融合光流速度场与背景差分的自适应背景更新方法

为利用视频监控系统识别铁路客运站的客流,根据车站监控环境的多变性特点,提出将光流速度场算法与背景差分算法相结合的自适应背景更新方法。将光流引入背景建模中,并与背景差分结果进行并运算,再通过"死角"灰度优化处理,实现背景的实时更新。以实录的北京南站视频对给出的自适应背景更新方法进行验证,并与均值背景法和高斯背景法的处理结果进行比较,结果表明,自适应背景更新方法较好地解决了背景的提取、实时更新及运动目标阴影扰动等问题,拟合的背景干净、虚影弱,描述的背景符合实际背景场景,用于动态场景的客流识别取得了较好的效果。

高炉中心加焦制度下煤气流速度与压力场模拟

不同的布料制度决定炉料的分布状态与不同部位炉料孔隙度的大小,进而影响煤气流在炉内的速度与压力分布,而煤气流的分布直接影响高炉顺行、煤气流利用率与料柱透气性的优劣。为促进煤气流合理分布,进一步探索高炉在中心加焦条件下炉内不同部位的煤气流速与压力变化规律,借助数值模拟方法,建立二维高炉煤气流流动物理模型,基于多孔介质算法并配合用户自定义参数,模拟研究了某4000 m^(3)高炉在中心加焦布料模式下,煤气流在通过炉内不同部位时的速度与压力分布状态,期望可以为高炉冶炼提供基础理论与数据支撑。

基于视频分析的奶牛呼吸频率与异常检测

为实现奶牛呼吸状态信息获取的自动化、智能化,在构建奶牛视频实时采集系统的基础上,研究并提出了奶牛呼吸频率与异常检测方法。用光流法计算视频帧图像各像素点的相对运动速度,根据各点速度,对像素点进行循环Otsu处理筛选出呼吸运动点,动态计算速度方向曲线的周期即可检测牛只呼吸频率,并根据单次呼吸耗时检测呼吸是否异常。对72头奶牛共进行360 min检测试验,结果表明,呼吸频率计算准确率为95.68%,异常检测成功率为89.06%,平均异常误检次数为2.53次/min。

激光熔覆中粉嘴流场的数值模拟

建立了激光熔覆中由粉嘴输出的保护气体-金属粉末两相流场计算模型,应用FLUENT软件进行计算。该模型中考虑了两相流中动量和质量的传输。分析了金属粉末流场的水平方向和中心线上的速度分布规律,以及粉嘴内外粉末流的速度矢量分布规律。计算结果表明,中心线处粉末流速度分布先呈现微小的增大减小过程,而后单调递增,大约从粉嘴下方100 mm后呈线性递增;速度水平分布先在中心线附近达到最大而后在径向距离6～11 mm区间内线性递减至零。在相同的工艺参数下,应用数字粒子图像测速（DPIV）技术对同一流场进行检测,计算值和测量值吻合较好。结果表明,所建立的保护气体-金属粉末流速度场模型是可靠的,该模型对掌握流场参数分布和进一步指导粉嘴尺寸设计有一定的参考作用。

角平分屈服准则解析热轧厚板展宽轧制力

根据厚板轧制变形特点,提出了适用于展宽轧制阶段的二维流函数速度场。利用角平分屈服准则对提出的速度场进行解析求得了内部变形功率表达式。采用共线矢量内积法与积分中值定理分别求得了摩擦功率与剪切功率表达式。经总功率泛函最小化获得了轧制力矩与轧制力的解析解。与国内某厂320 mm板坯的实际轧制数据比较表明,该解析解具有较高的预测精度,最大误差不超过10.45%。轧制工艺参数分析表明,随着压下率的增加或几何因子的减小,轧制力矩与轧制力增加;摩擦系数对轧制力矩和轧制力的影响较小。

