辐射危害流行病学调查与医源性辐射危害评估

大量流行病学资料研究表明,辐射诱导的癌症发病率在一定辐射剂量范围与辐射剂量线性相关,某些放射治疗和和医学放射性诊断的辐射剂量范围,与流行病学调查癌症发生风险增加人群的受照剂量高度一致。随着放射性诊疗设备在疾病诊断、治疗和健康检查过程中不断增加的应用,大量患者和健康检查者因医源性辐射负担增加而造成的潜在健康危害值得关注。在辐射防护评估中继续遵循LNT模型假设,对于降低医院性辐射危害仍具有科学和实际意义。

辽宁省12岁儿童龋病流行病学抽样调查分析

目的:了解辽宁省12岁儿童恒牙患龋状况,为龋病预防提供科学依据。方法:按照第三次全国口腔健康流行病学调查的要求,对辽宁省城乡6个地区36个调查点的792名12岁儿童进行了口腔检查。结果:在792名受检者中,患龋率和龋均分别为30.05%和0.51,农村和城市地区的患龋率分别为28.54%和31.57%,经统计学检验城乡无统计学意义(χ2=0.87,P>0.05),男女患龋率之间有统计学意义(χ2=10.6,P<0.01),显著性龋均指数为1.53。结论:辽宁省12岁儿童龋患明显低于十年前的状况,但患龋率仍达到30.05%,龋齿充填率也较低,龋齿主要集中于第一恒磨牙,仍应加大预防的力度,以降低龋病的发生。

盐城市区1742名学龄前儿童发育性协调障碍流行病学调查

目的：开展盐城市区发育性协调障碍（DCD）儿童的流行病学调查,为DCD的发病情况及病因调查提供研究线索。方法：采用儿童健康状况调查问卷及运动评估成套工具于2012年6月～2013年6月在盐城市区3所幼儿园进行调查和研究,并对DCD的影响因素进行分析。结果：DCD发病率为15.27%,不同性别间DCD发病率比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;不同年龄间DCD发病率比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。父亲文化程度、家庭收入及家庭住房面积对DCD有显著影响。结论：盐城地区DCD发病率较高,应采取医院-学校-家庭结合的模式进行早期筛查,并进行早期治疗。

Epidemiological Investigation of Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae in Western Shandong

[ Objective ] The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemic status of porcine pleuropneumonia in western Shandong and establish the PCR method of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae （APP）. [ Method] The epidemic status of APP in lesion tissues of 186 death pigs and 545 health pigs without clinical symptoms was analyzed by PCR method. [ Result] APP positive rate in 186 samples accounted for 43.0% （80/186）, while that in 545 porcine serums accounted for 9.4% （51/545）. [ Conclusion] This PCR method can be used as one of the important means for APP clinical diagnosis.

Epidemiological survey of cryptosporidiosis in Anhui Province China

AIM: To provide scientific evidence for prevention and controlling of cryptosporidiosis, the infection of Cryptosporidium parvum and its epidemiological characteristics were studied in some areas of Anhui Province. METHODS: The oocyst of Cryptosporidium parvum in 5421 fresh stool samples from eleven areas of Anhui Province was tested by auramine-phenol stain and improved anti-acid stain respectively. The specific antibody of IgG, IgM and T subsets of 41 patients with positive Cryptosporidium parvum in stools were detected by ELISA and biotin-streptavidin (BSA) respectively. RESULTS: The total infective rate of Cryptosporidium parvum was 1.33% (74/5421). Among them, the positive rates of oocyst in the areas of Huaibei (1.82%) and Fuyang (1.80%) were higher. The positive rates of oocyst in stools of infants, pupils, middle school students, college students, adults, patients with diarrhea, and those with immunodeficiency were 3.15%(28/889), 0.82% (9/1098), 0.82%(9/1092), 0.83%(8/969), 0.85% (9/1095), 2.88%(8/278) and 8.33%(3/36)% respectively. The positive rates of oocyst in infants and the patients with diarrhea and immunodeficiency were significantly higher than those in controls (P【0.01). The positive rate of oocyst in males was similar to that in females (P】0.05). The positive rate of oocyst in urban areas (1.13%) was significantly lower than those in rural areas (1.72%, P【0.01). The positive rates of specific IgG, IgM and IgG+IgM in sera of the patients with positive oocyst in stool were 63.4% (26/41), 17.1% (7/41), 19.5% (8/41) respectively. The number fractions of T subsets of CD(3)(+), CD(4)(+), CD(8)(+) and CD(4)(+)/CD(8)(+) of the patients were 0.66+/-0.07, 0.44+/-0.06, 0.28+/-0.04 and 1.58+/-0.32 respectively. The difference between the patients and the controls was significant (P【0.05). The main manifestations of the patients were subclinical infection, in forms of slight abdominal pain, mild diarrhea, and loose stool. CONCLUSION: There are two infection peaks in infection of Cryptosporidium parvum and its infection can be found more often in infants, patients with diarrhea or immunodeficiency, and in rural areas. Subclinical infection is the main manifestation and might be easily misdiagnosed. When the therapeutic effectiveness is low for diarrhea, the infection of Cryptosporidium parvum should be considered, concerning their age and immune function.

