中线穿黄隧洞工程洪水期对河段流态的影响计算分析

利用建立的平面二维非恒定水流数学模型,在上游来流为校核洪水,即千年一遇的洪水情况下,就南水北调中线两条初步拟定的线路的穿黄隧洞工程方案对穿黄河段水流流态的影响进行计算,并分析比较。计算结果表明,在该来流情况下,穿黄隧洞工程对河段水流流态的影响不大。

一种判别闸孔出流流态的计算公式

随着科学技术的发展,水资源越来越引起人们的关注。水利部门往往在河渠中修建溢流坝和节制闸等水工建筑物,用以控制水位和流量,来满足工农业和人们生活中的用水需求。

南水北调工程邳州站竖井贯流泵装置进出水流态分析

为揭示竖井贯流泵装置内、外特性之间的联系,完善其优化水力设计理论,该文采用三维流动数值计算的方法,对南水北调东线一期工程邳州站泵装置流道表面的流场和垂直于x、y、z3个方向剖面的流场进行了多视角的详尽剖析,并分别采用透明流道模型试验和透明泵装置模型试验的方法检验了流态数值模拟结果。由数值计算和模型试验结果可得:前置竖井贯流泵装置进水流道内的流态均匀平顺、层次分明;出水流道内的水流在螺旋状运动中平缓扩散,流道内无任何脱流或旋涡等不良流态;其水力性能优异的主要原因在于其具有优异的内特性。邳州站前置竖井贯流泵装置主要工况点的泵装置效率超过83%、临界空化余量小于5m,水力性能优异。该文可为低扬程泵站的水力设计提供有益参考。

基于PSASP的综合能源仿真分析系统

综合能源系统(integrated energy systems,IES)近年来在世界范围内得到广泛关注。基于电力系统分析综合程序(power system analysis software package,PSASP)的图模一体化平台,开展了IES仿真系统的研究,功能包含生产模拟分析、能量流稳态计算和动态仿真。生产模拟采用混合整数线性优化(mixed integer linear programming,MILP)方法,对包含传统电力、风电和光伏可再生能源、天然气、热力、储能等的IES实现多阶段优化分析。IES稳态能量流计算采用电-气-热能源子系统交替顺序求解方式实现,天然气、热力流体网络采用回路方程形式。以天然气为例,对回路法进行了分析,给出了IES稳态能量流分析的计算流程。对生产模拟、稳态能量流计算和动态仿真的一些关键技术环节进行了分析。

The Contribution of Opal-Associated Phosphorus to Bioavailable Phosphorus in Surface and Core Sediments in the East China Sea

To improve the burial flux calculations of bioavailable phosphorus （P） and study opal-associated P （Opal-P） in the East China Sea （ECS）, surface and core sediments were collected in the Changjiang Estuary （CE） and the south of the Cheju Island. In this study, sedimentary P was operationally divided into seven different forms using modified sedimentary extraction （SEDEX） technique： LSor-P （exchangeable or loosely sorbed P）, Fe-P （easily reducible or reactive ferric Fe-bound P）, CFA-P （authigenic carbonate fluorapatite and biogenic apatite and CaCO3-bound P）, Detr-P （detrital apatite）, Org-P （organic P）, Opal-P and Ref-P （refractory P）. The data revealed that the concentrations of the seven different P forms rank as Detr-P 〉 CFA-P 〉 Org-P 〉 Ref-P 〉 Opal-P 〉 Fe-P 〉 LSor-P in surface sediments and CFA-P 〉 Detr-P 〉 Org-P 〉 Ref-P 〉 Fe-P 〉 Opal-P 〉 LSor-P in core sediments. The distributions of the total phosphorus （TP）, TIP, CFA-P, Detr-P are similar and decrease from the CE to the south of the Cheju Island. Meanwhile, Org-P and Opal-P exhibit different distribution trends; this may be affected by the grain size and TOM. The concentrations of potentially bioavailable P are 9.6-13.0 μmol g^-1 and 10.0-13.6 μmol g^-1, representing 61%-70% and 41%？64% of the TP in surface and core sediments, respectively. The concentrations of Opal-P are 0.6-2.3 μmol g^-1 and 0.6-1.4 μmol g^-1 in surface and core sediments, ac-counting for 5.3%？19.8% and 4.2%？10.6% of bioavailable P, respectively. The total burial fluxes of Opal-P and bioavailable P are 1.4×10^9 mol y^-1 and 1.1×10^10 mol yr^-1 in the ECS, respectively. Opal-P represents about 12.7% of potentially bioavailable P, which should be recognized when studying P cycling in marine ecosystems.

