中国流域水管理立法思考

虽然我国已经初步建立流域水管理法律系统,并设立了相关的职能部门,但由于流域水管理体制和基本原则的不完善,导致流域水管理法律存在诸多法律问题:包括构成性立法缺陷,规定内容不适应市场经济体制,涉水主体协商机制不健全,管理监督职权不清等法律问题。为此,我国有必要改进流域水管理立法。

中国流域综合水管理目标模式研究

流域水问题的跨界外部性特征、流域水环境的复杂大系统特性以及管理成本的优化,要求以流域为单元实施综合水管理。根据流域水管理的这些特性,研究了流域综合水管理目标模式的功能。这些功能为:信息功能,包括信息收集、交流与公示;规划功能,包括专业规划的协调与综合规划的制定;政策功能,包括政策建议、决策与评估、反馈;协调功能,包括利益的均衡与冲突的仲裁;管理直接相关的重大工程项目。按照公众参与原则和效率与公平原则,中国流域综合水管理目标模式的基本框架为:在国家层次,设立国家水管理委员会,在大流域设立独立的全权的流域委员会,在基层采用水务局的模式。

跨流域调水管理多Agent仿真环境模型

跨流域调水管理系统是一种复杂系统,基于多Agent理论与技术开展复杂系统的仿真研究是探索和理解复杂系统的有效途径。复杂系统的环境往往是多因素、多层次,且状态是动态的、不确定的,这是造成刻画Agent行为复杂性的根源之一。如何定性定量刻画Agent环境是多Agent仿真建模的难点和关键点。本文结合南水北调东线工程调水管理系统具体背景,提出跨流域调水管理系统基本模型,在深入分析南水北调调水管理系统环境特点基础上,按照仿真系统建立要求,对调水管理系统的仿真环境进行了形式化分析及形式描述。本文的研究工作为进一步构建跨流域调水管理多Agent动态仿真系统奠定了基础。

流域尺度土壤水研究进展

占全球粮食产量60%的旱作农业完全依赖土壤水,我国土壤水通量占降水总量的67.2%,传统水资源管理经常忽略土壤水。自李沃维奇首次使用“土壤水资源”的术语和Falkenmark提出“绿水”概念以来,土壤水的重要作用逐渐受到重视。本文介绍了土壤水研究理念和方法的演进,综述了土壤水尺度转换方法,讨论了流域尺度土壤水研究进展;指出目前国内在流域尺度的土壤水研究还局限于小流域尺度评价土壤水分时空分异和建立简单的预测模型,有必要发展较大的流域尺度的基于遥感和GIS的分布式水文模型;流域尺度土壤水评价和预测是流域水平衡和水循环的重要组成部分,也是流域水资源综合管理的主要内容。

湿地水文连通研究综述

变化环境下湿地水文连通性显著下降,导致湿地面积萎缩和生态水文功能退化乃至流域水环境恶化与水旱灾害风险增大。在定义湿地水文连通性内涵和特征的基础上,系统总结了湿地水文连通的研究历程,可分为萌芽起步阶段(1980-2009年)和研究探索阶段(2010年至今);重点阐述了湿地水文连通的研究热点及进展,主要包括湿地水文连通性的定量评估方法、湿地水文连通功能、湿地水文连通在湿地保护修复和流域水管理中的应用;最后,针对当前湿地水文连通研究存在的问题和薄弱环节,结合新时期湿地保护修复和河湖水系连通等国家重大需求,提出了未来亟需加强研究的重点方向。

一种复杂适应系统仿真的Agent混合结构模型

分析了复杂适应系统的多Agent建模方法以及系统仿真框架,提出了一种复杂适应系统仿真的Agent混合结构模型,在该模型中构造了基于知识的协调控制器,通过它来协调慎思式过程和反应式过程.最后,结合跨流域调水管理这一复杂过程,对跨流域调水管理复杂适应系统仿真的Agent结构模型的应用进行了实例分析.

