珠江口SX97孔7000aB.P.的气候环境变化及流域响应

综合考虑矿物、元素地球化学和孢粉等多方面的资料 ,对珠江口北岸SX97孔揭示的 70 0 0aB .P .以来的气候环境演化提出了一种 5阶段划分方案 ,这种阶段性在SX97孔的各项指标上均有很好的对应 ,也与华南地区基于海岸沙丘、海滩岩和海相沉积地层等的早期研究成果能较好地对应。在此基础上 ,初步探讨了气候环境变化中的流域响应 ,发现SX97孔揭示出气候环境变化中有很好的流域响应。如当气候环境偏湿偏热时 ,流域风化作用更加强烈 ,有更多的铁元素流失 ,同时流域植被更发育 ,对降水有更好的缓冲作用 ,导致河口沉积物中含有更多的铁元素(包括二价铁和三价铁 )、更少石英矿物和更多粘土矿物。

耦合地貌信息熵和流域单元物质响应率的泥石流危险性评价

以粤西高州马贵河流域为靶区,通过地貌信息熵法分析了流域地貌发育演化阶段和泥石流沟谷危险性;提出了流域单元物质响应率的概念,并结合遥感影像解译得到的松散物质分布,探讨了泥石流沟谷的物源敏感性;在此基础上,将地貌信息熵值和流域单元物质响应率进行耦合,开展地形和物源复合作用下的泥石流危险性评价研究。结果表明:研究区地貌信息熵值的变化范围为0.139 8~0.878 7;沟谷地貌演化从幼年期至老年期均有分布,59.07%的研究区面积处于幼年期-壮年期,泥石流沟谷比较活跃、危险性大;单元物质响应率的变化范围为0~0.171 6,54.60%的沟谷对物源较敏感;基于地貌信息熵值和流域单元物质响应率耦合的泥石流危险性评价结果表明,42.79%的泥石流沟谷处于中等及以上危险区域,泥石流危险性较大。对比分析发现评价结果和实际情况较为吻合,评价结果合理,优于上述两种方法单独评价的结果。该成果可以为马贵河流域防灾减灾、经济建设布局等提供依据,具有重要的工程实际意义和应用价值。

流域汇流的非线性关系及其处理方法

本文简要回顾了国内外有关流域降雨径流非线性关系的研究情况;根据笔者参加的西北地区坡面流试验(11组316场)与室内模拟实验(2组234场)的资料分析,进一步论证了流域汇流的非线性问题,初步探讨了非线性指数与流域特征值的关系;在此基础上,本文提出一种非线性处理方法,可供流域汇流计算参考使用。

Frequency responses of immersing tunnel element under wave actions

The immersion of large-scale tunnel elements is one of the most important working procedures in the construction of an underwater immersed tunnel. To investigate the dynamic characteristics of tunnel element in the process of immersion, based on the twin-barge immersing operation method, the frequency-domain analysis of the tunnel element motions under wave actions was made. The linear wave diffraction theory and the three-dimensional source distribution method were applied to calculate the wave loads and motion responses of the tunnel element under different incident wave conditions. In the study, movement of the two barges in the water was assumed to be small and was ignored. Cable tension was computed by the static method. On the basis of the above theories, a computer program was made, and two cases were taken to check the validity of the program. The results showed that wave loads acting on the immersed tunnel element are relatively large near the water surface, and they decrease with the increase of immersing depth of the tunnel element. Wave loads first increase, then decrease, with the increase of wave period. The motion responses of the tunnel element are also generally large near the water surface and decrease as the immersing depth increases.

Riser VIV and its numerical simulation

This paper summarizes some of the typical riser vortex-induced vibration （VIV） problems in subsea oil and gas developments, and presents the corresponding computational fluid dynamics （CFD） time domain simula- tion results to address these problems. First, the CFD time domain simulation approach was applied to analyze the wake field behind a stationary cylinder and a vibrating cylinder. Then a vertical riser VIV response under uniform current was studied. The VIV response time histories revealed some valuable clues that could lead to explanation of the higher harmonics. After that, a vertical riser VIV response under shear current was investigated. A 3 000 ft （1 ft=-0.304 8 m） water depth top tensioned riser was sized, and its VIV responses under uniform and shear current were studied. Then this paper continues to discuss one catenary flexible riser VIV response during normal lay. Last, the time domain simulation approach was applied to a partially submerged flexible jumper, to study the jumper VIV behavior, and dynamic motion envelopes. It was demonstrated that the time domain simulation ap- proach is able to disclose details of the flow field, vortex shedding pattern, and riser dynamic behavior, and han- dle different tvoes of risers under different Woe of currents.

Response of Mode Water and Subtropical Countercurrent to Greenhouse Gas and Aerosol Forcing in the North Pacific

The response of the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water and Subtropical Countercurrent (STCC) to changes in greenhouse gas (GHG) and aerosol is investigated based on the 20th-century historical and single-forcing simulations with the Geo-physical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model version 3 (GFDL CM3). The aerosol effect causes sea surface temperature (SST) to decrease in the mid-latitude North Pacific, especially in the Kuroshio Extension region, during the past five decades (1950-2005), and this cooling effect exceeds the warming effect by the GHG increase. The STCC response to the GHG and aerosol forcing are opposite. In the GHG (aerosol) forcing run, the STCC decelerates (accelerates) due to the decreased (increased) mode waters in the North Pacific, resulting from a weaker (stronger) front in the mixed layer depth and decreased (increased) subduction in the mode water formation region. The aerosol effect on the SST, mode waters and STCC more than offsets the GHG effect. The response of SST in a zonal band around 40?N and the STCC to the combined forcing in the historical simulation is similar to the response to the aerosol forcing.