Experimental and CFD Study on the Role of Fluid Flow Pattern on Membrane Permeate Flux

This paper reports a study on the role of fluid flow pattern and dynamic pressure on the permeate flux through a micro filtration membrane in laboratory scale.For this purpose,a dead-end membrane cell equipped with a marine type impeller was used.The impeller was set to rotate in the clockwise and counter clockwise directions with the same angular velocities in order to illustrate the effect of rotation direction on permeate flux.Consequently, permeate fluxes were measured at various impeller rotational speeds.The computational fluid dynamics（CFD）predicted dynamic pressure was related to the fluxes obtained in the experiments.Using the CFD modeling,it is proven that the change in dynamic pressure upon the membrane surface has direct effect on the permeate flux.

The spacing of Langmuir circulation under modest wind

Spacing characteristics of Langmuir circulation （LC） arc computed by large eddy simulation （LES） model under modest wind. LC is an organized vertical motion, evidenced as buoyant materials forming lines nearly parallel to the wind direction. The horizontal distribution of velocity computed by LES shows clear lines formed by LC. These lines grow and parallel to each other for a while, which we call the stable state, before they finally form Y-junctions. We computed spacing between every two parallel lines by averaging them under the stable state. Statistically, spacing results of 154 tests （seven wind speed cases of 22 test runs each） show high correlations between spacing and wind speed, as well as mixed layer depth. The relationship of spacing and wind is important for future LC parameterization of upper-ocean mixing.

Passive simulation method of turbine flow sensors based on the 6-DOF model

A passive simulation method based on the six degrees of freedom(6-DOF)model and dynamic mesh is proposed according to the working principle to study the dynamic characteristics of the turbine flow sensors.This simulation method controls the six degrees of freedom of the impeller using the user-defined functions(UDF)program so that it can only rotate under the impact of fluid.The impeller speed can be calculated in real-time,and the inlet speed can be set with time to obtain the dynamic performance of the turbine flow sensors.Based on this simulation method,three turbine flow sensors with different diameters were simulated,and the reliability of the simulation method was verified by both steady-state and unsteady-state experiments.The results show that the trend of meter factor with flow rate acquired from the simulation is close to the experimental results.The deviation between the simulation and experiment results is low,with a maximum deviation of 2.88%.In the unsteady simulation study,the impeller speed changed with the inlet velocity of the turbine flow sensor,showing good tracking performance.The passive simulation method can be used to predict the dynamic performance of the turbine flow sensor.

Numerical Prediction of Flow Patterns after Various Pipe Fittings

An accurate prediction of flows using CFD depends on a large number of factors. In addition to discretizing the flow region, the correct definition of boundary or initial conditions and the choice of suitable numerical methods, the applied turbulence model influences the results of the flow simulation to a great extent. Therefore, a validation of the results with the experimental data is of great importance for a correct selection of a turbulence model. It is the scope of this paper to assess different turbulence models for the simulation of pipe flows. The calculation results of pipe flows through a combination of 90~ elbows and a 1/3 segmental orifice are compared with experimental measurement results. This has the advantage that the suitability of the turbulence models for simulating both shear and swirl flows can be investigated. Thus, the k-ω, k-ε model and the Launder Reece Rodi Reynolds stress model are compared with each other and experimental results. Furthermore, this investigation is extended through including a much more c detached-eddy simulation. This model provides better prediction of the flow by resolving the large eddies and modeling the small ones. The experimental results originate from LDV measurements over the entire pipe cross-section. This measuring method provides velocity vectors over the measured surface.

