细粉下料过程的气固流体动力学作用分析

细颗粒粉体下料时受气固流体力学作用在料仓出口附近形成逆压力梯度,使得粉体下料流率实验值远低于理论预测值。而且该压力梯度力直接测量较困难,对模型修正和发展提出了挑战。以玻璃微珠、流化催化裂化(FCC)催化剂颗粒、褐煤和聚氯乙烯(PVC)颗粒为实验材料,首先开展粉体静力学与动力学测试,借助休止角(AOR)、豪斯纳比(HR)和卡尔流动指数(CFI)多个粉体流动性判据综合分析不同粉体的流动特性;在分析粉体料仓出口附近气固流动特征的基础上,结合Jenike流动与不流动判据,将作用在细颗粒粉体上的逆压力梯度力引入到拱应力平衡方程;进一步,提出了利用迭代算法获得逆压力梯度力的方法,实现了对逆压力梯度力与粉体料仓下料流率的预测。建立的粉体下料流率模型考虑了气固流体动力学作用对粉体下料流动的影响,有效改善了传统模型对细粉体流率预测偏高的问题,模型预测偏差从60%以上降低至±20%。

异质交通流分布已知条件下的车队离散模型

公路智能交通信号控制中车队离散规律是最为重要的理论基础,为对异质交通流环境下的车队离散情况做出更加合理的描述,本研究依据Robertson模型的相关理论方法研究了已知异质交通流分布条件下的车队离散模型,通过VISSIM仿真数据,分析了上、下游交叉口流率随时间转换之间的关系,将结果与原始的Robertson模型计算结果进行比较.结果表明:在已知异质交通流分布的条件下,本文模型预测的下游交叉口流率能更好的表达异质特性,预测均方误差减少7.78%.

基于颗粒间相互作用的细颗粒粉体料仓下料过程分析

以玻璃微珠、流化床裂化催化剂颗粒、褐煤和聚氯乙烯颗粒为实验物料,开展粉体流动性表征与料仓下料实验。研究发现,不同粉体的流动性差异较大,相应的料仓重力下料结果也不同;实验所用粉体的下料流率远低于传统Brown and Richards模型的预测值。分析表明,颗粒间相互作用导致的粉体黏附团聚是阻碍细颗粒粉体下料流动的主要原因。基于上述分析,利用剪切测试结合摩尔应力圆理论获得床层拉伸应力,并借助Rumpf方程构建的颗粒间相互作用与粉体床层应力之间的模型来获得不同粉体的颗粒间作用力;继而采用Bond数对粉体床层空隙率进行修正,揭示了颗粒间相互作用对粉体床层结构的影响,并在此基础上建立了粉体下料流率预测模型。新建立的耦合颗粒间作用力的粉体流率模型,有效改善了传统模型对细颗粒粉体流率预测值偏高的弊端,显著降低了流率预测偏差。

An Operational Hydro-Meteorological Chain to Evaluate the Uncertainty in Runoff Forecasting over the Verbano Basin

The development and implementation of a real-time flood forecasting system with a hydro-meteorological operational alert procedure during the MAP-D-PHASE Project is described in this paper. This chain includes both probabilistic and deterministic forecasts. The hydrological model used to generate the runoff simulations is the rainfall-runoff distributed FEST-WB model, developed at Politecnico di Milano. The observed data to run the control simulations were supplied by ARPA-Piemonte. The analysis is focused on Maggiore Lake basin, an Alpine basin between North-West of Italy and Southern Switzerland. Two hindcasts during the D-PHASE period are discussed in order to evaluate certain effects regarding discharge forecasts due to hydro-meteorological sources of uncertainties. In particular, in the June convective event it is analysed how the effect of meteorological model spatial resolution can influence the discharge forecasts over mountain basins, while in the November stratiform event how the effect of the initial conditions of soil moisture can modify meteorological warnings. The study shows how the introduction of alert codes appears to be useful for decision makers to give them a spread of forecasted QDFs with the probability of event occurrence, but also how alert warnings issued on the basis of forecasted precipitation only are not always reliable.

A Model for Predicting Holdup and Pressure Drop in Gas- Liquid Stratified Flow

The time-dependent liquid film thickness and pressure drop were measured by using parallel-wire conductance probes and capacitance differential-pressure transducers. Applying the eddy viscosity theory and an appropriate correlation of interfacial sear stress,a new two-dimensional separated model of holdup and pressure drop of turbulent/turbulent gas-liquid stratified flow was presented. Prediction results agreed well with experimental data.

Predictive direct power control of three-phase PWM rectifier based on TOGI grid voltage sensor free algorithm

In predictive direct power control(PDPC)system of three-phase pulse width modulation(PWM)rectifier,grid voltage sensor makes the whole system more complex and costly.Therefore,third-order generalized integrator(TOGI)is used to generate orthogonal signals with the same frequency to estimate the grid voltage.In addition,in view of the deviation between actual and reference power in the three-phase PWM rectifier traditional PDPC strategy,a power correction link is designed to correct the power reference value.The grid voltage sensor free algorithm based on TOGI and the corrected PDPC strategy are applied to three-phase PWM rectifier and simulated on the simulation platform.Simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively eliminate the power tracking deviation and the grid voltage.The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by comparing the simulation results.

