义州方言流音化研究——以沈阳地区话者为中心

在韩国语的众多音韵现象中,与流音相关的音韵现象最为丰富。有流音化、鼻音化等同化现象,辅音群单一化现象以及流音脱落现象等,其中流音化现象最为引入注目。根据辅音/■/与/■/在音节中的不同位置,流音化现象可以分为同向流音化与逆向流音化。研究表明同向流音化现象既存在于单词(汉字词)内部又存在于音节与音节之间。像本文研究对象义州方言中出现的/■■/→[■■](■■,一年),/■■/→[■■](■■,八年)等属于前者,音节与音节之间的同向流音化主要是音节末尾的/■,■,■,■/等辅音群首先经过辅音群单一化变成/■/,之后将下一音节开头的/L/同化为/■/。逆向流音化只存在于汉字词中,例如/■■■■/→[■■■■](■■■■,万里长城),/■■/→[■■](■■,本来)等。本文以沈阳地区朝鲜族发音合作人的义州方言为研究对象,对该方言中的流音化类型以及音韵现象发生的过程进行分析考察,这对日后进一步对该地区方言进行研究具有一定的意义。

韩国语逆行流音化现象和"﹂+■"齿槽鼻音化现象的关联性研究

在韩国语的众多音韵现象中,像流音化现象这样多种多样又有趣的音韵现象非常少见。但是也正是因为流音化现象的多样性,给韩国语学习者带来了巨大的困难。很多达到了中高级水平的韩国语学习者遇到像"■■,■■■"这种"﹂-■"连续出现的单词时也不能正确地发音。为了解决这一现状,本研究通过多种例子及先行研究,分析逆行流音化现象和"﹂-■"齿槽鼻音现象的关联性,使韩国语学习者遇到"﹂-■"连锁单词时,正确理解属于哪种音韵现象并能够正确地发音。

论义州方言的辅音同化

[摘要]韩国语中的语音同化现象非常多，根据条件的不同，语音同化可以分为辅音引起的辅音同化和元音同化，元音引起的辅音同化和元音同化等四类。本文以义州方言中辅音相邻引起的辅音同化为主要研究对象，探讨语音现象的类型以及支配这些现象的语音规则。为叙述上的方便，本文具体分为曲用和活用两种情况进行考察。研究表明，这一地区的辅音同化有鼻音化、软腭音化、双唇音化、流音化等现象。

论祁阳方言古来母字的塞化现象

祁阳方言古来母字今读有[l]、[n]、[d]三种形式,它们是底层音位/l/经由不同规则推导而成的三个表层音形,其分布条件互补。祁阳方言古来母字今读[d]受韵母和声调条件制约。文章比较分析了汉语方言和其他语言[l]塞化为[d]的条件,综合运用方言比较、音系特征、实验语音等方法,基本上可以认定祁阳方言[l]>[d]是一种自然音变现象。

韩语“己”相关音韵现象教育浅析

随着中韩两国交流的日益增多,中国国内的韩语学习者数量也在与日俱增。但由于两国语言的差异,很多学习者在学习初期就遇到了发音上的困难。尤其是韩语字母“己”和与其相关的音韵现象,对于韩语学习者来说一直是一个难点。对此,本文针对韩语“己”和与其相关的音韵现象的难点进行分析,并以此为依据对教学方法进行探析。

High-flow nasal oxygen availability for sedation decreases the use of general anesthesia during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasound

AIM To examine whether high-flow nasal oxygen(HFNO) availability influences the use of general anesthesia(GA) in patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) and endoscopic ultrasound(EUS) and associated outcomes.METHODS In this retrospective study, patients were stratified into 3 eras between October 1, 2013 and June 30, 2014 based on HFNO availability for deep sedation at the time of their endoscopy. During the first and last 3-mo eras(era 1 and 3), no HFNO was available, whereas it was an option during the second 3-mo era(era 2). The primary outcome was the percent utilization of GA vs deep sedation in each period. Secondary outcomes included oxygen saturation nadir during sedation between periods, as well as procedure duration, and anesthesia-only time between periods and for GA vs sedation cases respectively.RESULTS During the study period 238 ERCP or EUS cases were identified for analysis. Statistical testing was employed and a P < 0.050 was significant unless the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was used. General anesthesia use was significantly lower in era 2 compared to era 1 with the same trend between era 2 and 3(P = 0.012 and 0.045 respectively). The oxygen saturation nadir during sedation was significantly higher in era 2 compared to era 3(P < 0.001) but not between eras 1 and 2(P = 0.028) or 1 and 3(P = 0.069). The procedure time within each era was significantly longer under GA compared to deep sedation(P ≤ 0.007) as was the anesthesia-only time(P ≤ 0.001).CONCLUSION High-flow nasal oxygen availability was associated with decreased GA utilization and improved oxygenation for ERCP and EUS during sedation.