Urban Green Space Planning Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics Model and Landscape Ecology Principle:A Case Study of Liaoyang City,Northeast China

As a result of environmental degradation,urban green space has become a key issue for urban sustainable development.This paper takes Liaoyang City in Northeast China as an example to develop green space planning using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model,landscape ecological principles and Geographical Information System (GIS).Based on the influencing factors of topography,building density and orientation,Shou Mountain,Longding Mountain and the Taizi River were selected as the urban ventilation paths to promote wind and oxygen circulation.Oxygen concentration around the green spaces gradually decreased with wind speed increase and wind direction change.There were obvious negative correlation relationships between the oxygen dispersion concentration and urban layout factors such as the building plot ratio and building density.Comparison with the field measurements found that there was significant correlation relationship between simulated oxygen concentration and field measurements (R 2=0.6415,p<0.001),moreover,simulation precision was higher than 92%,which indicated CFD model was effective for urban oxygen concentration simulation.Only less than 10% areas in Liaoyang City proper needed more green space urgently to improve oxygen concentration,mainly concentrated in Baitai and west Wensheng districts.Based on land-scape ecology principle,green space planning at different spatial scales were proposed to create a green space network system for Liaoyang City,including features such as green wedges,green belts and parks.Totally,about 2012 ha of green space need to be constructed as oxygen sources and ventilation paths.Compared with the current green space pattern,proposed green space planning could improve oxygen concentration obviously.The CFD model and research results in this paper could provide an effective way and theory support for sustainable development of urban green space.

Numerical Analysis of the Thermal Behavior of a Hermetic Reciprocating Compressor

A numerical model to predict the temperature field in a hermetic reciprocating compressor for household refrigeration appliances is presented in this work. The model combines a high resolution three-dimensional heat conduction formulation of the compressor＇s solid parts, a three-dimensional CFD （computational fluid dynamics） approach for the gas line domain and lumped formulations of the shell gas and the lubrication oil. Heat transfer coefficients are determined by applying CFD to the gas line side and correlations from the literature on the shell gas and oil side, respectively. The valve in the gas line simulation is modelled as a parallel moving fiat plate. By means of an iterative loop the temperature field of the solid parts acts as boundary condition for the CFD calculation of the gas line which returns a cycle averaged quantity of heat to the solid parts. Using an iteration method which is based on the temperature deviation between two iteration steps, the total number of iterations and consequently the computational time can be reduced. The loop is continued until a steady-state temperature field is obtained. Calculated temperatures of the solid parts are verified by temperature measurements of a calorimeter test bench.

High-efficiency calculation method for watershed rainfallrunoff routing using one-dimensional dynamic wave equations

Efficiency in solving the Saint-Venant equations for watershed rainfall-runoff routing is important in flood hydrology. This paper presents a high-efficiency numerical solution of one-dimensional dynamic wave equations(HEDWE) for watershed rainfall-runoff routing, in which the full momentum equation is written as a quadratic equation with only one unknown variable Q, water depth is derived from the continuity equation using the two-step predictorcorrector method, and the discrete scheme is the explicit upwind scheme. The results of numerical tests showed the HEDWE approach has several major advantages. 1) It is a stable numerical method, even for an initially dry area. 2) Its computational efficiency is higher than 4.76E+05 times/s. 3) It can be used for overland flow, river flow, and combinations thereof. The primary disadvantages of the HEDWE approach are its unsuitability for rapidly varying flow, such as dam-break floods.

Simulation of Steady-State and Dynamic Behaviour of a Plate Heat Exchanger

The present paper deals with both the steady-state and dynamic simulation of a plate heat exchanger, in counter-flow arrangement. A CFD （computational fluid dynamics） program FLUENT has been used to predict the temperature distribution in steady-state conditions in plate heat exchanger as well as fluid temperatures at exit of flow channels in transient condition. The results are presented for the heat exchanger, which is simulated according to the configuration of the plate heat exchanger used in the experiment. The simulated results obtained by the CFD model have been compared with the experimental data from the literature, which shows that the CFD model developed in this study is capable of predicting the steady-state and transient performance of the plate heat exchangers satisfactorily.

Effect of Pressure on Minimum Fluidization Velocity

Minimum fluidization velocity of quartz sand and glass bead under different pressures of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 MPa were investigated. The minimum fluidization velocity decreases with the increasing of pressure. The influence of pressure to the minimum fluidization velocities is stronger for larger particles than for smaller ones. Based on the test results and Ergun equation, an experience equation of minimum fluidization velocity is proposed and the calculation results are comparable to other researchers＇ results.