基于模糊神经网络的Agent反应器结构及实现

针对复杂适应系统(ComplexAdaptiveSystem,CAS)仿真中的Agent结构建模问题,提出了一种基于模糊神经网络的Agent反应器结构及实现,以提高Agent混合模型的性能,满足复杂适应系统仿真中对Agent反应器的快速性、自适应性与准确性的要求。最后,结合跨流域调水管理复杂适应系统仿真中Agent反应器的规则存储与推理过程,进行了实例分析。

用于复杂适应系统仿真的Agent免疫学习系统

分析了复杂适应系统(Complex Adaptive System,CAS)仿真中对Agent学习系统的要求以及基于遗传算法的Agent规则学习系统的不足,提出了一种基于改进免疫遗传算法的Agent学习系统,在该算法中将领域知识和经验作为疫苗对规则库中的规则进行免疫接种,并利用混沌变异模型对规则进行变异操作,产生新的规则。最后,结合跨流域调水管理复杂适应系统仿真中的Agent规则学习过程,对Agent的规则学习和演化机制进行了算法验证及实例分析。

Impact of Meteorological Drought on Streamflow Drought in Jinghe River Basin of China

Under global climate change, drought has become one of the most serious natural hazards, affecting the ecological environment and human life. Drought can be categorized as meteorological, agricultural, hydrological or socio-economic drought. Among the different categories of drought, hydrological drought, especially streamflow drought, has been given more attention by local governments, researchers and the public in recent years. Identifying the occurrence of streamflow drought and issuing early warning can provide timely information for effective water resources management. In this study, streamflow drought is detected by using the Standardized Runoff Index, whereas meteorological drought is detected by the Standardized Precipitation Index. Comparative analyses of frequency, magnitude, onset and duration are conducted to identify the impact of meteorological drought on streamflow drought. This study focuses on the Jinghe River Basin in Northwest China, mainly providing the following findings. 1) Eleven meteorological droughts and six streamflow droughts were indicated during 1970 and 1990 after pooling using Inter-event time and volume Criterion method. 2) Streamflow drought in the Jinghe River Basin lagged meteorological drought for about 127 days. 3) The frequency of streamflow drought in Jinghe River Basin was less than meteorological drought. However, the average duration of streamflow drought is longer. 4) The magnitude of streamflow drought is greater than meteorological drought. These results not only play an important theoretical role in understanding relationships between different drought categories, but also have practical implications for streamflow drought mitigation and regional water resources management.

Scarcity within Opulence:Water Management in the Karakoram Mountains Revisited

Water management in general and in the Indus Basin in particular is concerned with the energy-efficient transportation of hydrologically exploitable resources from the upper zone to climatically favourable areas where irrigation helps to supersede arid conditions for the cultivation of crops and watering of meadows.In other words:Human intervention sets the stage for the allocation of water from a wider catchment area in a smaller habitat where this resource is deficient.Emphasis on mountain irrigation practices is counteracted with developments in the forelands where different frame conditions prevail and peculiar development problems occur.In dealing with the importance of water from the mountain regions three dimensions have to be evaluated:1) natural factors and their validity for the environmental frame conditions and technological adaptation processes;2) social factors and their impact on culture,economy and equitability;3) institutional factors and their importance for sustainable growth and for the implementation of development projects.In the study of decentralized irrigation systems in high mountain regions of the Indus Basin a systems theoretical approach values the complexity of interrelationships between different systems elements.Human activities in arid mountain regions are restricted by limiting ecological factors and are characterized by certain utilization and adaptive strategies.

Application of WEAP Simulation Model to Hengshui City Water Planning

Like many river basins in China, water resources in the Fudong Pai River are almost fully allocated. This paper seeks to assess and evaluate water resource problems using water evaluation and planning (WEAP) model via its application to Hengshui Basin of Fudong Pai River. This model allows the simulation and analysis of various water allocation scenarios and, above all, scenarios of users' behavior. Water demand management is one of the options discussed in detail. Simulations are proposed for diverse climatic situations from dry years to normal years and results are discussed. Within the limits of data availability, it appears that most water users are not able to meet all their requirements from the river, and that even the ecological reserve will not be fully met during certain years. But the adoption of water demand management procedures offers opportunities for remedying this situation during normal hydrological years. However, it appears that demand management alone will not suffice during dry years. Nevertheless, the ease of use of the model and its user-friendly interfaces make it particularly useful for discussions and dialogue on water resources management among stakeholders.

