微球聚合物强化水基钻井液流变稳定性及其分子模拟研究

聚合物分子空间构型从一维线型向三维体型转变,是改变传统油田化学处理剂分子设计的新思路,有利于新型多功能水基钻井液聚合物处理剂开发。为阐明体型高分子形态特征及其作为钻井液处理剂的有效功能,采用实验合成、结构表征、性能评价与分子模拟相结合的方法,系统开展了微球聚合物PAA-AM-AMPS强化水基钻井液稳定性研究。首先,合成了具有体型结构的微球聚合物PAA-AM-AMPS,评价了微球聚合物微观结构及其在恒流变和超高温水基钻井液体系的核心作用;然后,基于体型高分子基团空间分布的“补偿效应”模型,从分子水平揭示了体型构象对高分子-膨润土片层吸附的强化作用。研究结果显示:合成体型聚合物PAA-AM-AMPS是一种具有核-壳结构的微球粒子,平均粒径为198.3 nm;微球聚合物热解分为5个阶段,空间构型展示了良好热稳定性;微球聚合物分子具有内紧外疏的空间构型,活性基团—COOH、—CO(NH2)、—SO3H在球壳上的分布确定了体型结构活性位点,其中羧基C=O是主导活性基团;比较了链型和球型聚集态结构,后者具有更小的回转半径Rg和更大的径向分布函数g(r),显示了球型构象不仅提高结构的温度稳定性,也有利于维持壳层有效活性基团数量,确保与黏土片层的吸附缔合作用,最终提高水基钻井液宏观性能的稳定。

耐240℃超高温高密度钻井液探索性实验研究

随着深部油气、高温干热岩勘探与深地探测战略实施,钻井液长期处于高温高压恶劣环境,超高温高压下水基钻井液性能稳定性是超高温井钻探的一项关键技术。分析了超高温科学钻探工程钻井液面临的技术难题,提出了耐240℃超高温高密度水基钻井液配方的设计思路。采用单因素法,优选了耐240℃超高温高密度水基钻井液用关键处理剂。利用不同高温处理剂的协同增效作用,初步研发了一套抗温240℃、密度2.0 g/cm^(3)的超高温高密度水基钻井液配方。研究结果表明,经240℃老化16 h后,最优配方的钻井液具有良好的流变性和降滤失性能,其表观粘度变化率<30%,180℃高温高压滤失量≤24 mL。

新型处理剂在Halfaya油田高密度钻井液中的应用

Halfaya油田地质复杂,高压盐膏层钻进过程中极易发生泥包、蠕变缩径、高密度钻井液被高浓度Ca2+污染等问题,钻井液维护难点在于抑制软泥岩分散、稳定pH值、除Ca2+相互关联。通过优选和优化钻井液处理剂,引入聚胺盐类抑制剂BZ-HIB和新型除钙剂BZ-DCA,改进施工技术措施,较好地解决了高密度钻井液流变性控制、除Ca2+、稳定pH值等问题,在提高钻速、降低维护难度等方面效果明显。

Research on the rheological properties of pesticide suspension concentrate

This study reports research on pesticide suspension rheology and a new rheological parameter, the relative value of approach, which has great advantage for judging the physical stability of a pesticide suspension concentrate. Experiments showed that the system can form stable dispersions when the value of the relative value of approach (Sr) is less than 0.1.

Laboratory and Field Investigations of Polymer and Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen

In this paper, properties of new kind of modified bitumen are presented. Bituminous binder was modified with mix modification using polymer and additive of crumb rubber. Terminal blend process at the refinery was applied to produce the mixed modified binder. Laboratory tests were focused on the characterization of the properties of 45/80-55 CR binder with comparison to reference 50/70 and conventional polymer modified 45/80-55 bitumen. Based on conventional binder tests such as penetration, softening point and Fraass breaking point as well as BBR （bending beam rheometer） and DSR （dynamic shear rheometer） tests, rheological properties were investigated. For determination of stability of the polymer and crumb rubber, modified bitumen tube testing method was used. Based on the results analysis, improvement of the viscoelastic properties of polymer and crumb rubber modified bitumen was observed. Conventional properties and stability tests showed that it is possible to pass standard requirements for polymer modified bitumen. Mixed modification and terminal blend allow to use crumb rubber as a modifier with elimination of the separation of crumb rubber during transportation and storage at high temperature. In this paper, experience from filed sections with use of the asphalt mixture with new kind of modified bitumen is presented.