Numerical Calculation of Supercavitating Flows over the Disk Cavitator of a Subsonic Underwater Projectile

To deal with the effect of compressible fluids on the supercavitating flow over the subsonic disk cavitator of a projectile, a finite volume method is formulated based on the ideal compressible potential theory. By using the continuity equation and Tait state equation as well as Riabouchinsky closure model, an“inverse problem”solution is presented for the supercavitating flow. According to the impenetrable condition on the surface of supercavity, a new iterative method for the supercavity shape is designed to deal with the effect of compressibility on the supercavity shape, pressure drag coefficient and density field. By this method, the very low cavitation number can be computed. The calculated results agree well with the experimental data and empirical formula. At the subsonic condition, the fluid compressibility will make supercavity length and radius increase. The supercavity expands, but remains spheroid. The effect on the first 1/3 part of supercavity is not obvious. The drag coefficient of projectile increases as the cavitation number or Mach number increases. With Mach number increasing, the compressibility is more and more significant. The compressibility must be considered as far as the accurate calculation of supercavitating flow is concerned.

The Influence of an Acoustic Field on the Bed Expansion of Fine Particles

Fine particles are difficult to fluidize due to strong interparticle attraction.An attempt has been made to study the bed expansion of silica gel(dp=25μm) powder in presence of an acoustic field.A 135 mm diameter fluidized bed activated by an acoustic field with sound intensity up to 145 dB and frequency from 90 Hz to 170 Hz was studied.The effects of sound pressure level,sound frequency and particle loading on the bed expansion were investigated.Experimental results showed that,bed expansion was good in presence of acoustic field of particular frequency.In addition,it was observed that in presence of acoustic field the bed collapses slowly.

Centering Marginalized Voices： The Study of Community Radio in India as an Agent of Social Change

Community Radio is a medium which the different threads mingle together brings different social threads together and weaves a vibrant fabric where all without compromising their original composition. Freedom of speech and expression is the cornerstone of this medium. In India, Community Radio started its journey in 2004, with the purpose of bringing different sections of the society together so that they can share their experiences, fears, and ambition. Social intervention has been one of the primary agenda Community Radio. Through various awareness-raising programs, it aims to bring positive social change in the lives of people residing around its transmission zone. It also aims to include different sub-sections of its community who are often excluded from the mainstream media.

I Celebrate Myself ＆ I Sing Myself： Romulus Bucur on Romulus Bucur＇s Ditties

The present paper, in spite of its quite scandalous title, is just a serious reflection, from the inside, on a certain part of the poetry of a contemporary Romanian poet （the author of the paper himself）, in the line of a tradition starting with Poe＇s Philosophy of Composition （1846）, passing through the avant-garde and ending, for the moment, in Andy Warhol＇s self-promotion. The analysis from the inside and the honest reflection of the interplay between poetry, music, and contemporary popular culture might lead to a better understanding of the poetry made at the end of the 20th century--beginning of the 21 st century. The corpus analyzed is a series of poems written between 1994 and the present day, under the generic title of ditty, published in several books （between which a bilingual pamphlet, Ditties/Cfntecelce）, 1998）, and the paper speaks about their genesis, their poetics, and hopes to help the process of their interpretation, as well as to bring a new interpretation of the poetry/music relationship

Numerical Investigation of Particle Temperature Change in Supersonic Flows

Gas-particle two-phase flow is a very important consideration in designing various machines. Although a great deal of theoretical, experimental, and numerical research has been carried out, particle motion in a supersonic flow has not been sufficiently clarified. Hence, in order to clarify the interactions between flow and particles, the authors consider the characteristics of particle motion, especially at high temperatures. In the present study, the flow of a gas with a diluted particle load is to be simulated in a conventional converging-diverging supersonic nozzle. The turbulent gas flow in the nozzle is computed with the finite difference and RANS （raynolds averaged navier-stokes simulation） methods. The particle motion is simulated in a Lagrangian manner. In addition, taking into account the light particle loading, a weak coupling method is used. Through this investigation, it is shown that the particle velocity increases monotonically from the nozzle throat to the outlet. And it is shown that particles can be accelerated to higher velocities in helium than in nitrogen, and smaller particles tend to attain higher speed and lower static temperature.

