采用测坡器测量盐坨高度的体积计算方法

采用测坡器测量盐坨高度的体积计算方法雷祥澄寇承明王德强（河北省海兴县盐务管理局０６１２００）１前言原盐销售出场可以用袋装过秤或车装过地磅计量。但要在坨地集坨核定产量或进行包坨销售，就只能采取盐坨体积计量的计算方法。盐坨体积计量是盐业生产经营中经常要做...

Seismic failure mechanisms for loaded slopes with associated and nonassociated flow rules

Seismic failure mechanisms were investigated for soil slopes subjected to strip load with upper bound method of limit analysis and finite difference method of numerical simulation,considering the influence of associated and nonassociated flow rules.Quasi-static representation of soil inertia effects using a seismic coefficient concept was adopted for seismic failure analysis.Numerical study was conducted to investigate the influences of dilative angle and earthquake on the seismic failure mechanisms for the loaded slope,and the failure mechanisms for different dilation angles were compared.The results show that dilation angle has influences on the seismic failure surfaces,that seismic maximum displacement vector decreases as the dilation angle increases,and that seismic maximum shear strain rate decreases as the dilation angle increases.

Distributed Fiber Optic Monitoring and Stability Analysis of a Model Slope under Surcharge Loading

In the discipline of geotechnical engineering, fiber optic sensor based distributed monitoring has played an increasingly important role over the past few decades. Compared with conventional sensors, fiber optic sensors have a variety of exclusive advantages, such as smaller size, higher precision, and better corrosion resistance. These innovative monitoring technologies have been successfully applied for performance monitoring of geo-structures and early warning of potential geo- hazards around the world. In order to investigate their ability to monitor slope stability problems, a medium-sized model of soil nailed slope has been constructed in laboratory. The fully distributed Brillouin optical time-domain analysis （BOTDA） sensing technology was employed to measure the horizontal strain distributions inside the model slope. During model construction, a specially designed strain sensing fiber was buried in the soil mass. Afterward, the surcharge loading was applied on the slope crest in stages using hydraulic jacks and a reaction frame. During testing, an NBX-6o5o BOTDA sensing interrogator was used to collect the fiber optic sensing data. The test results have been analyzed in detail, which shows that the fiber optic sensors can capture the progressive deformation and failure pattern of the model slope. The limit equilibrium analyses were also conducted to obtain the factors ofsafety of the slope under different surface loadings. It is found that the characteristic maximum strains can reflect the stability of the model slope and an empirical relationship was obtained, This study verified the effectiveness of the distributed BOTDA sensing technology in performance monitoring of slope.

Mathematical model research on landslide monitoring through GPS

Assuming that road slope and landslide object are rigid, the landslide’s moving displacement was drawn based on their geometry shapes and the physi-mechanical features of materials, and the dynamic model of landslide was also set up, then DDOD(double difference observation data) was combined with the deformed monitoring point and the carrier phase observation data on base point, which can be used to monitor the landslide’s deformation rule from horizontal, vertical and directional view simultaneously. Observing equation was set up, which sufficiently reflects the activities of landslide in entire directions. Filter model includes some information such as mechanical state and GPS observing data by Kalman filter.

Landslide Monitoring Using Low Cost GNSS Equipment - Experiences from Two Alpine Testing Sites

Simple GNSS navigation receivers, developed for the mass market, can be used for positioning with sub centimeter accuracy in a wireless sensor network if the read-out of the carrier phase data is possible and all data is permanently broadcast to a central computer for near real time processing of the respective base lines. Experiences gained in two research projects related to landslide monitoring are depicted in terms of quality and reliability of the results by the developed approach. As far as possible a modular system set up with commercial off-the-shelf components, e.g., standard WLAN fur commtmication, solar batteries with solar panels for autarkic power supply and in cooperation of existing proofed program tools is chosen. The challenge of the still ongoing development is to have a flexible and robust GNSS based sensor network available - concerned not only for landslide monitoring in future.

Monitoring and Warning of Landslides and Debris Flows Using an Optical Fiber Sensor Technology

Landslides and debris flows are typical geo-hazards which occur in hilly or mountainous regions. Debris flows may result from landslides. Geotechnical instrumentation plays an important role in monitoring and warning of landslides and resulted debris flows. Traditional technologies for monitoring landslides and debris flows have certain limitations. The new optical fiber sensors presented in this paper can overcome those limitations. This paper presents two new optical fiber sensor systems: one is the Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG)-based in-place inclinometer for monitoring landslides and the other is the FBG-based column-net system for monitoring debris flows. This paper presents the calibration results of FBG-based in-place inclinometers in laboratory. It is found that the calibration results are in good agreement with theoretical results. Both the FBG-based in-place inclinometers and the FBG-based column-net system have been installed at a site in Weijiagou valley, Beichuan County, Sichuan Province of China. Some preliminary results have been obtained and reported in the paper. The advantages of the FBG monitoring systems and their potential applications are also presented.

Spatial Differentiation of Rural Touristization and Its Determinants in China: A Geo-detector-based Case Study of Yesanpo Scenic Area

Tourism has emerged as a major driving force in the growth and expansion of rural settlements. After several studies revealed spatial differentiation of touristization among rural settlements, studies were conducted to explain this phenomenon. However, most of these studies explained spatial differentiation of rural touristization in a qualitative way. More robust and detailed quantitative results are needed to evaluate the relative roles of different factors. In this study, which takes Yesanpo tourism as a case study, the Geo-detector method was introduced to evaluate determining factors of rural touristization. Results show that ＂distance to core entry＂, ＂tourist number and sojourn time＂, and ＂distance to the nearest scenic area＂ have had a strong effect on the rural touristization in Ye- sanpo, whereas ＂distance to river＂, ＂elevation＂, ＂distance to main road＂, and ＂slope＂ have had a weak influence. The latter did, however, contribute a lot to touristization when interacting with ＂distance to core entry＂, ＂tourist number and sojourn time＂, and ＂distance to the nearest scenic＂, indicating the importance of these four factors. Higher rural touristization occurred in the zone near the core entry, with many tourists, long sojourn times, and proximity to the scenic area.