and practicability of the improved model are verified.

Mixing time in stirred vessels: A review of experimental techniques

Mixing time is de fined as the time required for achieving a certain degree of homogeneity of injected tracer in a unit operation vessel. It has been used as a key parameter for assessing the performance of a mixing system. From an experimental standpoint, several techniques have been developed for measuring the mixing time. Based on the disturbances to fl ow, they can be classi fied into two groups: non-intrusive and intrusive. However, depending on the type of data generated, they can be also classi fied into direct measurements and indirect measurements(Eulerian and Lagrangian). Since the techniques available for measuring mixing times in an agitated tank do not provide the same information, its choice depends on several factors, namely: accuracy, reproducibility,suitability, cost, sampling speed, type of data, and processing time. A review of the experimental techniques reported in the literature in the last 50 years for the measurement of mixing time in stirred vessels under single and gas–liquid fl ow conditions with Newtonian and non-Newtonian fl uids in the laminar and turbulent regime is made, and a comparison between these techniques is also presented.

The Criterion of Choosing the Proper Seeding Particles

This paper is focused on the problem of the ability of seeding particles to follow the flow field. One of the most important factors influencing the resultant accuracy of the measurement is using the proper seeding particles for feeding the flow when measuring by PIV （Particle Image Velocimetry） method. The aim of the paper is to provide comprehensible instruction for choosing the proper type of seeding particles with regard to the flow characteristics and required measurement accuracy. The paper presents two methods with the help of which it is possible to determine the seeding particles＇ ability to follow the flow field. The first method is based on the direct calculation of the phase lag and amplitude ratio between the particle and the fluid. The calculation is based on solution of the BBO （Basset Boussinesq Oseen） equation for spherical particle. The other method results from the calculation of the particle time response, which defines the maximum frequency of disturbances, which are to be followed by the particle. In the conclusion, the method of choosing the seeding particles is proposed, depending on the required measurement accuracy.

Debris-flow of Zelongnong Ravine in Tibet

Zelongnong Ravine,a branch ravine of Brahmaputra,is an old large glacier debris-flow ravine.Debris-flows with medium and/or small scales occur almost every year;multiple super debris-flows have also broken out in history,and have caused destructive disaster to local residents at the mouth of ravine and blocked Brahmaputra.The huge altitude difference and the steep slope of the Zelongnong Ravine provide predominant energy conditions for the debris-flow.The drainage basin is located in the fast uplifted area,where the complicated geologic structure,the cracked rock,and the frequent earthquake make the rocks experience strong weathering,thus plenty of granular materials are available for the formation of debris-flows.Although this region is located in the rain shadow area,the precipitation is concentrated and most is with high intensity.Also,the strong glacier activity provides water source for debris-flow.According to literature reviews,most debris-flows in the ravine are induced by rainstorms,and their scales are relatively small.However,when the melted water is overlaid,the large scale debris-flows may occur.Parametric calculation such as the flow velocity and the runoff is conducted according to the monitoring data.The result shows that large debris-flows can be aroused when the rainstorm and the melted water are combined well,but the possibility of blocking off Brahmaputra is rare.The occurrence of the super debris-flows is closely related to the intense glacier activity(e.g.,glaciersurge).They often result in destructive disasters and are hard to be prevented and cured by engineering measures,due to the oversized scales.The hazard mitigation measures such as monitoring and prediction are proposed.

Test and evaluation of a moored microstructure recorder

A new moored microstructure recorder(MMR) is designed, developed, tested, and evaluated. The MMR directly measures the high-frequency shear of velocity fl uctuations, with which we can estimate the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy. We summarize and discuss methods for estimating the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate. Instrument body vibrations contaminate the shear signal in an ocean fi eld experiment, and a compensating correction successfully removes this contamination. In both tank test and ocean fi eld experiment, the dissipation rate measured with the MMR agreed well with that measured using other instruments.