The Dilemma of the Nile Transboundary Water and the Way Forward

The NB （Nile River Basin） is considered one of the most population lives in its riparian countries. Out of the latter about 50% live important basins in Africa, as over 33% of the African in the NB. In this paper a historical background on the NB cooperation evolvement including the recent NBI （NB Initiative） is briefly reported. The natural and human challenges facing the Nile water management are examined and discussed. The present dilemma among the Nile riparian countries is highlighted and its reasons are explained. The latter includes the NB CFA （Cooperative Framework Agreement）, which has been signed by six countries （Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda） while rejected by Egypt, Sudan and not signed by DR of Congo. Eretria and the newly established country ＂South Sudan＂ stands are not yet clear. Based on scientific methodology and analytical discussion, a number of solutions for better management of the trans-boundary Nile waters are drawn; taking into consideration the experiences of other international rivers shared basins. Finally, the paper concludes with recommendations and guidelines that may help in the way forward.

A Method of Catchments Health Assessment under Value-pressure Model and Its Application in Urbanized River Network Area:A Case Study in Shanghai,China

Catchments health assessment is fundamental to effective catchments management. Generally, an assessment method should be selected to reflect both the purpose of assessment and local characteristics. A trial in Shanghai was conducted to test the method for catchments health assessment in urbanized fiver network area. Seven indicators that described four dimensions of river, river network, land use and function, and local feature were used to assess catchments values; while possible change rate of urbanization and industrialization in the next 3 years were chosen for catchments pressure assessment in the value-pressure model. Factors related to catchments classification, indicators measurement and protection priority have been considered in the development strategies for catchments health management. The results showed that value-pressure assessment was applicable in urbanized catchments health management, particularly when both human and catchments had multiple demands. As a result of over 30-year rapid urbanization, more than 70% of Shanghai fiver network area was still in a healthy condition with high catchments values, among them, 39.3% was under high pressure. Poor water quality, simplified river system and weakened local feature of fiver pattern had largely affected catchments health in Shanghai. Lack of long-term monitoring data would seriously restrict the development and validity of catchments health assessment.

Rainfall Partitioning for Integrated Water Resources Management： Case Study of Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia

The Upper Blue Nile Basin, the highest sources of the Nile River flow through this area, is still under severe land degradation, which aggravates water scarcity. The productivity of subsistence farming is below 50% of the potential of agriculture, mainly because of inappropriate rainwater management. At farm level, rainwater is exposed to poor partitioning described as flooding, land degradation, siltation and water scarcity for domestic, irrigation, hydropower and environmental uses in the basin. Hence, it is one of the root causes of food-insecurity in the region. To reverse this situation and achieve increased rainwater productivity knowledge of rainfall partitioning at grassroots level is significantly important. However, rainwater partitioning and partitioning points are not clearly known by farmers in the area. Besides, understanding water-routes helps to manage rainwater with integrated water resources management （IWRM） processes. The objective of this study was to identify the knowledge gap of farmers and experts on rainwater partitioning that help for increased water productivity. Intensive monitoring and interviews have been carried out for 81 farmers and 22 local experts in three pilot sites. The interviewed farmers and experts are clearly aware of the runoff partitioning, since it is easily observable. While, only 10% of the farmers and 25% of experts know about evaporation partitioning, which is the largest compared to other losses. The paper gives recommendations for better understanding of rainfall partitioning points and management of water-routes at grassroots level to increase rainwater productivity and enhance food security in the area with IWRM processes.

Inter-annual variation of streamflow,precipitation and evaporation in a small humid watershed(Chengcun Basin,China)

For sustainable water resource management,it is important to determine the relationship between streamfl ow and other variables that infl uence availability of water resources.However,many catchments do not have suffi cient data to allow for a more detailed study of these relationships.We faced a similar challenge in the Chengcun Basin(limited historical data: from 1986–1999); and therefore we used a new approach to overcome this.We found that,using nonparametric trend methods in conjunction with the climate elasticity analyses and the 2D visualization of hydrologic data,it is possible to assess the relationships between streamfl ow and other hydro-climatic variables.In the past,streamfl ow trends in the basin were more correlated with precipitation than with potential evapotranspiration(PET).In addition,there is a gradual shift in the hydrological regime of the catchment,which may affect the occurrence of available water resources and activities that depend on them.In addition,based on our climate sensitivity analyses,the streamfl ow is dependent and more sensitive to variations in precipitation than to PET(δQ=0.79δP+0.42δE; precipitation elasticity,ε P=1.32; PET elasticity,ε E=-2.10).Therefore pending more detailed studies,the use of our approach will provide a rapid means to assess the variation of water resources(streamfl ow)in a watershed.In the future,we hope to carry out related research in other watersheds and also perform a more detailed studies to improve upon the results of this study.

