泌阳凹陷东南部浅层系地质特征及有利区块分析

泌阳凹陷主要勘探目的层系是核三段,对浅层核二段研究较少。从沉积、构造、储层特征等方面阐述了泌阳凹陷核二段基本地质特征,分析了浅层系含油气系统、油藏类型及其运聚分布规律。应用含油气理论对泌阳凹陷东南部浅层系的勘探潜力进行了探讨。提出了下二门地区、双河地区、安棚南泌102井区、杜坡-毕店地区等四个浅层系有利勘探地区。

井楼油田八区浅层系提高热采开发效果技术研究

针对井楼油田八区热采浅层系吞吐开发过程中存在的主要问题,通过对区块吞吐开发现状分析,总结出区块吞吐规律,通过对影响吞吐开发效果因素研究、分层储量动用状况及潜力研究,提出提高吞吐开发效果技术对策等一系列改善吞吐开发效果的措施,使区块采液速度和采油速度均有所提升,为持续稳产提供技术保障。

南襄盆地安棚浅、中层系特低渗储层裂缝特征及其与深层系裂缝对比

利用野外露头、岩心、成像测井和薄片等资料,分析了南襄盆地安棚浅、中层系储层裂缝的发育特征,并与深层系裂缝特征进行了对比,最后分析了控制裂缝发育的主要因素。研究区发育有构造裂缝和成岩裂缝两种类型,以高角度构造裂缝为主,裂缝平均线密度为0.42条/m,裂缝高度通常小于0.40 m,平均为0.25 m,反映裂缝主要在层内发育。微观裂缝是沟通基质粒间孔和粒内溶孔的重要通道,它使储层孔隙的连通性变好。受喜马拉雅早期和晚期水平构造挤压应力作用,该区主要发育3组裂缝。其中,近东西向裂缝最为发育,其次为北东向和北西向裂缝。安棚油田裂缝的形成与分布受构造应力场、岩性、孔隙度、渗透率、层厚以及构造等因素的影响。在相同因素的作用下,安棚油田浅、中层系裂缝的成因类型、产状及发育特征和深层系具有相似性,但浅、中层系裂缝的发育程度略差于深层系裂缝。

An Exploratory Analysis of Vegetation Strategies to Reduce Shallow Landslide Activity on Loess Hillslopes, Northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China

Heavy summer rainfall induces significant soil erosion and shallow landslide activity on the loess hillslopes of the Xining Basin at the northeast margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. This study examines the mechanical effects of five native shrubs that can be used to reduce shallow landslide activity. We measured single root tensile resistance and shear resistance, root anatomical structure and direct shear and triaxial shear for soil without roots and five root- soil composite systems. Results show that Atriplex canescens （Pursh） Nutt. possessed the strongest roots, followed by Caragana korshinskii Kom., Zygophyllum xanthoxylon （Bunge） Maxim., Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. and Lycium chinense Mill. Single root strength and shear resistance relationships with root diameter are characterized by power or exponential relations, consistent with the Mohr- Coulomb law. Root mechanical strength reflects their anatomical structure, especially the percentage of phloem and xylem cells, and the degree and speed of periderm lignifications. The cohesion force of root- soil composite systems is notably higher than that of soil without roots, with increasing amplitudes of cohesion force for A. canescens, C. korshinskii, Z. xanthoxylon, N. tangutorurn and L. chinense of 75.9%, 75.1%, 36.2%, 24.6% and 17.0 % respectively. When subjected to shear forces, the soil without root samples show much greater lateral deformation thanthe root-soil composite systems, reflecting the restraining effects of roots. Findings from this paper indicate that efforts to reduce shallow landslides in this region by enhancing root reinforcement will be achieved most effectively using A. canescens and C. korshinskii.