Human papillomavirus in squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus in a high-risk population

AIM: To investigate the relation of human papillomavirus (HPV) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in Iranian patients as compared to normal controls. METHODS: Using MY09/MY11 consensus primers, we compared the prevalence of a HPV L1 gene in tumor tissues from 38 ESCC cases and biopsied tissues from 38 endoscopically normal Iranian individuals. We also compared the presence of HPV16 and HPVA18 in the same samples using type-specific E6/E7 primers. RESULTS: Fourteen (36.8%) of the 38 ESCC samples but only 5 (13.2%) of the 38 control samples were positive for the HPV L1 gene (P= 0.02). Five (13.2%) of the ESCC samples but none of the control samples were positive for the HPV16 E6/E7 gene (P= 0.05). Three (7.9%) of the ESCC samples and 5 (13.2%) of the control samples were positive for the HPV18 E6/E7 gene (P= 0.71). CONCLUSION: Our data are consistent with HPV DNA studies conducted in other high-risk areas for ESCC. HPV should be considered as a potential factor contributing to the high incidence of ESCC in Iran and other high-incidence areas of the world.

Epidemiological Investigation and Genome Analysis of Duck Circovirus in Southern China

Duck circovirus （DuCV）, a potential immunosuppressive virus, was investigated in Southern China from March 2006 to December 2009 by using a polymerase chain reaction （PCR） based method. In this study, a total of 138 sick or dead duck samples from 18 different farms were examined with an average DuCV infection rate of-35%. It was found that ducks between the ages of 40~60 days were more susceptible to DuCV. There was no evidence showing that the DuCV virus was capable of vertical transmission. Farms with positive PCR results exhibited no regularly apparent clinical abnormalities such as feathering disorders, growth retardation or lower-than-average weight. The complete genomes of 91 strains from Fujian Province and 1 from Zhejiang Province were sequenced and analyzed. The 10 DuCV genomes, comlbared with others genomes downloaded from GenBank, ranged in size from 1988 to 1996 base pairs, with sequence identities ranging from 83.2% to 99.8%. Phylogenetic analysis based on genome sequences demonstrated that DuCVs can be divided into two distinct genetic genotypes, Group I （the Euro-USA lineage） and Group II（the Taiwan lineage）, with approximately 10.0% genetic difference between the two types. Molecular epidemiological data suggest there is no obvious difference among DuCV strains isolated from different geographic locations or different species, including Duck, Muscovy duck, Mule duck, Cheery duck, Mulard duck and Pekin duck.

Complete Genome Sequence Analysis of Duck Circovirus Strains from Cherry Valley Duck

To investigate molecular epidemiology of DuCV in Cherry Valley ducks in China, the complete genomes of six DuCV strains, which were detected from Cherry Valley ducks in China between 2007 and 2008, were sequenced. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis were carried out to compare these six strains with another 27 DuCV strains from Mulard duck, Muscovy duck, Pekin ducks and Mule duck. The analysis showed that the six DuCV strains exhibited typical genetic features of the family of DuCV, such as a stem-loop structure, three major open reading frames (Rep, Cap and ORF3), four intergenic repeats and the conserved motifs for rolling circle replication and for the dNTP binding domain located in the Rep protein. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the complete genome and Cap gene of these strains together with those that have been previously published demonstrated two distinct DuCV genotypes. The DuCV strains with complete genomes containing 1988 and 1989 nucleotides clustered in genotype A, whereas the strains with complete genomes containing 1991, 1992, 1995 and 1996 nucleotides lay in genotype B. The six DuCV strains from Cherry Valley ducks were divided into the two groups. The results of the study provides some insight into the variation of DuCVs in Cherry Valley ducks.

