Changes in the areas and quality of wetland habitat makes it imperative to monitor trends in the number of wintering waterbirds and their distribution in the Yangtze River floodplain, the most important waterbird regi...Changes in the areas and quality of wetland habitat makes it imperative to monitor trends in the number of wintering waterbirds and their distribution in the Yangtze River floodplain, the most important waterbird region in eastern China, so that effective science-based action can be taken to ensure the survival and future recovery of the waterbirds of the region. However, obtaining accurate data on the number of waterbirds and distribution, which can be confidently compared across years and sites, is complicated by a number of factors which can affect count quality. It is essential to employ a survey methodology which maximizes count accuracy and precision and minimizes the bias inherent in counting waterbirds;failure to achieve these goals will lead to incorrect results and analytical problems. Recently we developed a systematic waterbird survey methodology which was tested, with promising results, in the winters of 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 at Shengjin Lake, an important wetland in the Yangtze River floodplain. The methodology involves dividing the lake into discrete survey areas, each containing a number of subareas, with clear boundaries, which were surveyed separately. Data, which included information on counts, distributions, the environment and disturbance, were collected in a standardized manner to maximize precision and minimize bias. We use the results from the surveys of the first two winters to provide examples of how the data can be employed to provide detailed information on the number of waterbirds, their distributions and habitat usage. Finally, we discuss the importance of wider application of the methodology throughout the Yangtze River floodplain to underpin a much needed floodplain-wide waterbird monitoring program.展开更多
AIM： To detect the new serum biomarkers for colorectal cancer （CRC） by serum protein profiling with surfaceenhanced laser desorption ionisation - time of flight mass spectrometry （SELDI-TOF MS）. METHODS： Two ind...AIM： To detect the new serum biomarkers for colorectal cancer （CRC） by serum protein profiling with surfaceenhanced laser desorption ionisation - time of flight mass spectrometry （SELDI-TOF MS）. METHODS： Two independent serum sample sets were analysed separately with the ProteinChip technology （set A： 40 CRC ＋ 49 healthy controls; set B： 37 CRC ＋ 31 healthy controls）, using chips with a weak cation exchange moiety and buffer pH 5. Discriminative power of differentially expressed proteins was assessed with a classification tree algorithm. Sensitivities and specificities of the generated classification trees were obtained by blindly applying data from set A to the generated trees from set B and vice versa. CRC serum protein profiles were also compared with those from breast, ovarian, prostate, and non-small cell lung cancer. RESULTS： Mass-to-charge ratios （m/z） 3.1×10^3, 3.3× 10^3, 4.5×10^3, 6.6×10^3 and 28×10^3 were used as classitiers in the best-performing classification trees. Tree sensitivities and specificities were between 65% and 90%.Host of these discriminative m/z values were also different in the other tumour types investigated. M/z 3.3× 10^3, main classifier in most trees, was a doubly charged form of the 6.6× 10^3-Da protein. The latter was identified as apolipoprotein C-I. M/z 3.1×10^3 was identified as an N-terminal fragment of albumin, and m/z 28× 10^3 as apolipoprotein A-I. CONCLUSION： SELDI-TOF MS followed by classification tree pattern analysis is a suitable technique for finding new serum markers for CRC. Biomarkers can be identified and reproducibly detected in independent sample sets with high sensitivities and specificities. Although not specific for CRC, these biomarkers have a potential role in disease and treatment monitoring.展开更多
Infection with tapeworms is a major problem in many parts of the world. Patients may be asymptomatic or have a significant morbidity depending on the species. Infection with Taenia species is sometimes found by expuls...Infection with tapeworms is a major problem in many parts of the world. Patients may be asymptomatic or have a significant morbidity depending on the species. Infection with Taenia species is sometimes found by expulsion of eggs or proglottids in stool. Species specific diagnosis of Taenia is difficult,but possible. We present a case of Taenia saginata incidentally discovered,and risk factors for transmission,diagnosis,symptoms,and treatment.展开更多
Based on the undertaken research, it is explored whether power can affect the judgment made by individual about unethical behavior. Research 1 uses questionnaire as measuring method. The results demonstrate that indiv...Based on the undertaken research, it is explored whether power can affect the judgment made by individual about unethical behavior. Research 1 uses questionnaire as measuring method. The results demonstrate that individuals with different levels of power make judgment on various unethical behaviors. Their judgments are not different. It does not agree with the hypothesis. The reason may lie in that it may be affected by social desirability, or that there exist defects in the design of questionnaire. Research 2 uses laboratory investigation. The results demonstrate that individuals in high-power group conduct unethical behavior more frequently and more fiercely. It agrees with the hypothesis. The inconsistent results of the two researches can be reasonably explained from the two angles of moral permission and moral hypocrisy.展开更多
