XCC群桩限制液化侧向扩展的振动台试验研究

地震作用下,缓倾砂土地基会发生液化引发侧向扩展,对构筑物造成严重破坏,而可液化场地中的群桩可控制液化侧向变形的发展。现浇X形混凝土桩（XCC桩）较传统混凝土桩可以节省材料用量,其异形截面对于液化土体的流动变形的控制作用较圆形截面更具优势。开展了倾斜可液化地基中XCC群桩的振动台试验研究,对比了XCC群桩和圆桩群桩对液化侧向扩展变形的影响,同时考虑了群桩布置形式、XCC桩的截面朝向和截面异形效应对于处理效果的影响。结果表明：XCC桩可以较好的限制液化侧向扩展,与未处理场地相比,XCC桩处理场地的侧向位移减少约38%,流动面积减小约50%;在同等材料用量下,XCC桩处理效果优于传统圆桩,其流动面积较圆桩处理场地减少20%;梅花形群桩布置形式限制液化侧向扩展的效果明显好于正方形群桩布置形式;不同XCC桩的截面朝向的处理效果取决于其垂直于液化砂土流动方向的截面宽度,有效截面宽度越大则处理效果越好;XCC桩的截面异形效应能够提高限制液化侧向扩展效果约5%~18%左右。

粉末注射成形过程中熔体前沿速度优化

在粉末注射成形中,喂料熔体中的聚合物在充模阶段由于非均匀的熔体前沿速度将导致坯件非均匀收缩、坯件密度变小和翘曲变形。基于充填过程数值模拟提出实现在粉末注射成形过程中的注射速率优化方法,以获得均匀熔体前沿速度从而减少喂料中聚合物非均匀收缩以实现提高成形坯件密度。通过模拟熔体前沿面积变化曲线的与螺杆行程的关系,确定分级注射点;结合分级注射点对应的注射量与螺杆注射位置的对应关系,导出一个简化的分级注射参数。由模拟和实验表明,该方法能获得较为均匀的熔体前沿速度,熔体前沿速度的标准方差从优化前14.6cm/s下降到优化后的4.2cm/s;生坯平均密度由从优化前5.34g/cm3提高到优化后的5.54g/cm3,生坯样本方差由从优化前0.235g/cm3下降到优化后的0.0823g/cm3。

Numerical Investigation of Hydrodynamic Flow Over an AUV Moving in the Water-surface Vicinity Considering the Laminar-turbulent Transition

Nowadays, Autonomous Underwater Vehicles(AUVs) are frequently used for exploring the oceans. The hydrodynamics of AUVs moving in the vicinity of the water surface are significantly different at higher depths. In this paper, the hydrodynamic coefficients of an AUV in non-dimensional depths of 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, and 4D are obtained for movement close to the free-surface. Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes Equations(RANS) are discretized using the finite volume approach and the water-surface effects modeled using the Volume of Fraction(VOF) method. As the operating speeds of AUVs are usually low, the boundary layer over them is not fully laminar or fully turbulent, so the effect of boundary layer transition from laminar to turbulent flow was considered in the simulations. Two different turbulence/transition models were used: 1) a full-turbulence model, the k-ε model, and 2) a turbulence/transition model, Menter's Transition-SST model. The results show that the Menter's Transition-SST model has a better consistency with experimental results. In addition, the wave-making effects of these bodies are studied at different immersion depths in the sea-surface vicinity or at finite depths. It is observed that the relevant pitch moments and lift coefficients are non-zero for these axi-symmetric bodies when they move close to the sea-surface. This is not expected for greater depths.

Waveforms analysis and optimization of new electro-hydraulic excitation technology

A new electro-hydraulic exciter that consists of rotary valve and micro-displacement double-functioned hydraulic cylinder was proposed to realize different kinds of waveforms.Calculated fluid dynamics(CFD) simulation of rotary valve orifice reveals that orifice exists the two-throttle phenomenon.According to the finding,the revised flow area model was established.Vibration waveforms analysis was carried out by means of mathematic model and the related experiments were validated.Furthermore,as a new analysis indicator,saturation percentage was introduced first.The experimental results indicate that the revised flow area model is more accurate compared to the original one,and vibration waveforms can be optimized through suitable spool parameters and the revised cylinder structure.

Finite element simulation on percolation of low permeability reservoir with permeability anisotropy

In low permeability porous media which permeability anisotropy is ubiquitous,the percolation of fluid no longer follows linear Darcy’s Law.Oil-water two phase flow equation of low permeability reservoir with permeability anisotropy is established based on generalized Darcy’s law and starting pressure gradient,corresponding finite element program is developed and simulated based on the Finite Element Program Generator system (FEPG).The results show that energy-gathering exists in the flow event of flowing area front in low permeability reservoir.In the process of energy-gathering,the flow velocity changed little but increased rapidly as soon as the pressure gradient exceeded the starting pressure gradient of the reservoir,then gradually stabilized.The greater the starting pressure gradient is,the greater the near wellbore pressure drop is,the smaller the area influenced by the reservoir pressure changes caused by water injection and oil recovery.The greater the starting pressure gradient is,the lower the water saturation in same point of the reservoir is,the smaller the water flood swept area is.There will be more difficulties in water injection to the same extent.