基于维诺图匹配的粒子跟踪测速法

针对密集颗粒流速度场分布的测量问题,提出了基于维诺图匹配的粒子跟踪测速法。首先,通过对图像粒子进行维诺图构建,给出面积相似度筛选匹配粒子的条件;其次,引入Delaunay三角网搜索结构,通过计算维诺多边形的形状相似度来匹配粒子;再次,研究了去除错误匹配粒子矢量的方法和匹配算法中的关键参数;最后,通过模拟二维旋转流场运动以及二维转盘中的颗粒流实验对算法进行了测试。结果表明:维诺图匹配的匹配准确率高于DT-PTV并且在处理密集粒子匹配效果上更好;维诺图匹配算法适用于测量密集颗粒流速度场分布,颗粒匹配准确率高达99%,并由得到的颗粒流速度场分布验证了算法的有效性。

Laser Measurement and Intensity Evaluation of Intake Swirl in Engine Using a Water Analog

The intake swirl in the cylinder was induced by a swirler which was fixed in one of two intake ports. In order to understand the characteristics of the intake swirl, a transparent water analog was designed which simulated 150 type single cylinder engine. At the same time, the particle image velocimetry was used to measure the flow fields induced by various swirlers in the analog. After measurement, a new method was presented to evaluate the intensity of the intake swirl. Then, when the measured sections, the lifts of valve and the swirlers were different, the calculated results of the flow field were compared.

3D FEM simulation of flow velocity field for 5052 aluminum alloy multi-row sprocket in cold semi-precision forging process

Based on the design of the multi-row sprocket with a new tooth profile,a cold semi-precision forging process for manufacturing 5052 aluminum alloy multi-row sprocket was presented.Through simulating the forging process of 5052 aluminum alloy sprocket billet with 3D rigid-viscoplastic FEM,both the distributions of flow velocity field in axial(U_Z),radial(U_R) and circumferential(U_θ) directions and the curves of velocity component in different deformation regions were respectively obtained.By comparison and analysis of the velocity varying curves,the velocity component relation conditions for filling the die cavity were clarified.It shows that when the die cavity is almost fully filled,the circumferential velocity U_θ increases sharply,implying that U_θplays a key role in fully filling the die cavity.

Numerical simulation of the pulsing air separation field based on CFD

The flow field of pulsing air separation is normally in an unsteady turbulence state.With the application of the basic principles of multiphase turbulent flows,we established the dynamical computational model,which shows a remarkable variation of the unstable pulsing air flow field.CFD(computational fluid dynamics) was used to conduct the numerical simulation of the actual geometric model of the classifier.The inside velocity of the flowing fields was analyzed later.The simulation results indicate that the designed structure of the active pulsing air classifier provided a favorable environment for the separation of the particles with different physical characters by density.We shot the movement behaviors of the typical tracer grains in the active pulsing flow field using a high speed dynamic camera.The displacement and velocity curves of the particles in the continuous impulse periods were then analyzed.The experimental results indicate that the effective separation by density of the particles with the same settling velocity and different ranges of the density and particle size can be achieved in the active pulsing airflow field.The experimental results provide an agreement with the simulation results.

Characteristics of gas explosion flow fields in complex pipelines

The explosion flow field in five straight pipes with different diameters and one bending pipe selected from a domestic coal mine are studied by the method of numerical simulation. And the results show that,both in the straight and bending pipes, the pressure wave and velocity wave are accelerated by the rising of reaction rate. As the explosion progressed, with the temperature reaching approximately 3000 K, only one pressure wave and one reaction rate wave were observed, while several velocity waves were found.The larger diameter presented the highest relative pressure as well as the largest velocity increase and subsequent decrease inside the tube. The bent pipes caused both turbulence and kinetic energy to increase, resulting in the acceleration of the reaction rate. The burning time was 7.4% shorter than the burning time observed for the straight pipe. Based on these results, designing one explosion resistance device, and in the practical engineering applications, it was to be proved to meet the security requirements fully.