Today, just by activating a button on the display panel of a total station, one can measure horizontal and vertical angles or calculate distances and coordinates of points. For this reason, it has become necessary to ...Today, just by activating a button on the display panel of a total station, one can measure horizontal and vertical angles or calculate distances and coordinates of points. For this reason, it has become necessary to improve the check of a total station in order to respond to its contemporary way of use. The aim of this research is to create a new method for checking total stations using only one check--field, in a different way of the today＇s standards. The basic principle, of the comparison of an instrument＇s measurements to those of another instrument with higher accuracy, is implemented into a mathematical model such as the adjustment of an indoor geodetic network. Thus, the check of the proper function of a total station is applied. An a-priori calculation Of^o of the network＇s adjustment can be calculated by modeling the uncertainties using statistical methods as the random number generators by means of the Monte Carlo method. The prospective ao can then be compared to the a-posteriori ao provided by the adjustment of the measurements which are carried out by using the total station under check.展开更多
We consider the statistical inference for right-censored data when censoring indicators are missing but nonignorable, and propose an adjusted imputation product-limit estimator. The proposed estimator is shown to be c...We consider the statistical inference for right-censored data when censoring indicators are missing but nonignorable, and propose an adjusted imputation product-limit estimator. The proposed estimator is shown to be consistent and converges to a Gaussian process. Furthermore, we develop an empirical processbased testing method to check the MAR (missing at random) mechanism, and establish asymptotic properties for the proposed test statistic. To determine the critical value of the test, a consistent model-based bootstrap method is suggested. We conduct simulation studies to evaluate the numerical performance of the proposed method and compare it with existing methods. We also analyze a real data set from a breast cancer study for an illustration.展开更多
The study of the adhesion of millions of setae on the toes of geckos has been advanced in recent years with the emergence of new technology and measurement methods. The theory of the mechanism of adhesion by van der W...The study of the adhesion of millions of setae on the toes of geckos has been advanced in recent years with the emergence of new technology and measurement methods. The theory of the mechanism of adhesion by van der Waals forces is now accepted and broadly understood. However, this paper presents limitations of this theory and gives a new hypothesis of the biomechanism of gecko adhesion. The findings are obtained through measurements of the magnitude of the adhesion of setae under three different conditions, to show the close relationship between adhesion and status of the setae. They are reinforced by demonstrating two setal structures, follicle cells and hair, the former making the setae capable of producing bioelectrical charges, which play an important role in attachment and detachment processes. It is shown that the abundant muscular tissues at the base of the setae cells, which are controlled by peripheral nerves, are instrumental in producing the foot movement involved in attachment and detachment. Our study will further uncover the adhesion mechanism of geckos, and provide new ideas for designing and fabricating synthetic setae.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.31071941 and 30940010)the Chinese Academy of Sciences Innovation Project (Grant No.KZCX2-YW-QN503)the University of Science and Technology of China Graduate School Educational Innovation Base
文摘Changes in the areas and quality of wetland habitat makes it imperative to monitor trends in the number of wintering waterbirds and their distribution in the Yangtze River floodplain, the most important waterbird region in eastern China, so that effective science-based action can be taken to ensure the survival and future recovery of the waterbirds of the region. However, obtaining accurate data on the number of waterbirds and distribution, which can be confidently compared across years and sites, is complicated by a number of factors which can affect count quality. It is essential to employ a survey methodology which maximizes count accuracy and precision and minimizes the bias inherent in counting waterbirds;failure to achieve these goals will lead to incorrect results and analytical problems. Recently we developed a systematic waterbird survey methodology which was tested, with promising results, in the winters of 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 at Shengjin Lake, an important wetland in the Yangtze River floodplain. The methodology involves dividing the lake into discrete survey areas, each containing a number of subareas, with clear boundaries, which were surveyed separately. Data, which included information on counts, distributions, the environment and disturbance, were collected in a standardized manner to maximize precision and minimize bias. We use the results from the surveys of the first two winters to provide examples of how the data can be employed to provide detailed information on the number of waterbirds, their distributions and habitat usage. Finally, we discuss the importance of wider application of the methodology throughout the Yangtze River floodplain to underpin a much needed floodplain-wide waterbird monitoring program.