Numerical Studies on Fire-induced Thermal Plumes

Most of the expressions describing fire plumes reported in the literature are known to be based on experiments. Due to different experimental methods, the geometry of the fire sources, fuel types and surrounding conditions, it is difficult to derive a comprehensive picture of a plume with its temperature and velocity fields on the basis of existing theoretical work. Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD）, which is regarded as a practical engineering tool in fire engineering by the experts, is sure to be able to give more details of the plume behavior under various situations. Aerodynamics for thermally-induced plumes will be studied numerically with CFD. Four typical axisymmetric plume equations will be assessed in this paper, and investigations will be useful for fire engineers in designing smoke management systems in an affordable fashion. This is a critical point in implementing engineering performance-based fire code.

Analyzing the service availability of mobile cloud computing systems by fluid-flow approximation

Mobile cloud computing （MCC） has become a promising technique to deal with computation- or data-intensive tasks. It overcomes the limited processing power, poor storage capacity, and short battery life of mobile devices. Providing continuous and on-demand services, MCC argues that the service must be available for users at anytime and anywhere. However, at present, the service availability of MCC is usually measured by some certain metrics of a real-world system, and the results do not have broad representation since different systems have different load levels, different deployments, and many other random factors. Meanwhile, for large-scale and complex types of services in MCC systems, simulation-based methods （such as Monte- Carlo simulation） may be costly and the traditional state-based methods always suffer from the problem of state-space explosion. In this paper, to overcome these shortcomings, fluid-flow approximation, a breakthrough to avoid state-space explosion, is adopted to analyze the service availability of MCC. Four critical metrics, including response time of service, minimum sensing time of devices, minimum number of nodes chosen, and action throughput, are def＇med to estimate the availability by solving a group of ordinary differential equations even before the MCC system is fully deployed. Experimental results show that our method costs less time in analyzing the service availability of MCC than the Markov- or simulation-based methods.

Simulation of Unsteady State Performance of a Secondary Air System by the 1D-3D-Structure Coupled Method

This paper describes the calculation method for unsteady state conditions in the secondary air systems in gas turbines. The 1D-3D-Structure coupled method was applied. A 1D code was used to model the standard components that have typical geometric characteristics. Their flow and heat transfer were described by empirical correlations based on experimental data or CFD calculations. A 3D code was used to model the non-standard components that cannot be described by typical geometric languages, while a finite element analysis was carried out to compute the structural deformation and heat conduction at certain important positions. These codes were coupled through their interfaces. Thus, the changes in heat transfer and structure and their interactions caused by exterior disturbances can be reflected. The results of the coupling method in an unsteady state showed an apparent deviation from the existing data, while the results in the steady state were highly consistent with the existing data. The difference in the results in the unsteady state was caused primarily by structural deformation that cannot be predicted by the 1D method. Thus, in order to obtain the unsteady state performance of a secondary air system more accurately and efficiently, the 1D-3D-Structure coupled method should be used.

Study on integrated calculation of ecological water demand for basin system

The operation of reservoir(s) has a certain impact on the downstream hydrologic regime,and even endangers the ecological water safety of river corridor and ecosystems which interact with river system.Therefore,ecological operation needs to be carried out in order to ensure ecological water use of downstream zone.The key technological support is the estimation and integrated calculation of ecological water demand.The connotation of the integrated calculation on ecological water demand lies on that the ecological water demand of different ecosystems is integrated to meet the requirements of water allocation and operation on watershed scale in terms of hydrological cycle.Considering the practical requirement of ecological operation of reservoir(s),this study proposed an integrated calculation approach of ecological water demand according to the ecological water demand in various ecosystems as well as the hydraulic connection among them;it established an integrated calculation model of regional ecological water demand by means of the distributed hydrological model,and studied the integrated calculation in Yalong River basin which is the source area of the west route of South-North Water Transfer Project as an example.The results indicated that the integrated calculation model more effectively combined the ecological water demand and hydraulic connection of ecosystems in time and space,compared with the lumped water balance analysis,since the former conquered the defect of insufficient ecological water source and supplement on multiple spatial and temporal scales,and met the demand of ecological operation of reservoir(s).