Flow Field Around Rushton Turbine in Stirred Tank by Particle Image Velocimetry Measurement

In this paper, particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure the mean and root meansquare(RMS) velocity in the stirred tank with six-flat blade Rushton turbine and with no baffles. Two typesof motion patterns were studied. One was that the impeller runs at constant speed, the other was that the impellerruns at time-dependent speed and in a periodic way. The emphasis of the paper was on the comparison of meanand RMS velocity vector maps and profiles between these two types of motion patterns, and especial attention waspaid to the comparison of the mean velocity, time-averaged RMS velocity, phase averaged RMS velocity betweenthe constant 3 RPS (revolution per second) and time-dependent operation. The Reynolds number was between 763and 1527. The study explained the mechanism that time-dependent RPS is more efficient for mixing than that ofconstant RPS.

Effects of Surface Etch Hole Fault on the Velocity Field in Microchannel Reactors

Microchannel reactors are commonly used in micro-chemical technology. The performance of microreactors is greatly affected by the velocity field in the microchannel. The flow field is disturbed by the cylindrical etch holes caused by air dust on the microchannel surface during its processing procedure. In this approach, a two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics （CFD） model is put forward to study the effect of etch holes on flow field. The influenced area of single or two concave etch holes is studied for the case of laminar flow. The hole diameter, the Reynolds number and the distance between the center of holes are found to have influences on the flow field. Numerical results indicate that the effects of etch hole on the flow field should be evaluated and the way of choosing the economic class of cleanroom for microreactor manufacture is presented.

Novel Optimization Approach to Mixing Process Intensification

An approach was presented to intensify the mixing process. Firstly, a novel concept, the dissipation of mass transfer ability(DMA) associated with convective mass transfer, was defined via an analogy to the heat-work conversion. Accordingly, the focus on mass transfer enhancement can be shifted to seek the extremum of the DMA of the system. To this end, an optimization principle was proposed. A mathematical model was then developed to formulate the optimization into a variational problem. Subsequently, the intensification of the mixing process for a gas mixture in a micro-tube was provided to demonstrate the proposed principle. In the demonstration example, an optimized velocity field was obtained in which the mixing ability was improved, i.e., the mixing process should be intensified by adjusting the velocity field in related equipment. Therefore, a specific procedure was provided to produce a mixer with geometric irregularities associated with an ideal velocity.

Analysis of chamber effect on intermittent pulsation

A numerical study was conducted to seek an optimized dimension of jet chamber in the pulsating impinging flow.The flow and heat transfer effect of the pulsation flow through a jet chamber was investigated.The numerical results indicate that heat transfer effective enhances near the stagnation region for the intermittent pulsed flow with jet chamber compared to that without jet chamber.Simulations of the flow through a jet chamber show that the heat transfer rate on the impingement surface is highly dependent on the velocity at the position which is really close to target surface.Examination of the velocity field suggests that the velocity exists a maximum value as the axis distance increases.In addition,the velocity at the jet hole is enlarged by the jet chamber due to the entrainment effect,and the velocity is amplified even greater as the size of the jet chamber becomes bigger.Nevertheless,the velocity declines quickly while the flow axis distance is more than a certain range,leading to poor heat transfer.Thus,intermittent pulsed flow with jet chamber is suggested as a method of improving heat transfer by employing larger dimensions of jet chamber for appropriate jet-to-surface spacing.

A Study on Viscoelastic Fluid Flow in a Square-Section 90-Degrees Bend

It is well known that the drag-reducing effect is obtained in a surfactant solution flow in a straight pipe. We investigate about a viscoelastic fluid flow such as a surfactant solution flow in a square-section 90° bend. In the experimental study, drag-reducing effect and velocity field in a surfactant solution flow are investigated by measurements of wall pressure loss and LDV measurements. For the numerical method, LES with FENE-P model is used in the viscoelastic fluid flow in the bend. The flow characteristics of viscoelastic fluid are discussed compared with that of a Newtonian fluid.

