Although the quantification and valuation of ecosystem services have been studied for a long time, few studies have specifi- cally focused on the quantification of tradeoffs between ecosystem services and tradeoff hot...Although the quantification and valuation of ecosystem services have been studied for a long time, few studies have specifi- cally focused on the quantification of tradeoffs between ecosystem services and tradeoff hotspots, Based on previous studies of ecosys- tem service assessment, we proposed a feasible method to analyze the tradeoffs between ecosystem services, including determination of their relationship, quantification of tradeoffs, and identification of tradeoff hotspots. Potential influencing factors were then further ana- lyzed. The Yanhe Basin in the Loess Plateau was selected as an example to demonstrate the application process. Firstly, the amounts of net primary production （NPP） and water yield （WY） in 2000 and 2008 were estimated by using biophysical models, Secondly, correla- tion analysis was used to indicate the tradeoffs between NPP and WY. Thirdly, tradeoff index （TINpp/wy） was established to quantify the extent of tradeoffs between NPP and WY, and the average value of TINpp/wy is 24.4 g/（mm·m2） for the Yanhe Basin between 2000 and 2008. Finally, the tradeoff hotspots were identified. The results indicated that the area of lowest tradeoff index concentrated in the mid- dle part of the Yanhe Basin and marginal areas of the southern basin. Map overlapping was used for preliminary analysis to seek poten- tial influencing factors, and the results showed that shrub was the best suited for growing in the Yanhe Basin, but also was a potential irtfluencing factor for formulatiort of the tradeoff hotspots. The concept of tradeoff index could also be used to quantify the degree of synergy between different ecosystem services. The method to identify the tradeoff hotspots could help us to narrow the scope of study area for further research on the relationship among ecosystem services and concentrate on the potential factors for formation of tradeoff between ecosystem services, enhance the capacity to maintain the sustainability of ecosystem.展开更多
Climate warming and economic developments have created pressures on the ecological systems that human populations rely on,and this process has contributed to the degradation of ecosystems and the loss of ecosystem ser...Climate warming and economic developments have created pressures on the ecological systems that human populations rely on,and this process has contributed to the degradation of ecosystems and the loss of ecosystem services.In this study,Landsat satellite data were chosen as the data source and the Koshi River Basin（KB） in the central high Himalayas as the study area.Changes in land cover and changes in the value of ecosystem services between 1990 and 2010 were analyzed and the land cover pattern of the KB in 2030 and 2050 was modeled using the CA-Markov model.Changes in land cover and in the value of ecosystem services in the KB for the period 2010–2050 were then analyzed.The value of ecosystem services in the KB was found to decrease by 2.05×10~8 USD y^（-1） between 1990 and 2010.Among these results,the services value of forest,snow/glacier and barren area decreased,while that of cropland increased.From 1990 to 2050,forest showed the largest reduction in ecosystem services value,as much as 11.87×10~8 USD y^（-1）,while cropland showed the greatest increase,by 3.05×10~8 USD y^（-1）.Deforestation and reclamation in Nepal contributed to a reduction in the value of ecosystem services in the KB.Barren areas that were transformed into water bodies brought about an increase in ecosystem services value in the lower reaches of the Koshi River.In general,this process is likely to be related to increasing human activity in the KB.展开更多
Numerical groundwater modeling is an effective tool to guide water resources management and explore complex groundwater-dependent ecosystems in arid regions.In the Heihe River Basin(HRB),China’s second largest inland...Numerical groundwater modeling is an effective tool to guide water resources management and explore complex groundwater-dependent ecosystems in arid regions.In the Heihe River Basin(HRB),China’s second largest inland river basin located in arid northwest China,a series of groundwater flow models have been developed for those purposes over the past 20 years.These models have elucidated the characteristics of groundwater flow systems and provided the scientific basis for a more sustainable management of groundwater resources and ecosystem services.The first part of this paper presents an overview of previous groundwater modeling studies and key lessons learned based on seven different groundwater models in the middle and lower HRB at sub-basin scales.The second part reviews the rationale for development of a regional basin-scale groundwater flow model that unifies previous sub-basin models.In addition,this paper discusses the opportunities and challenges in developing a regional groundwater flow model in an arid river basin such as the HRB.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(No.41230745)Major Program of High Resolution Earth Observation System(No.30-Y30B13-9003-14/16-02)