Analysis and evaluation on pressure fluctuations in air dense medium fluidized bed

Pressure fluctuations contribute to the instability of separation process in air dense medium fluidized bed, which provides a high motivation for further study of underlying mechanisms. Reasons for generation and propagation of pressure fluctuations in the air dense medium fluidized bed have been discussed.Drift rate and collision rate of particles were employed to deduce the correlation between voidage and pressure fluctuations. Simultaneously, a dynamic pressure fluctuation measuring and analysis system was established. Based on frequency domain analysis and wavelet analysis, collected signals were disassembled and analyzed. Results show gradually intensive motion of particles increases magnitudes of signal components with lower frequencies. As a result of violent particle motion, the magnitude of real pressure signal's frequency experienced an increase as air velocity increased moderately. Wavelet analysis keeps edge features of the real signal and eliminates the noise efficaciously. The frequency of denoised signal is closed to that of pressure signal identified in frequency domain analysis.

Fluid–solid coupling analysis of rock pillar stability for concealed karst cave ahead of a roadway based on catastrophic theory

In order to study the mechanism of water inrush from a concealed, confined karst cave, we established a fluid–solid coupling model of water inrush from a concealed karst cave ahead of a roadway and a strength reduction method in a rock pillar for preventing water inrush based on catastrophic theory. Fluid–solid coupling effects and safety margins in a rock pillar were studied. Analysis shows that rock pillar instability, exerted by disturbance stress and seepage stress, is the process of rock pillar catastrophic destabilization induced by nonlinear extension of plastic zones in the rock pillar. Seepage flow emerges in the rock pillar for preventing water inrush, accompanied by mechanical instability of the rock pillar. Taking the accident of a confined karst cave water-inrush of Qiyi Mine as an example, by studying the safety factor of the rock pillar and the relationship between karst cave water pressure and thickness of the rock pillar,it is proposed that rock pillar thickness with a safety factor equal to 1.5 is regarded as the calculated safety thickness of the rock pillar, which should be equal to the sum of the blasthole depth, blasting disturbance depth and the calculated safety thickness of the rock pillar. The cause of the karst water inrush at Qiyi Mine is that the rock pillar was so small that it did not possess a safety margin. Combining fluid–solid coupling theory, catastrophic theory and strength reduction method to study the nonlinear mechanical response of complicated rock engineering, new avenues for quantitative analysis of rock engineering stability evaluation should be forthcoming.

Novel control scheme for 3-phase PWM current-source converters under unbalanced source voltage conditions

Under unbalanced source voltage supply, considerable output second harmonics and input low-order harmonics in 3-phase PWM current-source converters (PWM-CSC) are generated. This paper proposes a new deadbeat controller based on compensation for unbalanced source voltage and current. With the proposed scheme, the second harmonics of the output current are eliminated and low-order harmonics of the source current are reduced effectively. Simulation and experimental results con- firmed the feasibility of the proposed method.

A nonlinear rheological model of backfill material for retaining roadways and the analysis of its stability

The long-term stability of backfill material is the key to retaining roadways successfully. In order to study the rheological deformation of backfill material and its long-term stability, given the visco-elastoplastic properties of this material, we introduced a softening and a hardening function for a new nonlinear the- ological model with time-varying parameters. Based on this, we presented the instability condition of this model by using the principle of minimum potential energy. Combined with engineering practice, we cal- culated the urlstable time period of backfill material. The results show that the time of instability of the backfill material relate to the initial parameters of the material, ＂the coefficients decided by temperature and the ratio of the plastic zone of the backfill material. Based on the results of our analysis from the point of view of energy, we can quickly obtain the time of instability of this model from our graphical analysis. The time of instability of the backfill material obtained from our investigation coincides with an actual project.

On Relative Stability in 4-Dimensional Duck Solution

This paper gives the existence of a relatively stable duck solution in a slow-fast system in R2＋2 with an invariant manifold. The slow-fast system in R2＋： has a 2-dimensional slow vector field and a 2-dimensional fast vector field. The fast vector field restricts a feasible region of the slow vector field strictly. In the case of the slow-fast system in R2＋1 , that is, the fast vector field is l-dimension, it is classified according to its sign, because it gives only negative（-）, positive（＋） or zero sign. Then it is attractive, repulsive or stationary. On the other hand, in R2~2 , the fast vector field has combinatorial cases. It causes a complex state to analyze the system. First, we introduce a local model near the pseudo singular point on which we classify the fast vector field attractive（-,-）, attractive-repulsive（-,＋） or repulsive（＋,＋）, simply as possible. We prove the existence of a 4-dimensional duck solution in the local model. Secondarily, we assume that the slow-fast system has an invariant manifold near the pseudo singular point. When the invariant manifold has a homoclinic point near the pseudo singular point, we show that the slow-fast sytem has a 4-dimensional duck solution having a relatively stable region.