NATIONAL SURVEY ON PREVALENCE OF CANCER PAIN

Objective. To collect nationwide basic data about cancer related pain. Methods. Sixty cancer patients in each province were randomly selected to participate in this survey. The subjects represented all stages of cancer, tumor sites, and different demographic characteristics. Two self- designed structured questionnaires including reasons, types of pain and pain management were used by patients and physicians respectively. Subjects were asked to report whether he/she had experienced any type of cancer related pain and filled out the equivalent questionnaire. The severity of pain was assessed by using“ visual analogue scale” . Original data input and analysis were using EPI- INFO software package. Results. The result showed that 61.6％ (958/1555) of patients had different types of cancer related pain. Majority of pain (85.1％ ) were caused by advanced cancer. The major reasons (64.4％ ) for poor management or impedimental factors of pain care are due to patient including over- concern on opioid analgesic addiction, reluctance to report pain or refused to use opioid analgesic until at times when pain is intolerable; 26.8％ belonged to physician’s reasons including fear to cause addiction on opioid and lack of knowledge about cancer pain management; 16.2％ are due to lack of different kinds of opioid analgesic for use and 16.1％ belonged to drug regulation. Conclusions. The results showed that majority of patients (61.6％ ) had different types of cancer related pain. In most of patients, cancer pain was relieved when they were treated. The major reason for under- treatment or impeded factors for effective relief of cancer pain was fear of opioid addiction by both medical professionals and patients.

Development of Multiple ELISAs for the Detection of Antibodies against Classical Swine Fever Virus in Pig Sera

The major immunogenic proteins （Ems, E2 and NS3） of classical swine fever virus （CSFV） （Shimen strain） were expressed in E. coli and purified by affinity chromatography. The recombinant antigens were applied to develop multiple enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays （ELISAs） for the detection of specific antibodies in pig sera. Optimum cut-off values were determined by receiver operating characteristic （ROC） analysis after testing 201 sera of vaccinated pigs and 64 negative sera of unvaccinated piglets. The multiple ELISAs were validated with 265 pig sera yielding high sensitivity and specificity in comparison with the virus neutralization results. The results demonstrated that multiple ELISAs can be a valuable tool for the detection of CSFV infection and serological surveys in CSFV-free countries or for the evaluation of the antibody responses in pigs induced by a live attenuated C-strain vaccination

Epidemiological investigation of Barrett's esophagus in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease in Northwest China

Objective： To investigate the prevalence and possible risk factors of Barrett＇s esophagus （BE） in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease （GERD） in Northwest China. Methods： Patients older than 18 years who underwent regular health check-up or had upper gastrointestinal symptoms in the endoscopy centers of four major teaching hospitals located in four different provinces of Northwest China from September 2008 to February 2009 were included in the study. A face-to-face reflux diagnostic questionnaire including risk factors were taken and scale scores （So） were accumulated. Diagnostic criterion of GERD was Sc≥12 points. None of these subjects received anti-acid medication prior to their endoscopy done. Barrett＇s esophagus was diagnosed when specialized intestinal metaplasia was detected histologically. Results： A total of 528 patients met the criteria of GERD, among which 32 patients （20 male and 12 female） were diagnosed with BE. BE was present in 6.06% with a mean age of 51.2±11.6 years, which was significantly older than patients with GERD without BE （46.6±13.3 years） （P〈0.05）. There weresignificant differences between BE and GERD patients regarding gender, age, hiatus hernia, smoking and alcohol consumption （P〈0.05）, while no significant difference regarding symptoms of GERD. There was significant difference between short segment Barrett＇s esophagus and long segment （65.6% vs 34.4%, P〈0.05）. Conclusion： The prevalence of BE was 6.06% in patients with GERD in northwest China and was dominated by SSBE. The potential risk factors of Barrett＇s esophagus were older age, male, esophageal hiatal hernia, smoking and alcohol consumption.

AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CHOLELITHIASIS IN SHANGHAI

Objective To obtain a general overview of gallstone disease in Shanghai. Methods 3415citizens aged >20 in the community of Shanghai were randomly selected to undergo a clinical epidemiological study and an ultrasound examination to screen for cholelithiasis. Results Overall prevalence rate of gallstones was 6.5% (8.6% in women and 5.1% in men). Among the 3415 persons investigated, 65 had already undergone cholecystectomy. The percentage of asymptomatic gallstone was 70 .5% . Prevalence of gallstone diseases (gallstones plus cholecystectomy) increased with age significantly. Conclusion Compared to the research in Shanghai ten years ago, especially for the persons older than 50 years, the gallstone disease has become more frequent. The proportion of asymptomatic gallstones and the awareness is increasing.

Prevalence and clinical significance of SEN virus infection in patients with non A-E hepatitis and volunteer blood donors in Shanghai

AIM:To explore the prevalence of SEN virus (SENV) in patients with non A-E hepatitis and volunteer blood donors in Shanghai. METHODS: According to the published gene sequences, primers from the conserved region were designed. Then, the prevalence of SEN virus in 30 samples from healthy voluntary blood donors and 30 samples from patients with non A-E hepatitis were detected by nested-PCR of SENV-D/H. Some PCR products were cloned and sequenced. RESULTS: The specificity of genotype-specific PCR was confirmed by sequencing, the SENV DNA was detected in 53.3% of the patients with non A-E hepatitis and 10% of the blood donors. The prevalence of SENV-D/H viremia was significantly higher in patients with non A-E hepatitis than in blood donors (P = 0.0002). SENV-H subtype and SENV-D subtype were found in 2 and 1 samples, respectively from blood donors. SENV-H subtype, SENV D subtype, mixed SENV-D and SENV-H subtype were found in 8, 6 and 2 samples, respectively, from patients with non A-E hepatitis. CONCLUSION: The gene type of SENV in patients with non A-E hepatitis and blood donors in shanghai is D or H subtype, and transfusion is not the only transmitting form of SENV.

Anisakid Nematodes of Pagellus acarne and Trachurus trachurus, from North Atlantic Moroccan＇s Waters

An epidemiological survey of anisakid nematodes was conducted on 205 specimens of horse mackerel （Trachurus trachurus） and 183 of axillary seabream （Pagellus acarne） captured in the zone between Tangier and Larache in the north Atlantic Moroccan＇s coasts. Three species of nematodes were morphologically identified： Anisakis simplex s.l., Hysterothylacium sp., Pseudotarranova sp. According to the season, the nematode most observed in T. trachurus was .4. simplex s.1. （the highest values of prevalence （100%）, the mean intensity （48.6）. Hysterothylacium sp. was the most frequent anisakid in P. acarne with 100% of prevalence and 34.46 of the mean intensity. The infestation parameters were also analyzed according to the host species length, noting a maximum of infected fish by Anisakis simplex s.1. （96%） in samples of horse mackerel larger than 28 cm, while in axiliary seabream, the highest prevalence of infestation by Hysterothylacium sp. （100%） was found in fish more than 29 cm.

Epidemiological Investigation and Genetic Characterization of Type 2 PCV2 （Type 2 Porcine Circovirus） in Mexican Commercial Herds

PCV2 （Porcine circovirus type 2） is considered as the essential infectious agent of PMWS （post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome） in pigs. Serological studies have shown that the virus is ubiquitous. Currently, there are many reports about the epidemiology and genetic characteristics of this virus around the world, but in Mexico it has not been studied. More than 3,500 samples of serum, rectal swabs, tissues and semen of 34 Mexican porcine farms from 10 important producer regions were analyzed by PCR. Results show that 97% of the farms were positive. Both genotypes, PCV2a and PCV2b were detected. It also found that the most prevalent genotype in Mexico is PCV2b. Regarding to amino acid sequence; three major heterogenic regions were present in the positions 59-91,123-136 and 185-210.