Nitrogen budget in the Changjiang River drainage area

We established a budget model of nitrogen （N） inputs and outputs between watersheds and waterbodies to determine the sources of riverine N in the Changjiang （Yangtze） River drainage area. Nitrogen inputs in the budget included N from synthetic fertilizer, biological fixation by leguminous and other crops, wet/dry atmospheric deposition, excreta from humans and animals, and crop residues. The total N input was estimated to be 17.6 Tg, of which 20% or 3.5 Tg N was transported into waterbodies. Of the total N transported into waterbodies, the largest proportion was N from animal waste （26%）, followed by N from atmospheric wet/dry deposition （25%）, synthetic fertilizer N （17%）, N in sewage wastes （17%）, N in human waste from rural areas （6%） and industrial wastewater N （9%）. We studied the spatial patterns of N inputs and outputs by dividing the Changjiang River drainage area into four sub-basins, from upstream to downstream： the Tongtian River drainage area （TTD, the headwater drainage area, 138 000 l^n2, less disturbed by human activities）; the Jinsha River drainage area （JSD, 347 000 km2, less disturbed by human activities, approx. 3 500 km upstream of the Changjiang estuary）; the Pingshan-Yichang drainage area （PYD, 520 500 krn2, large-scale human disturbance, about 2 000 km upstream of the Changjiang estuary）; and the Yichang-Datong drainage area （YDD, 699 900 km^2, large-scale httman disturbance, approx. 620 km upstream of the Changjiang estuary）. The average N input into waterbodies was 2.3, 7.3, 24.1, and 28.2 kg N/ha in the TTD, JSD, PYD, and YDD sub-basins, respectively, suggesting an increase of N-components of more than 10 times from upstream to downstream areas.

Model for seawater fouling and effects of temperature,flow velocity and surface free energy on seawater fouling

A kinetic model was proposed to predict the seawater fouling process in the seawater heat exchangers.The new model adopted an expression combining depositional and removal behaviors for seawater fouling based on the Kern–Seaton model.The present model parameters include the integrated kinetic rate of deposition(k d)and the integrated kinetic rate of removal(k r),which have clear physical signi ficance.A seawater-fouling monitoring device was established to validate the model.The experimental data were well fitted to the model,and the parameters were obtained in different conditions.SEM and EDX analyses were performed after the experiments,and the results show that the main components of seawater fouling are magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide.The effects of surface temperature,flow velocity and surface free energy were assessed by the model and the experimental data.The results indicate that the seawater fouling becomes aggravated as the surface temperature increased in a certain range,and the seawater fouling resistance reduced as the flow velocity of seawater increased.Furthermore,the effect of the surface free energy of metals was analyzed,showing that the lower surface free energy mitigates the seawater fouling accumulation.

Experimental and Numerical Study of Wind Noise Caused by Cowl Area on Volvo XC60

This paper presents a detailed experimental and numerical study of aerodynamically produced noise which occurs due to turbulent structures created by the cowl cavity and side mirror. Measurements were carried out at Volvo aerodynamical wind tunnel on a Volvo XC60 production model. The configurations considered here are： side mirror On/Off with the cowl cavity open/closed. The results of exterior sound source mapping （with the intensity probe placed in the flow stream） have been compared with the results of the measurements inside the car. The contribution of the cowl area to overall wind noise level is measured in terms of AI% （Articulation Index） inside the compartment. It was shown that increase in AI by 2% could be attributed to the cowl generated wind noise. Transient numerical simulations of the turbulent flow around the car have been performed for all configurations. The results of the simulations show similarity to experimental results and give insight to the flow structures around the car.

Modification of k-ω Turbulence Model for Predicting Airfoil Aerodynamic Performance

Predicting wind turbine S825 airfoil＇s aerodynamic performance is crucial to improving its energy efficiency and reducing its environmental impact. In this paper, a numerical simulation on the wind turbine S825 airfoil is con- ducted with k-to turbulence model at different attack angles. By comparing with experimental data, a new method of modifying k-to model is proposed. A modifying function is proposed to limit the production term in ω equation based on fluid rotation and deformation. This method improves turbulent viscosity and decreases separating re- gion when the airfoil works at large separating conditions. The predictive accuracy could be improved by using the modified k-to turbulence model.