Biomass ashes contain valuable elements for plant growth, but also often high amounts of harmful heavy metals which limit their reuse in forests and on grassland. For monitoring metal concentrations, a fast and reliab...Biomass ashes contain valuable elements for plant growth, but also often high amounts of harmful heavy metals which limit their reuse in forests and on grassland. For monitoring metal concentrations, a fast and reliable method allowing the quantitative determination even at trace levels is mandatory. Therefore an analytical method consisting of an acidic microwave assisted digestion prior to ICP-OES measurement was optimized. The elements of interest were AI, As, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, St, Ti, V, and Zn. A validation including the following parameters was performed for each analyte： limit of detection, limit of quantification, recovery by spiking experiments, accuracy by analyzing a certified reference material, reproducibility （wihtin-24 hours, 4 and 7 days）, linearity, and uncertainty of measurement. Two standards series were used for calibration - one with 1 M HNO3 and one with additionally 2 g/L Mg（NOD2 to investigate the elimination or decrease of possible matrix effects. Both calibration methods showed very good recoveries. The method optimized allows the determination of the relevant elements covered by the recommendation of the Austrian ministry for agriculture and represents thus an appropriate tool for monitoring the metal contents in biomass ashes.展开更多
Objective： This study aimed to evaluate of the accuracy and efficiency of the in-vivo dosimetry systems for routine cancer patient dose verification. Methods： In vivo dosimetry, using diodes and thermoluminescent do...Objective： This study aimed to evaluate of the accuracy and efficiency of the in-vivo dosimetry systems for routine cancer patient dose verification. Methods： In vivo dosimetry, using diodes and thermoluminescent dosimeters （TLD） is performed in many radiotherapy departments to verify the dose delivered during treatment. A total of 40 TLD divided into two batches （one of 20 and other of 20 TLD） were used. Different doses of Co6~ beam were delivered to the TLD chips at different depths. Diodes were irradiated at different depths in a （30 x 30 x 30） cm3 water slab phantom with various conditions of Field sizes, monitor units and SSDs. Results： The limitation of the in-vivo dosimetry technique is that dose can only be in system readout difficulty and type of readout （TLD system and diode） as the patient dose is directly measured. Several authors have investigated the measurements was 1.3%, with a standard deviation of 2.6%. Results were normally distributed around a mean as -0.39 and 0.34 respectively. After the evaluation of in vivo dosimetry brain case as an example, the mean doses for both eyes were 1.8%, with a standard deviation of 2.7%. These results are similar to studies conducted with diodes and TLD＇s. Conclusion： The diode is superior to TLD, since the diode measurements can be obtained on line and allows an immediate check. Other advantages of diodes include high sensitivity, good spatial resolution, and small size, simplicity of used.展开更多
This study provides some insights for auditors to gauge the complexity of the financial statements verification process to comply with the ambiguous standard, namely, Financial Reporting Standards （FRS） 139 in Malay...This study provides some insights for auditors to gauge the complexity of the financial statements verification process to comply with the ambiguous standard, namely, Financial Reporting Standards （FRS） 139 in Malaysia. Hence, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the adoption of FRS 139 and the audit fees charged to clients. The final sample consists of 1,050 finn-year observations covering the period from 2006 to 2008 from the non-financial companies listed on the Bursa Malaysia. In this study, the static panel data analysis is used to provide richer interpretation and a powerful understanding of the effect of standard adoption on audit pricing. The regression results from the random effects Generalized Least Squares （GLS） suggest that FRS 139 adoption has not significantly increased audit fees. The small number of observations for FRS 139 voluntary adoption is suspected to be the main limitation factor contributing to the insignificant result of the hypothesis. It is suggested that the limitation of small observations of FRS 139 voluntary adopters might be encountered during the period of mandatory adoption. Therefore, future research might investigate the impact of mandatory FRS 139 adoption.展开更多
Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy(THz-TDS)was used for the quantitative detection of sulfur content in gasoline.Models of chemo metrics methods and partial least squares(PLS)were built to measure THz-TDS and the sulf...Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy(THz-TDS)was used for the quantitative detection of sulfur content in gasoline.Models of chemo metrics methods and partial least squares(PLS)were built to measure THz-TDS and the sulfur content.All of the samples were divided into two parts.One part was used for calibration and the other one for validation.In order to evaluate the quality of the models,the correlation coefficient(R)and root-mean-square errors(RMSE)of calibration and validation models were calculated.The value of R and RMSE were close to 1 and 0 within acceptable levels,respectively,indicating that the combination of THz-TDS and PLS is a potential method for further quantitative detection.展开更多
Bell＇s theorem argues the existence of quantum nonlocality which goes basically against the hidden variable theory （HVT）. Many experiments have been done via testing the violations of Bell＇s inequalities to statis...Bell＇s theorem argues the existence of quantum nonlocality which goes basically against the hidden variable theory （HVT）. Many experiments have been done via testing the violations of Bell＇s inequalities to statistically verify the Bell＇s theorem. Alternatively, by testing the Hardy＇s ladder proofs we experimentally demonstrate the deterministic violation of HVT and thus confirm the quantum nonlocality. Our tests are implemented with non-maximal entangled photon pairs generated by spontaneous parametric down conversions （SPDCs）. We show that the degree freedom of photon entanglement could be significantly enhanced by using interference filters. As a consequence, the Hardy＇s ladder proofs could be tested and Bell＇s theorem is verified robustly. The probability of violating the locality reach to 41.9%, which is close to the expectably ideal value 46.4% for the photon pairs with degree of entanglement e = 0.93. The higher violating probability is possible by further optimizing the experimental parameters.展开更多
文摘Biomass ashes contain valuable elements for plant growth, but also often high amounts of harmful heavy metals which limit their reuse in forests and on grassland. For monitoring metal concentrations, a fast and reliable method allowing the quantitative determination even at trace levels is mandatory. Therefore an analytical method consisting of an acidic microwave assisted digestion prior to ICP-OES measurement was optimized. The elements of interest were AI, As, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, St, Ti, V, and Zn. A validation including the following parameters was performed for each analyte： limit of detection, limit of quantification, recovery by spiking experiments, accuracy by analyzing a certified reference material, reproducibility （wihtin-24 hours, 4 and 7 days）, linearity, and uncertainty of measurement. Two standards series were used for calibration - one with 1 M HNO3 and one with additionally 2 g/L Mg（NOD2 to investigate the elimination or decrease of possible matrix effects. Both calibration methods showed very good recoveries. The method optimized allows the determination of the relevant elements covered by the recommendation of the Austrian ministry for agriculture and represents thus an appropriate tool for monitoring the metal contents in biomass ashes.
