广西城市供水水质饮用特征的流域地域分布与差异

广西城市水源水的水质特征决定了供水水质的饮用特征,通过对广西主要城市供水水质的饮用特征性指标的全年表现和不同流域地域的比较研究,得到广西城市供水水质的流域地域饮用特征主要呈现为:西江水系流域城市酸碱度偏碱,桂南和沿海诸河流域城市酸碱度偏酸;硬度和溶解性总固体在不同流域地域城市中存在明显的差异性,西江流域城市稍高,桂南和沿海诸河流域城市略低;硫酸盐、氯化物指标在各流域地域城市中保持了较低的水平。结果表明,广西城市供水的饮用特征继承了原水水质中良好的天然特性,其饮用品质和口感俱佳,是广西城市成为宜居城市的基础性条件,值得倍加珍惜和维护。

三维图示模型在流域水资源地域冲突分析中的应用

本文从流域水资源地域冲突问题的界定出发,引入解决冲突的三维图示模型,该模型使用不完备信息冲突分析方法,能够很好地结合所掌握的信息对流域水资源冲突结果做出预测,辅助流域水资源冲突局中人进行高效决策。最后以官厅水库为例将该模型应用于流域水资源地域冲突分析中,取得了满意的结果。

渭河流域人地关系地域系统耦合状态分析

随着人类对流域水土地资源开发强度的不断扩大,流域人地关系地域系统及其演化逐步为国内外学者所关注。文章从资源环境和社会经济两个方面出发选择了与流域人地系统相关的40项指标,建立了流域人地关系地域系统评价指标体系;运用层次分析法确定指标权重,并借助系统理论建立了人地关系地域系统协调发展的动态耦合模型,对1996-2006年渭河流域人地关系地域系统的耦合态势进行了实证分析。研究表明,1996-2006年间,渭河流域的社会经济发展水平呈波动上升趋势,资源环境状况对经济社会发展响应明显,并随经济社会发展而波动,呈现先好转后恶化再好转又恶化的反复波动态势。对渭河流域人地系统耦合度的研究表明,渭河流域耦合度增长很快,并呈现出一种S型规律,即随着经济社会的发展,在开始时因资源开发需要,流域人地系统的耦合度发展缓慢,随着经济社会发展对环境逐步适应,耦合度快速上升,最后受资源过度消耗和环境污染的限制耦合度将接近某一饱和水平。目前,渭河流域已处于过度开发阶段,资源环境危机也已处于潜伏期,若不注意环境保护、过度开发资源,将很快跨越现在的阶段,持续增长的经济水平和不断提高的消费水平使资源环境系统不堪重负,环境质量不断降低,人地系统关系不断恶化,同时资源环境反馈于社会经济,系统将进入负增长阶段。

Optimal salinity for dominant copepods in the East China Sea, determined using a yield density model

From 1997 to 2000, four field surveys were conducted in the East China Sea （ECS） （23°30＇-33°00＇N, 118°30＇-128°00＇E）. A field data yield density model was used to determine the optimal salinities for 19 dominant copepod species to establish the relationship between surface salinities and abundance of those species. In addition, ecological groups of the copepods were classified based on optimal salinity and geographical distribution. The results indicate that the yield density model is suitable for determining the relationship between salinity and abundance. Cosmocalanus darwini, Euchaeta rimana, Pleuromamma gracilis, Rhincalanus cornutus, Scolecithrix danae and Pareucalanus attenuatus were determined as oceanic species, with optimal salinities of 〉34.0. They were stenohaline and mainly distributed in waters influenced by the Kuroshio or Taiwan warm current. Temora discaudata, T. stylifera and Canthocalanus pauper were nearshore species with optimal salinities of 〈33.0 and most abundant in coastal waters. The remaining 10 species, including Undinula vulgaris and Subeucalanus suberassus, were offshore species, with optimal salinity ranging from 33.0-34.0. They were widely distributed in nearshore, offshore and oceanic waters but mainly in the mixed water of the ECS.