Managed Aquifer Recharge Using Infiltration Pond： Case Study of Ban Nong Na, Phitsanulok, Thailand

The Upper Chao Phraya River Basin, Thailand, has been facing continuous groundwater level decreases due to over-extraction for irrigation. MAR （managed aquifer recharge） using infiltration pond was investigated and constructed. A recharge experiment at the pilot site at Ban Nong Na, Phitsanulok Province, was conducted during 2009 to 2011 to mitigate the declining shallow groundwater level. The HELP3 and MODFLOW models were applied to explore the current groundwater recharge. The MODFLOW was used to simulate the recharge mechanism of the experiment in the 1,260 m2 infiltration pond during July to November, 2010. The simulated results showed the groundwater influx and outflux for the year 2010 were 1.34 Mm3 1.57 Mm3, respectively. The annual shallow groundwater extraction was 1.40 Mm3 resulting in the groundwater system deficit of 0.23 Mm3 and causing groundwater level decline at the rate of 0.25 m/yr. The critical zone with groundwater level deeper than 8 m from the ground surface covers 19% of the study area of 4.12 km2 and it would be increased up to 85% within the next 10 years （2020）. To achieve the groundwater system balance, the deficit amount of 0.23 Mm3 is needed and six infiltration ponds are required.

Tracking shallow marine red beds through geological time as exemplified by the lower Telychian (Silurian) in the Upper Yangtze Region,South China

Marine red beds occur frequently in China through geological time.Despite their complex environments,the red beds are found in three depositional settings:1) oceanic,deep water,as in the Upper Cretaceous of southern Tibet;2) outer shelf,deeper water,as in the Lower-Middle Ordovician of South China;and 3) inner shelf,shallow water,as in the Silurian and Triassic in South China.The Silurian marine red beds are recurrent in the lower Telychian,upper Telychian,and upper Ludlow.This paper is to document the marine nature of the lower Telychian red beds (LRBs) in the Upper Yangtze Region and to discuss the spatial and temporal distribution of the LRBs and their depositional environments.The LRBs are best developed on the north side of the Cathaysian Oldland,which can be interpreted as the source area.It is inferred that they were deposited during a marine regression,characterized by the lack of upwelling,low nutrition and organic productivity with a decrease of biodiversity and a high rate of sedimentation.The iron-rich sediments may have been transported by rivers on the oldland into the Upper Yangtze Sea,as rates of deposition were rapid enough to counteract normal reducing effect around sediment-water interface.The LRBs are different from the off-shore,deeper water red beds of lower Telychian in Avalonia and Baltica and further from the oceanic,deep water red beds of Upper Cretaceous in southern Tibet chiefly in palaeogeographic settings,biotic assemblages and marine environments.

Influence of environmental factors on land-surface water and heat exchange during dry and wet periods in the growing season of semiarid grassland on the Loess Plateau

On the basis of information from the project ＂Land-surface Processes and their Experimental Study on the Chinese Loess Plateau＂, we analyzed differences in land-surface water and heat processes during the main dry and wet periods of the semiarid grassland growing season in Yuzhong County, as well as the influences of these environmental factors. Studies have shown that there are significant differences in changes of land-surface temperature and humidity during dry and wet periods. Daily average normalized temperature has an overall vertical distribution of ＂forward tilting＂ and ＂backward tilting＂ during dry and wet periods, respectively. During the dry period, shallow soil above 20-cm depth is the active temperature layer. The heat transfer rate in soil is obviously different during dry and wet periods. During the dry period, the ratio of sensible heat flux to net radiation （H/Rn） and the value of latent heat flux to net radiation （LE/Rn） have a linear relationship with 5-cm soil temperature; during the wet period, these have a nonlinear relationship with 5-cm soil temperature, and soil temperature of 16℃ is the critical temperature for changes in the land-surface water and heat exchange trend on a daily scale. During the dry period, H/Rn and LE/Rn have a linear relationship with soil water content. During the wet period, these have a nonlinear relationship with 5-cm soil water content, and 0.21 m^3 m^-3 is the critical point for changes in the land-surface water and heat exchange trend at daily scale. During the dry period, for vapor pressure deficit less than 0.7 kPa, H/Rn rises with increased vapor pressure deficit, whereas LEIRn decreases with that increase. When that deficit is greater than 0.7 kPa, both H/Rn and LE/Rn tend to be constant. During the wet period, H/Rn increases with the vapor pressure deficit, whereas LE/Rn decreases. The above characteristics directly reflect the effect of differences in land-surface environmental factors during land-surface water and heat exchange processes, and indirectly reflect the influences of cloud precipitation processes on those processes.