基金Supported by grants from the Al-Hosain Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University and Tanta University
文摘Objective： This study aimed to evaluate of the accuracy and efficiency of the in-vivo dosimetry systems for routine cancer patient dose verification. Methods： In vivo dosimetry, using diodes and thermoluminescent dosimeters （TLD） is performed in many radiotherapy departments to verify the dose delivered during treatment. A total of 40 TLD divided into two batches （one of 20 and other of 20 TLD） were used. Different doses of Co6~ beam were delivered to the TLD chips at different depths. Diodes were irradiated at different depths in a （30 x 30 x 30） cm3 water slab phantom with various conditions of Field sizes, monitor units and SSDs. Results： The limitation of the in-vivo dosimetry technique is that dose can only be in system readout difficulty and type of readout （TLD system and diode） as the patient dose is directly measured. Several authors have investigated the measurements was 1.3%, with a standard deviation of 2.6%. Results were normally distributed around a mean as -0.39 and 0.34 respectively. After the evaluation of in vivo dosimetry brain case as an example, the mean doses for both eyes were 1.8%, with a standard deviation of 2.7%. These results are similar to studies conducted with diodes and TLD＇s. Conclusion： The diode is superior to TLD, since the diode measurements can be obtained on line and allows an immediate check. Other advantages of diodes include high sensitivity, good spatial resolution, and small size, simplicity of used.
文摘This study provides some insights for auditors to gauge the complexity of the financial statements verification process to comply with the ambiguous standard, namely, Financial Reporting Standards （FRS） 139 in Malaysia. Hence, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the adoption of FRS 139 and the audit fees charged to clients. The final sample consists of 1,050 finn-year observations covering the period from 2006 to 2008 from the non-financial companies listed on the Bursa Malaysia. In this study, the static panel data analysis is used to provide richer interpretation and a powerful understanding of the effect of standard adoption on audit pricing. The regression results from the random effects Generalized Least Squares （GLS） suggest that FRS 139 adoption has not significantly increased audit fees. The small number of observations for FRS 139 voluntary adoption is suspected to be the main limitation factor contributing to the insignificant result of the hypothesis. It is suggested that the limitation of small observations of FRS 139 voluntary adopters might be encountered during the period of mandatory adoption. Therefore, future research might investigate the impact of mandatory FRS 139 adoption.
基金supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2014CB744302)the Specially Funded Program on National Key Scientific Instruments and Equipment Development(Grant No.2012YQ140005)+1 种基金the Beijing National Science Foundation(Grant No4122064)the Science Foundation of the China University of Petroleum(Beijing)(Grant Nos.QZDX-2010-01 and KYJJ2012-06-27)
文摘Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy(THz-TDS)was used for the quantitative detection of sulfur content in gasoline.Models of chemo metrics methods and partial least squares(PLS)were built to measure THz-TDS and the sulfur content.All of the samples were divided into two parts.One part was used for calibration and the other one for validation.In order to evaluate the quality of the models,the correlation coefficient(R)and root-mean-square errors(RMSE)of calibration and validation models were calculated.The value of R and RMSE were close to 1 and 0 within acceptable levels,respectively,indicating that the combination of THz-TDS and PLS is a potential method for further quantitative detection.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61308008,91321104,U1330201 and 11174373)the National Fundamental Research Program of China(Grant No.2010CB923104)
文摘Bell＇s theorem argues the existence of quantum nonlocality which goes basically against the hidden variable theory （HVT）. Many experiments have been done via testing the violations of Bell＇s inequalities to statistically verify the Bell＇s theorem. Alternatively, by testing the Hardy＇s ladder proofs we experimentally demonstrate the deterministic violation of HVT and thus confirm the quantum nonlocality. Our tests are implemented with non-maximal entangled photon pairs generated by spontaneous parametric down conversions （SPDCs）. We show that the degree freedom of photon entanglement could be significantly enhanced by using interference filters. As a consequence, the Hardy＇s ladder proofs could be tested and Bell＇s theorem is verified robustly. The probability of violating the locality reach to 41.9%, which is close to the expectably ideal value 46.4% for the photon pairs with degree of entanglement e = 0.93. The higher violating probability is possible by further optimizing the experimental parameters.