A Different Light in Predicting Ungauged Basins： Regionalization Approach Based on Eastern USA Catchments

This paper reviewed the existing methods in regionalization studies to predict ungauged catchments and considering all the aspects a different methodology is developed, which is named as RDS method. ROPE （robust parameter estimation）-D （data depth）-S （spatial proximity） together gets this name RDS. Catchment properties and hydrological model parameters are used consistently to predict ungauged basin. This study explores the potential of the regionalization process to predict ungauged basins using the data of the Eastern USA catchments. Two conceptual rainfall-runoff hydrological models： HYMOD and HBV are used in this study. Analysis shows 95% success in predicting ungauged basins with HBV and 90% success with HYMOD. It is undoubtedly perceptible that RDS method is very effective in predicting ungauged basin and regionalization is independent of the conceptual rainfall-runoff model.

Changes of Terrestrial Water Storage in River Basins of China Projected by RegCM4

In this study, a historic simulation covering the period from 1951 to 2000 and three projected scenario simulations covering 2001-2050 were conducted em- ploying the regional climate model RegCM4 to detect the changes of terrestrial water storage （TWS） in major river basins of China, using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change （IPCC） Special Report on Emissions Scenarios （SRES）： A1B, A2, and B1. The historic simula- tion revealed that the variations of TWS, which are dominated by precipitation in the basins, rely highly on their climatic features. Compared with the historic simu- lation, the changes of TWS in the scenario simulations showed strong regional differences. However, for all sce- narios, TWS was found to increase most in Northeast China and surrounding mountains around the Tibetan Plateau, and decrease most in eastern regions of China. Unlike the low seasonal variations of TWS in arid areas, the TWS showed strong seasonal variations in eastern monsoon areas, with the maximum changes usually oc- curring in summer, when TWS increases most in a year. Among the three scenario simulations, TWS increased most in Songhua River Basin of B1 scenario, and de- creased most in Pearl River Basin of A2 scenario and Hal River Basin of A1B scenario, accompanied by different annual trends and seasonal variations.

Performance of Regional Integrated Environment Modeling System (RIEMS) in the Simulation of Surface Air Temperature over East Asia

Regional climate models (RCMs) have the potential for more detailed surface characteristic and mesoscale modeling results than general circulation models (GCMs).These advantages have drawn significant focus on RCM development in East Asia.The Regional Integrated Environment Modeling System,version 2.0 (RIEMS2.0),has been developed from an earlier RCM,RIEMS1.0,by the Key Laboratory of Regional ClimateEnvironment for Temperate East Asia (RCE-TEA) and Nanjing University.A numerical experiment covering 1979 to 2008 (simulation duration from 1 January 1978 to 31 December 2008) with a 50-km spatial resolution was performed to test the ability of RIEMS2.0 to simulate long-term climate and climate changes in East Asia and to provide a basis for further development and applications.The simulated surface air temperature (SAT) was compared with observed meteorological data.The results show that RIEMS2.0 simulation reproduced the SAT spatial distribution in East Asia but that it was underestimated.The simulated 30-year averaged SAT was approximately 2.0°C lower than the observed SAT.The annual and interannual variations in the averaged SAT and their anomalies were both well reproduced in the model.A further analysis of three sub-regions representing different longitudinal ranges showed that there is a good correlation and consistency between the simulated results and the observed data.The annual variations,interannual variations for the averaged SAT,and the anomalies in the three sub-regions were also captured well by the model.In summary,RIEMS2.0 shows stability and does well both in simulating the long-term SAT in East Asia and in expressing sub-regional characteristics.

Policy Review on Watershed Protection and Poverty Alleviation by the Grain for Green Program in China

The sustained growth of Chinese economy in the new century is a silver lining in the continuouslydepressed global economy. Meanwhile, the rapid development of Chinese economy is still confronted withconstraints from deteriorating environment and rural poverty issues. It has become a significant policyoption in maintaining high speed, efficiency and sound development of Chinese economy to rehabilitateforest resources, improve ecological conditions, increase farmers income and get on a sustainable roadfeaturing coordinated development of population, resources and environment. The Grain for Green Program,as a CDM activity of Chinese style, launched on trial in 1999 and implemented in 2002 across the country,is the biggest land use transition, watershed management and poverty alleviation program involving thelargest population in Chinese history and across the globe. It covers 25 provinces/regions/cities and gets over1 600 counties, 15 million households and 60 million farmers were involved. Hence the Grain for Tree policyhas a significant bearing on ecological protection and farmers poverty alleviation in the soil and watererosion-prone region. A review and assessment of the background, essentials, effects, problems and trend ofthe Grain for Tree policy is of great significance for both China and the other developing countries in theworld in their efforts to combat the deteriorating environment and alleviate poverty.