Integrated water resources management for sustainable development of in western rural China

Management in water resources development of Jinghe watershed of western t：ural China is examined with Participatory Rural Appraisal method -- a rare applied method in China and questionnaire survey of stakeholders Combination of these two survey methods derives good restlts as it coutd avoid personal bias in identifying and ranking the issues on a concrete bas＇is in following up households＇ survey. Statistic Package for Social Sciences gSPSS） was used for data analysis. Results indicate that since the early 1980s, issues of water scarcity, river pollution, soil erosion, insufficient participation of stakeholders in water resources use and management, as well as centralized water planning and management system have created difficulties for Sustainable development of the watershed. The stakeholders and local governments are fully aware of the challenges and are committed to achieving a solution through integrated water resource management （IWRD）. The concept anti the application of IWRD for rural China are reviewed and analyzed, and a fram cessful implementatio involvement and capacity building in water sector, which heed to fully, integrate various management functions within the watershed.

New Challenges and Opportunities for Flood Control in the Huai River: Addressing a Changing River-Lake Relationship

This paper addresses the change of the river-lake relationship in the Huai River and its causes due to environmental change and human activities. A preliminary analysis is made from three aspects: (1) the natural geographical change particularly captured by the Yellow River, (2) water conservancy project construction, and (3) socioeconomic development in the Huai River Basin. Key problems of changes in this river-lake relationship and the Huai River flood control are tackled, involving flood control and disaster alleviation ability of the Basin, engineering and non-engineering measurements applied to flood control and disaster mitigation, and water governance for adaptive management. Research shows that the Huai River is a rather complex one due to its complex geography with a hybrid wet and dry climate zoon, and higher population density. With the alternation of the river-lake relationship and socioeconomic development in the region, new problems keep arising, imposing new requirements on its sustainable water management. Thus, understanding the Huai River is a long and gradually improving process. Its future planning should keep absorbing new achievements of science and technology development, employing new technologies and methods, and gradually deepening our understanding of its fundamental principles. Water governance and adaptive water management will be new challenges and opportunities for the Basin in its river system change and flood control.

The flood control and regulation of Three Gorges Project

The important role of Three Gorges Project (TGP) in the flood management of the Yangtze River Basin is summarized.The Optimal Regulation Schemes of the Three Gorge Reservoir is briefly described.The flood regulation effect of TGP is analyzed.Typical issues related to reservoir operation for flood regulation are discussed and suggestions are put forward for the future work.

Study on Establishing a Monitoring System for Groundwater in the Condition of Climate Change and Sea Level Rise： Case Study of Ma River Basin in Vietnam

The results presented in this paper are a part of the research results of the thesis ＂research on scientific basis and practice of develop a system of monitoring the impacts of climate change on surface water and groundwater＂. Case study： Ma river basin in Vietnam. The results were implemented： （i） data collection, fieldwork survey, synthesis and analysis of information and data; （ii） partitioning the influence degree of climate change and sea level rise to groundwater; （iii） determining criteria to select monitoring routes, location of monitoring groundwater in the condition of climate change and sea level rise and （iv） developing the monitoring system. The research＇s results have practical implications for the water resources management in the context of climate change and sea level rise in Ma river basin.

The White Volta Basin, Climate Change and Food Security： Perspectives of Riparian Communities in Northern Ghana

This paper has examined how the resources of the White Volta River are enhancing food availability for riparian communities in northern Ghana despite climate change and its associated effects on food security. Using participatory methods such as focus group discussions and interviews, data was collected from households and institutions in three riparian communities. The result of the study indicates that, all things been equal, cultivation of food crops along the river bank in the rainy season gives significantly high yields as compared to yields from farms farthest from the river under rain fed agriculture. Higher organic content and moisture retention capacity of river bank soils explains the yield differential and adaptability to climate change. In addition, farmers now irrigate cereal crops which were hitherto, reserved for only rainy season production. However, inappropriate irrigation practices are accelerating erosion and sedimentation of the river and thus, threaten the sustainability of agriculture and food security in the White Volta Basin. The paper therefore, recommends the adoption of IWRM （integrated water resources management） and the participation of local communities, Government and Civil Society organisations for sustaining the productive capacity of the White Volta Basin for enabling adaptation of agriculture to climate change in the riparian communities of the basin.