An Overview of the Advanced Nonintrusive Measurement Techniques in Hypersonic Flow Field

Hypersonic flow-field measurement techniques have been studied for about 50 years. Despite truly remarkable progress with a probe or other device to measure the temperature, pressure or velocity, there are still serious problems for these "intrusive" techniques. The intrusive measurement techniques introduce unexpected shock waves or flow-field structures, even make the boundary layer transition earlier and show a converse result. In recent years, nonintrusive diagnostics have been in urgent demand to give a more accurate and comprehensive flow-field for hypersonic testing. In this paper, an overview of some advanced nonintrusive measurement techniques such as embedded thermocouples for heat flux measurement, Pressure Sensitive Paint(PSP), Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV), infrared thermographs, and focusing Schlieren system are introduced. All of these techniques are nonintrusive and provide measurement of various parameters such as temperature, static pressure, dynamic pressure, flow velocity and visualization of flow structure, which gives us an exact and direct understanding of the hypersonic flow.

Advanced flow measurement and active flow control of aircraft with MEMS

Advanced flow measurement and active flow control need the development of new type devices and systems.Micro-electro-mechanical systems(MEMS) technologies become the important and feasible approach for micro transducers fabrication.This paper introduces research works of MEMS/NEMS Lab in flow measurement sensors and active flow control actuators.Micro sensors include the flexible thermal sensor array,capacitive shear stress sensor and high sensitivity pressure sensor.Micro actuators are the balloon actuator and synthetic jet actuator respectively.Through wind tunnel test,these micro transducers achieve the goals of shear stress and pressure distribution measurement,boundary layer separation control,lift enhancement,etc.And unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) flight test verifies the ability of maneuver control of micro actuator.In the future work,micro sensor and actuator can be combined into a closed-loop control system to construct aerodynamic smart skin system for aircraft.

CROSS-CORRELATION MEASURING SYSTEM FOR MEASURING VELOCITY OF BULK MATERIAL FLOW IN PIPE LINE

In this paper the cross correlation technique for measuring velocity of bulk material flow in pipe line was investigated and a new capacitance transducer with converter has been introduced. The system was controlled by single chip computer with a real-time cross correlation cumputing software. Computing time reaches 1 sec and velocity measuring error is less than 1%.

Experimental Confirmation on the Calibration Curves for Preston＇s Method

The Preston＇s method is considered as one of the most commonly employed methods to measure the wall shear stress. However, it is only possible to determine the wall shear stress from measured pressure differences of the Preston tube and undisturbed static pressure, combined with calibration curves, which depend on the Preston tube diameter, fluid density, and viscosity. Since its invention, no significant advancement in theory has been made, and calibration curves proposed by Preston, Patel and Bechert are still in use. In the present study, a need to measure surface shear stress over a circular cylinder prompted us to develop our original Preston tube system. The developed system has been calibrated by measuring the wall shear stress in the fully developed turbulent flow regime in a circular pipe. The present results generally confirm the previously reported calibration curves. A slight modification of the coefficients in the calibration equation shows further improvement.

Online measurement of solids motion in fluidized bed reactor with different distributor for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis

In this paper, the distributions of particle velocity in a gas–solid fluidized bed with branched pipe distributor or circle distributor were measured by using a laser Doppler velocimetry. Our results show that, within a certain range of superficial gas velocity, when using circle distributor, the particle velocity is large and the distribution of the particle velocity is even more compared with the branched pipe distributor. On the basis of the amplitude of tangential movement statistics, the amplitude of tangential movement statistics(AVATMS) decreases with increasing the axial height under the appropriate superficial gas velocity.

Dynamic Visualization Approach of the Multiphase Flow Using Electrical Capacitance Tomography

Identifying the flow patterns is vital for understanding the complicated physical mechanisms in multiphase flows.For this purpose,electrical capacitance tomography(ECT) technique is considered as a promising visualization method for the flow pattern identification,in which image reconstruction algorithms play an important role.In this paper,a generalized dynamic reconstruction model,which integrates ECT measurement information and physical evolution information of the objects of interest,was presented.A generalized objective functional that simultaneously considers the spatial constraints,temporal constraints and dynamic evolution information of the objects of interest was proposed.Numerical simulations and experiments were implemented to evaluate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.For the cases considered in this paper,the proposed algorithm can well reconstruct the flow patterns,and the quality of the reconstructed images is improved,which indicates that the proposed algorithm is competent to reconstruct the flow patterns in the visualization of multiphase flows.