美国原油物流体系现状、问题及未来发展趋势探析

得益于丰富的资源和得天独厚的地理环境优势,美国较早建立起了强大的石油工业体系。仓储物流体系,在美国石油化工行业的发展中起着极大的推动作用,有效地调节着石油产区和消费地的不平衡,进而促进了石油贸易的发展。美国的原油物流主要包括管道运输、远洋油轮运输、驳船运输、铁路(罐车)运输和油罐(卡)车运输5种方式,其中主要依靠管道运输和远洋油轮运输,而管道运输尤为重要。2015年美国炼厂通过管道运输接收的原油总量占到炼厂接收总量的61%,远洋油轮运输总量占接收总量的29%。最近几年来,美国在能源基础设施方面的投资呈不断增长趋势,其中很大一部分是对仓储物流设施的投资。而健全完善的物流体系,将会对WTI价格以及北美地区原油价格形成较强的支撑作用。建议中国能源企业寻求在北美地区、尤其是在墨西哥湾地区开拓仓储物流业务。在赴美投资时,中国企业应了解赴美投资的审查程序,优化投资方式和途径的选择,加强与当地民众、政府等方面的联系往来,构建和谐的关系网络,同时要加强对美国市场的了解和把握,提升风险防控能力。

Paste-like self-flowing transportation backfilling technology based on coal gangue

A paste-like self-flowing pipeline transportation backfilling technology with coal gangue as aggregate is proposed to remove the potential damage caused by coal gangue piles. As well, the difficult problems of recovering high quality safety coal pillars and deep mining of the Suncun Coal Mine （SCM）, Xinwen Coal Group, Shandong are resolved. The physical-chemical properties of coal gangue, optimized proportion of materials, backfilling system and craft in the SCM were studied in the laboratory and then an industrial test was carried out on high quality coal pillars under a town. The results show that finely crushed kaolinized and fresh gangue with granularity less than 5 mm can be used as aggregate with fly ash to replace part of the cement and a composite water reducer as an additive, accounting for 1.0%-1.5% of the total amount of cement and fly ash. The recommended proportion is l（cement）：4（fly ash）： 15（coal gangue）, with a mass fraction of 72%-75%, rheoiogical paste-like properties and a strength of more than 0.7 MPa at 7 d. The sequence of adding cement, fly ash, water reducer and then coal gangue ensures that the suspended state of the slurry, reducing the wear and jam of pipelines. The working face is advancing continuously by the alternating craft of building block walls with coal gangue and backfilling mined-out gobs with paste-like slurry. The recovery rate is as high as 90% with a backfilling cost of 36.9 YuarffL good utilization of coal gangue and no subsidence on the surface. This technology provides a good theoretical basis and application experience for coal mines, cement backfilling with paste-like slurry.

New application notion of pipeline transport——integrated in industry solid waste innocuous and efficient disposition

In order to solve transport problems of industry solid,firstly,a new applicationnotion of pipeline transport was presented,that is to say,combining pretreatment andtransport with disposal techniques of industry solid waste.Secondly,the integrated dis-posal and transport system for industry solid waste was introduced,in particular,the oper-ating principles,equipment set-up,key technology and technical parameters.Next,thispaper illustrated the application of this integrated system.Such as it can transport coalsludge with sufficiently high solids content(about 72%～77%)and high apparent viscosity(about 1 000～3 000 Pa.s)directly by pipeline having no use for water and addition agent.Generally,the transport distance is about 1 000 m.This system has been successfullyused in innocuous disposition and efficient utilization of other industrial byproducts or solidwastes,such as city sludge and paper making waste.The integrated system causes nopollution to the environment for its complete seal and realizes protecting the environment,conserving the energy,promoting the development of cycling economic.Finally,the paperdiscussed the research works that were needed for studying such pipeline transport sys-tem and narrates the relevant condition and application status.

Experimental studies on resistance characteristics of high concentration red mud in pipeline transport

Red mud will flow in paste form under high pressure during pipeline transport.It belongs to a two-phase flow of materials with high viscosity and a high concentration of non-sedimentation,homogeneous solid-liquids.In pipeline transport,its resistance char- acteristics will be influenced by such factors as grain size,velocity,concentration,density, grain composition and pipe diameter etc..With the independently developed small-sized tube-type pressure resistance test facility,studied the resistance characteristics of red mud concerning the three influencing factors,paste concentration,velocity and pipe diameter, which attract the most attention in projects.The fine grain size of the red mud is d_(50)= 13.02μm.According to the experimental results,the pressure loss in transport will in- crease along with the increase of velocity and will fall along with the increase of pipe di- ameter.A 1% difference in paste concentration will result in a 50%～100% difference in pipeline resistance loss.These experimental data is hoped to be direct guidance to the design of high concentration and viscous material pipeline transport system.

Physiological Transportation of Casson Fluid in a Plumb Duct

This paper is devoted to a study of the peristaltic motion of a Casson fluid of a non-Newtonian fluid accompanied in a horizontai tube.To characterize the non-Newtonian fluid behavior,we have considered the Casson fluid model.Suitable similarity transformations are utilized to transform the governing partial differential momentum into the non-linear ordinary differential equations.Exact analytical solutions of these equations are obtained and are the properties of velocity,pressure and profiles are then studied graphically.