Hydrological Response to Environment Change in Himalayan Watersheds: Assessment from Integrated Modeling Approach

Land use changes such as deforestation,increase in cropping or grazing areas and built-up land, likely modify the water balance and land surface behavior in the Himalayan watersheds.An integrated approach of hydrological and hydraulic modeling was adopted for comparative analysis of hydrological pattern in three Himalayan watersheds i.e.Khanpur,Rawal and Simly situated in the Northern territory of Pakistan.The rainfall-runoff model SWAT- Soil and water assessment tool and Hydro CAD were calibrated for the selected watersheds.The correlation analysis of the precipitation data of two climate stations i.e.Murree and Islamabad, with the discharge data of three rivers was utilized to select best suitable input precipitation data for Hydro CAD rainfall-runoff modeling.The peak flood hydrograph were generated using Hydro CAD runoff to optimize the basin parameters like CN, runoff volume, peak flows of the three watersheds.The hydrological response of the Rawal watershed was studied as a case study to different scenarios of land use change using SWAT model.The scenario of high deforestation indicated a decline of about 6.3% in the groundwater recharge tostream while increase of 7.1% in the surface runoff has been observed under the scenario of growth in urbanization in the recent decades.The integrated modeling approach proved helpful in investigating the hydrological behavior under changing environment at watershed level in the Himalayan region.

Influences of the Wenchuan Earthquake on Sediment Supply of Debris Flows

The 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake and the subsequent rainstorms induced a large number of landslides, which later were transformed into debris flows. To evaluate the effect of the earthquake on the sediment supply of debris flows, eight debris flow basins near Beichuan City, Sichuan Province, China were chosen as the study area. The area variations of the debris flow source after the Wenchuan Earthquake and the subsequent rainstorm are analyzed and discussed in this paper. Interpretations of aerial photographs (after the 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake) and SPOT5 images (after the rainstorm event of September 24, 2008) as well as field investigations were compared to identify the transformation of landslide surface in the study area, indicating that the landslide area in the eight debris flow basins significantly increased. The loose sediment area on the channel bed increased after the rainstorm event. In order to estimate the relationship of the landslide area with the rainfall intensity in different return periods, a model proposed by Uchihugi was adopted. Results show that new landslide area induced by heavy rainfall with 50-year and 100-year return period will be 0.87 km2 and 1.67 km2, respectively. The study results show the Wenchuan earthquake had particular influences on subsequent rainfall-induced debris flow occurrence.

A time domain multiple-CFOs and CIRs estimation algorithm over wireless multimedia sensor networks

Channel parameters estimation in an orthogonal for the receiver station is a multi-dimensional （MD） frequency division multiple access （OFDMA） system optimization problem, because every user node has a separate local oscillator and every transmitter to receiver link has individual carrier frequency offset （CFO） and channel impulse response （CIR） parameters. In order to reduce the computational complexity for MD optimization, a time domain CFOs and CIRs estimation algorithm over the OFDMA based wireless multimedia sensor networks （WMSN） is proposed in this paper. In this algorithm, the receiver station can decouple the signal from every node by correlation based on specially designed training sequences, so that the MD optimization problem is simplified to an 1-D optimal problem. It is proved that the multiple CFOs can be identified from the correlation result using the phase shift of the consecutive training se- quences. Based on the CFOs estimation result, the CIRs can then he estimated according to the minimum mean square error （MMSE） criterion. The theoretic analysis and simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively decouple the signal from different user nodes and the bit error rate （BER） per- formance curves are close to the ideal estimation when the user number is not large.

Response of Stream Pollution Characteristics to Catchment Land Cover in Cao-E River Basin, China

This study addressed the relationship of river water pollution characteristics to land covers and human activities in the catchments in a complete river system named Cao-E River in eastern China.Based on the hydrogeochemical data collected monthly over a period of 3 years,cluster analysis(CA) and principal component analysis(PCA) were adopted to categorize the river reaches and reveal their pollution characteristics.According to the differences of water quality in the river reaches and land use patterns and average population densities in their catchments,the whole river system could be categorized into three groups of river reaches,i.e.,non-point sources pollution reaches(NPSPR),urban reaches(UR) and mixed sources pollution reaches(MSPR).In UR and MSPR,the water quality was mainly impacted by nutrient and organic pollution,while in NPSPR nutrient pollution was the main cause.The nitrate was the main nitrogen form in NPSPR and particulate phosphorus was the main phosphorus form in MSPR.There were no apparent trends for the variations of pollutant concentrations with increasing river flows in NPSPR and MSPR,while in UR the pollutant concentrations decreased with increasing river flows.Thus dry season was the critical period for water pollution control in UR.Therefore,catchment land covers and human activities had significant impact on river reach water pollution type,nutrient forms and water quality responses to hydrological conditions,which might be crucial for developing strategies to combat water pollution in watershed scale.