文摘Although the quantification and valuation of ecosystem services have been studied for a long time, few studies have specifi- cally focused on the quantification of tradeoffs between ecosystem services and tradeoff hotspots, Based on previous studies of ecosys- tem service assessment, we proposed a feasible method to analyze the tradeoffs between ecosystem services, including determination of their relationship, quantification of tradeoffs, and identification of tradeoff hotspots. Potential influencing factors were then further ana- lyzed. The Yanhe Basin in the Loess Plateau was selected as an example to demonstrate the application process. Firstly, the amounts of net primary production （NPP） and water yield （WY） in 2000 and 2008 were estimated by using biophysical models, Secondly, correla- tion analysis was used to indicate the tradeoffs between NPP and WY. Thirdly, tradeoff index （TINpp/wy） was established to quantify the extent of tradeoffs between NPP and WY, and the average value of TINpp/wy is 24.4 g/（mm·m2） for the Yanhe Basin between 2000 and 2008. Finally, the tradeoff hotspots were identified. The results indicated that the area of lowest tradeoff index concentrated in the mid- dle part of the Yanhe Basin and marginal areas of the southern basin. Map overlapping was used for preliminary analysis to seek poten- tial influencing factors, and the results showed that shrub was the best suited for growing in the Yanhe Basin, but also was a potential irtfluencing factor for formulatiort of the tradeoff hotspots. The concept of tradeoff index could also be used to quantify the degree of synergy between different ecosystem services. The method to identify the tradeoff hotspots could help us to narrow the scope of study area for further research on the relationship among ecosystem services and concentrate on the potential factors for formation of tradeoff between ecosystem services, enhance the capacity to maintain the sustainability of ecosystem.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41371120)Australian Government-funded Koshi Basin Programme at the ICIMODInternational Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(131C11KYSB20160061)
文摘Climate warming and economic developments have created pressures on the ecological systems that human populations rely on,and this process has contributed to the degradation of ecosystems and the loss of ecosystem services.In this study,Landsat satellite data were chosen as the data source and the Koshi River Basin（KB） in the central high Himalayas as the study area.Changes in land cover and changes in the value of ecosystem services between 1990 and 2010 were analyzed and the land cover pattern of the KB in 2030 and 2050 was modeled using the CA-Markov model.Changes in land cover and in the value of ecosystem services in the KB for the period 2010–2050 were then analyzed.The value of ecosystem services in the KB was found to decrease by 2.05×10~8 USD y^（-1） between 1990 and 2010.Among these results,the services value of forest,snow/glacier and barren area decreased,while that of cropland increased.From 1990 to 2050,forest showed the largest reduction in ecosystem services value,as much as 11.87×10~8 USD y^（-1）,while cropland showed the greatest increase,by 3.05×10~8 USD y^（-1）.Deforestation and reclamation in Nepal contributed to a reduction in the value of ecosystem services in the KB.Barren areas that were transformed into water bodies brought about an increase in ecosystem services value in the lower reaches of the Koshi River.In general,this process is likely to be related to increasing human activity in the KB.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.91225301,91025019 and 41271032)
文摘Numerical groundwater modeling is an effective tool to guide water resources management and explore complex groundwater-dependent ecosystems in arid regions.In the Heihe River Basin(HRB),China’s second largest inland river basin located in arid northwest China,a series of groundwater flow models have been developed for those purposes over the past 20 years.These models have elucidated the characteristics of groundwater flow systems and provided the scientific basis for a more sustainable management of groundwater resources and ecosystem services.The first part of this paper presents an overview of previous groundwater modeling studies and key lessons learned based on seven different groundwater models in the middle and lower HRB at sub-basin scales.The second part reviews the rationale for development of a regional basin-scale groundwater flow model that unifies previous sub-basin models.In addition,this paper discusses the opportunities and challenges in developing a regional groundwater flow model in an arid river basin such as the HRB.