汉语与亲属语言比较的方法问题

本文论述汉语与亲属语言比较的方法问题,指出亲属语言同源词的比较中我们非常强调重视"择同",必须选择核心词根来进行比较,特别关注同族词系和共行词系的比较。在语音对应上,对上古复辅音、藏泰文中的流音塞化、原始的复辅音及可替换的韵尾等情况的了解,在汉语和亲属语的比较中具有重要意义。

Relationship between the Flow Blockage of Tip Leakage Vortex and its Evolutionary Procedures inside the Rotor Passage of a Subsonic Axial Compressor

The near casing flow fields inside the rotor passage of a 1.5 stage axial compressor with different blade-loading levels and tip gap sizes were measured by using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry(SPIV). Based on a carefully defined blockage extracting method, the variations of blockage parameter inside the blade passage were analyzed. It was found that the variation of blockage parameter appeared as a non-monotonic behavior inside the blade passage in most cases. This non-monotonic behavior became much more remarkable as the blade loading increases or mass flow rate decreases.The variations of the blockage parameter inside the blade passage had close relation to the evolutionary procedures of the tip leakage vortex(TLV). The destabilization of the TLV caused a rapid increasing of the blockage parameter. After the TLV lost the features of a concentrated streamwise vortex,the blockage parameter usually got a peak value. And then, because of the intense turbulent mixing between the TLV low momentum flow and its surrounding flows, the flow deficit inside the TLV recovered.

Ignition, flame propagation and extinction in the supersonic mixing layer flow

The supersonic mixing layer flow,consisting of a relatively cold,slow diluted hydrogen stream and a hot,faster air stream,is numerically simulated with detailed transport properties and chemical reaction mechanisms.The evolution of the combustion process in the supersonic reacting mixing layer is observed and unsteady phenomena of ignition,flame propagation and extinction are successfully captured.The ignition usually takes place at the air stream side of braid regions between two vortexes due to much higher temperature of premixed gases.After ignition,the flame propagates towards two vortexes respectively located on the upstream and downstream of the ignition position.The apparent flame speed is 1569.97 m/s,which is much higher than the laminar flame speed,resulting from the effects of expansion,turbulence,vortex stretching and consecutive ignition.After the flame arrives at the former vortex,the flame propagates along the outer region of the vortex in two branches.Then the upper flame branch close to fuel streamside distinguishes gradually due to too fuel-riched premixed mixtures in the front of the flame and the strong cooling effect of the adjacent cool fuel flow,while the lower flame branch continues to propagate in the vortex.

DNS of a spatially evolving hypersonic turbulent boundary layer at Mach 8

This paper reports the direct numerical simulation (DNS) for hypersonic turbulent boundary layer over a flat-plate at Ma∞ =8 with the ratio of wall-to-freestream temperature equal to 1.9, which indicates an extremely cold wall condition. It is primarily used to assess the wall temperature effects on the mean velocity profile, Walz equation, turbulent intensity, strong Reynolds analogy (SRA), and compressibility. The present high Mach number with cold wall condition induces strong compressibility effects. As a result, the Morkovin's hypothesis is not fully valid and so the classical SRA is also not fully consistent. However, some modified SRA is still valid at the far-wall region. It is also verified that the semi-local wall coordinate y* is better than conventional y+ in analysis of statistics features in turbulent boundary layer (TBL) in hypersonic flow.

On the nature of tip clearance flow in subsonic centrifugal impellers

Increasing demand for downsizing of engines to improve CO2 emissions has resulted in renewed efforts to improve the efficiency and expend the stable operating range of the centrifugal compressors used in petro-chemical equipment and turbochargers. The losses in these compressors are dominated by tip clearance flow. In this paper, the tip clearance flow in the subsonic impeller is numerically investigated. The nature of the tip clearance in inducer, axial to radial bend and exducer are studied in detail at design and off-design conditions by examining the detailed flow field through the clearance and the interaction of the clearance flow with the shear effect with the endwalls. The correlation between blade loading and span wise geometry and clearance flow at different locations are presented.