文摘AIM： To detect the new serum biomarkers for colorectal cancer （CRC） by serum protein profiling with surfaceenhanced laser desorption ionisation - time of flight mass spectrometry （SELDI-TOF MS）. METHODS： Two independent serum sample sets were analysed separately with the ProteinChip technology （set A： 40 CRC ＋ 49 healthy controls; set B： 37 CRC ＋ 31 healthy controls）, using chips with a weak cation exchange moiety and buffer pH 5. Discriminative power of differentially expressed proteins was assessed with a classification tree algorithm. Sensitivities and specificities of the generated classification trees were obtained by blindly applying data from set A to the generated trees from set B and vice versa. CRC serum protein profiles were also compared with those from breast, ovarian, prostate, and non-small cell lung cancer. RESULTS： Mass-to-charge ratios （m/z） 3.1×10^3, 3.3× 10^3, 4.5×10^3, 6.6×10^3 and 28×10^3 were used as classitiers in the best-performing classification trees. Tree sensitivities and specificities were between 65% and 90%.Host of these discriminative m/z values were also different in the other tumour types investigated. M/z 3.3× 10^3, main classifier in most trees, was a doubly charged form of the 6.6× 10^3-Da protein. The latter was identified as apolipoprotein C-I. M/z 3.1×10^3 was identified as an N-terminal fragment of albumin, and m/z 28× 10^3 as apolipoprotein A-I. CONCLUSION： SELDI-TOF MS followed by classification tree pattern analysis is a suitable technique for finding new serum markers for CRC. Biomarkers can be identified and reproducibly detected in independent sample sets with high sensitivities and specificities. Although not specific for CRC, these biomarkers have a potential role in disease and treatment monitoring.
文摘Infection with tapeworms is a major problem in many parts of the world. Patients may be asymptomatic or have a significant morbidity depending on the species. Infection with Taenia species is sometimes found by expulsion of eggs or proglottids in stool. Species specific diagnosis of Taenia is difficult,but possible. We present a case of Taenia saginata incidentally discovered,and risk factors for transmission,diagnosis,symptoms,and treatment.
文摘Based on the undertaken research, it is explored whether power can affect the judgment made by individual about unethical behavior. Research 1 uses questionnaire as measuring method. The results demonstrate that individuals with different levels of power make judgment on various unethical behaviors. Their judgments are not different. It does not agree with the hypothesis. The reason may lie in that it may be affected by social desirability, or that there exist defects in the design of questionnaire. Research 2 uses laboratory investigation. The results demonstrate that individuals in high-power group conduct unethical behavior more frequently and more fiercely. It agrees with the hypothesis. The inconsistent results of the two researches can be reasonably explained from the two angles of moral permission and moral hypocrisy.
文摘Today, just by activating a button on the display panel of a total station, one can measure horizontal and vertical angles or calculate distances and coordinates of points. For this reason, it has become necessary to improve the check of a total station in order to respond to its contemporary way of use. The aim of this research is to create a new method for checking total stations using only one check--field, in a different way of the today＇s standards. The basic principle, of the comparison of an instrument＇s measurements to those of another instrument with higher accuracy, is implemented into a mathematical model such as the adjustment of an indoor geodetic network. Thus, the check of the proper function of a total station is applied. An a-priori calculation Of^o of the network＇s adjustment can be calculated by modeling the uncertainties using statistical methods as the random number generators by means of the Monte Carlo method. The prospective ao can then be compared to the a-posteriori ao provided by the adjustment of the measurements which are carried out by using the total station under check.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10901162 and 10926073)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation and Foundation of the Key Laboratory of Random Complex Structures and Data Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences+2 种基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10971007 and 11101015)the fund from the government of Beijing (Grant No. 2011D005015000007)supported by National Science Foundation of US (Grant Nos. DMS0806097 and DMS1007167)
文摘We consider the statistical inference for right-censored data when censoring indicators are missing but nonignorable, and propose an adjusted imputation product-limit estimator. The proposed estimator is shown to be consistent and converges to a Gaussian process. Furthermore, we develop an empirical processbased testing method to check the MAR (missing at random) mechanism, and establish asymptotic properties for the proposed test statistic. To determine the critical value of the test, a consistent model-based bootstrap method is suggested. We conduct simulation studies to evaluate the numerical performance of the proposed method and compare it with existing methods. We also analyze a real data set from a breast cancer study for an illustration.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2011CB302106)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 30770285, 51175249, 61175105 and 51105201)the Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. BK2009376)
文摘The study of the adhesion of millions of setae on the toes of geckos has been advanced in recent years with the emergence of new technology and measurement methods. The theory of the mechanism of adhesion by van der Waals forces is now accepted and broadly understood. However, this paper presents limitations of this theory and gives a new hypothesis of the biomechanism of gecko adhesion. The findings are obtained through measurements of the magnitude of the adhesion of setae under three different conditions, to show the close relationship between adhesion and status of the setae. They are reinforced by demonstrating two setal structures, follicle cells and hair, the former making the setae capable of producing bioelectrical charges, which play an important role in attachment and detachment processes. It is shown that the abundant muscular tissues at the base of the setae cells, which are controlled by peripheral nerves, are instrumental in producing the foot movement involved in attachment and detachment. Our study will further uncover the adhesion mechanism of geckos, and provide new ideas for designing and fabricating synthetic setae.