Evolution of Unsteady Flow near Rotor Tip during Stall Inception

Previously the features of circumferential propagation of self-induced tip leakage flow unsteadiness for a low speed isolated axial compressor rotor in the authors' laboratory were discovered and investigated via numerical simulation,which only occurs below a critical stable flow point that is close to but not yet at the stall limit.Further in this paper,the detailed investigation on evolution of tip leakage flow during the throttling process into spike rotating stall was conducted by adopting the valve-throttling model.During this process,the development of the circumferential propagation of tip leakage flow unsteadiness was especially focused on.According to the unsteady characteristics of pressure signals,the evolvement of compressor flow field can be classified into four stages.As compressor throttled,the oscillation frequency of self-induced unsteady tip leakage flow decreased gradually,and thus resulted in the decrease of its circumferential propagation speed.The circumferential propagation of self-induced tip leakage flow unsteadiness is closely related with rotating instability.When the forward spillage of tip leakage flow at the leading edge occurred,the spike type rotating stall was initiated.Its flow struc-tures were given in the paper.

Particle Paths of Lagrangian Velocity Distribution Simulating Yin-Yang Balance in Ancient Tai-Chi Diagram

The particle paths of the Lagrangian flow field simulate very well the interface curve of the Yin-Yang balance in the ancient Tal-Chi diagram. There are four forms called the ＂four states＂ in the Tai-Chi diagram. Of the four states, under Yang are the Major Yang and the Minor Yin, and under Yin are the Major Yin and the Minor Yang. The present study provides the proper positions of the four states in the ancient Tal-Chi diagram. The Fu Xi＇s Eight Trigrams Chart located along the ancient Tai-Chi diagram is also developed in the present study. The interface curve of Yin-Yang in the ancient Tai-Chi diagram has never been described mathematically. It can now be formulated by the equations describing the particle paths in the Lagrangian flow field.

Velocity field of wave-induced local fluid flow in double-porosity media

Under the excitation of elastic waves,local fluid flow in a complex porous medium is a major cause for wave dispersion and attenuation.When the local fluid flow process is simulated with wave propagation equations in the double-porosity medium,two porous skeletons are usually assumed,namely,host and inclusions.Of them,the volume ratio of inclusion skeletons is low.All previous studies have ignored the consideration of local fluid flow velocity field in inclusions,and therefore they can not completely describe the physical process of local flow oscillation and should not be applied to the situation where the fluid kinetic energy in inclusions cannot be neglected.In this paper,we analyze the local fluid flow velocity fields inside and outside the inclusion,rewrite the kinetic energy function and dissipation function based on the double-porosity medium model containing spherical inclusions,and derive the reformulated Biot-Rayleigh(BR)equations of elastic wave propagation based on Hamilton’s principle.We present simulation examples with different rock and fluid types.Comparisons between BR equations and reformulated BR equations show that there are significant differences in wave response characteristics.Finally,we compare the reformulated BR equations with the previous theories and experimental data,and the results show that the theoretical results of this paper are correct and effective.

Spatially adaptive long-term semi-Lagrangian method for accurate velocity advection

We introduce a new advection scheme for fluid animation.Our main contribution is the use of long-term temporal changes in pressure to extend the commonly used semi-Lagrangian scheme further back along the time axis.Our algorithm starts by tracing sample points along a trajectory following the velocity field backwards in time for many steps.During this backtracing process,the pressure gradient along the path is integrated to correct the velocity of the current time step.We show that our method effectively suppresses numerical diffusion,retains small-scale vorticity,and provides better long-term kinetic energy preservation.

Experimental Investigation of Dimensionless Velocity and Shearing Stress in Boundary Layer Flow on Continuous Moving Surface in Power Law Fluids

An analysis is carried out to study the steady flow characteristics from a continuous flat surface moving in a parallel free stream of non-Newtonian power law fluid. The constitutive equations of the fluid are transformed into dimensionless ones. The velocity field is measured by Particle Image Velocimetry. Experimental results are obtained for the distribution of velocity. The influence of wall velocity ratio parameter on boundary layer flow field is observed in the experiment. Dimensionless velocity distribution and shearing stress distribution are obtained by post-processing experimental results. The effects of various physical parameters like velocity ratio parameter and similarity variable on various momentum transfer characteristics are discussed in detail and shown graphically. It is indicated that dimensionless velocity increases with velocity ratio parameter and similarity variable, and that dimensionless shearing stress decreases with velocity ratio parameter and similarity variable.