BED-CEIA估计HIV-1新近感染率的有效性及其影响因素的评价

在艾滋病流行病学研究中,衡量艾滋病流行趋势最常用的指标是HIV累积感染率和新近感染率.与累积感染率相比,新近感染率对艾滋病流行趋势预测、干预效果评价以及防制策略的制定等能提供更直接的信息.在获取新近感染率的方法中,除了经典的流行病学队列随访方法,目前普遍使用的血清学方法之一是IgG捕获BED酶联免疫法（BED-CEIA）.2001年,美国疾病预防控制中心（CDC）艾滋病免疫和诊断室评估了16种基于不同抗体和原理的HIV-1新近感染检测方法,发现新近感染者与既往感染者相比,各种抗体滴度均较低;其中gp41抗体滴度在新近感染者和既往感染者中的差别最大,两者的滴度区间几乎没有重叠,新近感染者的gp41抗体亲和力低于既往感染者,从而认为gp41抗体能够区分新近感染者和既往感染者,并且酶联免疫实验操作相对简单、效果也较理想,因此该室着手开发基于gp41抗体的HIV-1新近感染检测的酶联免疫方法[1].

Numerical investigation of turbulent bubbly wakes created by the ventilated partial cavity

This paper presents a numerical study on the turbulent bubbly wakes created by the ventilated partial cavity.A semi-empirical approach is introduced to model the discrete interface of the ventilated cavity and its complex gas leakage rate induced by the local turbulent shear stress.Based on the Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid modeling framework,a population balance approach based on MUltiple-SIze-Group (MUSIG) model is incorporated to simulate the size evolution of the sheared off microbubbles and its complex interactions with the two-phase flow structure in the wake region.Numerical predictions at various axial locations downstream of the test body were in satisfactory agreement with the experimental measurements.The captured bubbly wake structure illustrates that the bubbles may disperse as a twin-vortex tube driven by gravity effect.The predicted Sauter mean bubble diameter has confirmed the dominance of the coleascense process in the axial direction.As the bubbles develop downstream,the coleascense and breakup rate gradually reach balance,resulting in the stable bubble diameter.A close examination of the flow structures,gas void fraction distributions and the bubble size evolution provides valuable insights into the complex physical phenomenon induced by ventilated cavity.

Numerical Prediction of Film Cooling Effectiveness over Flat Plate using Variable Turbulent Prandtl Number Closures

Numerical simulations were performed to predict the film cooling effectiveness on the fiat plate with a three- dimensienal discrete-hole film cooling arrangement. The effects of basic geometrical characteristics of the holes, i.e diameter D, length L and pitch S/D were studied. Different turbulent heat transfer models based on constant and variable turbulent Prandtl number approaches were considered. The variability of the turbulent Prandtl number Prt in the energy equation was assumed using an algebraic relation proposed by Kays and Crawford, or employing the Abe, Kondoh and Nagano eddy heat diffusivity closure with two differential transport equations for the temperature variance ko and its destruction rate εθ The obtained numerical results were directly compared with the data that came from an experiment based on Transient Liquid Crystal methodology. All implemented models for turbulent heat transfer performed sufficiently well for the considered case. It was confirmed, however, that the two- equation closure can give a detailed look into film cooling problems without using any time-consuming and inherently unsteady models.

Airside fin efficiencies for finned-tube heat exchangers with forced convection

The heat transfer and mass transfer fin efficiencies were analyzed numerically to show that popular models for heat transfer fm efficiency for circular fins are not always reasonable. The numerical results show that the effective heat transfer area of a circular fin increases several times faster than that of a straight fin for the same tube radius. Then, a simple but accurate heat transfer fin efficiency model was developed and verified by numerical results for a wide range of fin designs. This model predicts the heat transfer fin efficiency with absolute errors of less than 1%. The heat transfer and mass transfer fin efficiencies were found to be quite different for typical air flow with low relative humidity. Thus, these two fin efficiencies should not be assumed to be equal and a mass transfer fin efficiency model was developed, based on the heat transfer fin efficiency model. These heat transfer and mass transfer fin efficiencies are very useful for more accurate prediction for a wide range of practical applications.

Forecasting of Stock Returns by Using Manifold Wavelet Support Vector Machine

An admissible manifold wavelet kernel is proposed to construct manifold wavelet support vector machine(MWSVM) for stock returns forecasting.The manifold wavelet kernel is obtained by incorporating manifold theory into wavelet technique in support vector machine(SVM).Since manifold wavelet function can yield features that describe of the stock time series both at various locations and at varying time granularities,the MWSVM can approximate arbitrary nonlinear functions and forecast stock returns accurately.The applicability and validity of MWSVM for stock returns forecasting is confirmed through experiments on real-world stock data.