鸡大肠杆菌区域性实时药敏动态检测

本试验采集了泰安及周边地区疑似大肠杆菌病、死鸡的肝脏、心脏等样品63份,按照不同时间段将其分成3组。经过细菌分离培养、染色镜检、生化试验鉴定证明均为致病性大肠杆菌。按照美国临床实验室标准化委员会(NCCLS)的判定标准,对分离得到的63株大肠杆菌对12种常用抗生素进行药敏试验,结果表明,63株病菌对常用抗生素表现出不同程度的耐药性,耐药范围较广,不同菌株间存有较大差异,但该地区大多数菌株对克林沙星、丁胺卡那霉素高敏,而磷霉素钠和头孢噻肟产生了广泛耐药性。不同时间段分离菌的耐药结果变化不大。

精细化管理在传染病工作管理中的作用

目的探讨精细化管理在传染病工作管理中的作用。方法选择2017年1月-2018年12月天津市红桥区西于庄街社区卫生服务中心预防保健科的98例传染病患者,从2018年1月开始实施精细化管理方案,2017年1-12月的45例患者为传统管理组,2018年1-12月的53例患者为精细化管理组。比较两组各项管理质量评分及传染病流行学调查质量报告。结果精细化管理组的各项管理质量评分均明显高于传统管理组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。精细化管理组的传染病流行学调查质量报告的失访率明显低于传统管理组,完成率和准确率明显高于传统管理组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在传染病流行病学调查工作管理中应用精细化管理模式进行管理,明显提高各项管理质量,降低传染病流行病学调查质量报告的失访率,值得临床推广应用。

全国爱牙日,“健康笑容保护计划”活动举行

今年9月20日是第35个“全国爱牙日”,今年爱牙日主题是“口腔健康全身健康”及“关爱老年口腔乐享健康生活”。《第四次全国口腔健康流行学病调查报告》显示,我国88.1%的成人患有龋病,整体的牙周健康率只有14.5%。而老年人的患病比例更是高达98.4%,牙周健康率也仅为14.1%。

Epidemiological and etiological investigation of dengue fever in the Fujian province of China during 2004–2014

Dengue fever(DF) is a vector-borne disease and a tremendous socioeconomic burden on tropical and subtropical countries worldwide. To explore the characteristics of DF epidemic in the Fujian province, information of DF cases in Fujian during 2004–2014 was collected and analyzed. The complete E genes of 48 viral isolates were amplified and sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. A total of 733 cases was reported, of which 612(83.5%) occurred during the peak period from August to October. Additionally, 76%(190/250) of imported cases originated from Southeast Asia countries, by the epidemiological investigation. Phylogenetic analysis of the 48 viral isolates revealed that three genotypes(I, IV, V) of DENV1, and one genotype each of DENV2(cosmopolitan) and DENV3(I) circulated in Fujian during 2004–2014. Similar to the results of the epidemiological investigations, the source of most of the viral isolates, including imported and indigenous cases, may be Southeast Asia countries; however, importation from adjacent provinces was also observed in recent years. Overall, DF is considered an imported epidemic disease in Fujian. Increasing diversity of the viral source and geographic expansion of the area affected by DF in recent years highlights the necessity for strengthening surveillance of the DF epidemic and developing strategies for DF prevention and control in Fujian.

A novel human coronavirus:Middle East respiratory syndrome human coronavirus

In 2012,a novel coronavirus,initially named as human coronavirus EMC(HCoV-EMC) but recently renamed as Middle East respiratory syndrome human coronavirus(MERS-CoV),was identified in patients who suffered severe acute respiratory infection and subsequent renal failure that resulted in death.Ongoing epidemiological investigations together with retrospective studies have found 61 laboratory-confirmed cases of infection with this novel coronavirus,including 34 deaths to date.This novel coronavirus is culturable and two complete genome sequences are now available.Furthermore,molecular detection and indirect immunofluorescence assay have been developed.The present paper summarises the limited recent advances of this novel human coronavirus,including its discovery,genomic characterisation and detection.