指向数学核心素养培养的测量估算教学设计

测量估算能力的提升有助于学生量感和数感的培养、思维的拓展以及问题解决能力的提高,是落实核心素养培养的重要体现。在测量估算教学中,教师要注意引导学生建立单位量的清晰表象,基于生活实际创设合适的问题情境,在情境中探究有效的测量估算策略,测量估算活动后要引导学生及时反思,逐步提升其测量估算能力。

碘-125籽源组织间照射患者和周围人员受照剂量的测量和估算

目的 测量碘 -12 5籽源植入人体模型后患者和周围人员的受照剂量。方法 模拟前列腺癌治疗 ,用FD310 1γ剂量仪测量体表、离体表 30cm和 10 0cm处的外照射剂量率 ,用LiFTLD探测器测量体模内各主要器官的剂量当量。结果 患者体表剂量与各主要器官剂量当量都较低。结论 碘 -12 5籽源组织间放射治疗对患者和周围人员都是一种较安全的肿瘤治疗方法。

矢量控制系统中异步电动机参数的估算和测量

异步电动机矢量控制系统需要电动机电阻和电感参数。介绍了在调试时,面对1台电机如何估算和测量这些参数,方法有:用电动机铭牌或样本数据估算参数,通过空载和短路实验测取参数,利用变频器测取参数及在运行中修正参数。这些方法也是设计调速系统中自调试功能的基础。

再析一等标准水银温度计测量不确定度估算

本文运用JJF10 5 9-1999测量不确定度评定与表示对一等标准水银温度计检定不确定度各影响量进行分析 。

测量不确定度估算在职业卫生检测中的应用

不确定分析法计算圈闭资源量可为项目潜力评估快速提供参考,较确定性算法更为客观,认识更为全面.较建模法,对原始性数据依赖性相对较小,更易实现,是勘探类新项目评价的有效手段.鉴于此,本文主要分析测量不确定度估算在职业卫生检测中的应用.

CMOS数字IC管脚电容的估算与测量

针对CMOS数字IC管脚电容的测试问题,从标准规定、规范规定的角度进行了分析;利用最小阻抗通路法对管脚电容在各种偏置情况下的量值进行了估算;并结合LCR测量仪的测试原理,解释了与CMOS数字IC端电容测试相关的疑问,得出了电容只需简单测试即可的结论。

儿童估算发展研究综述

国内外关于儿童估算的研究主要集中于估算的分类、估算的心理表征与理论模型、估算的策略与能力发展、估算教学等方面,这些研究成果对我们今后的相关研究和儿童数学教育有重要的借鉴价值。

医学多因素分析设计样本例数估算——多因素分析设计样本例数综合估算法

为使医学多因素分析样本例数适宜、统计分析结论客观,文中介绍新提出的多因素分析设计样本例数综合估算法,同时宣示广义多因素分析设计样本例数估算、回归分析设计样本例数两步估计、两组重复测量研究设计样本例数估算、制定多指标医学参考值范围样本例数估算、其余多因素分析时样本例数估算.

数学建模在生活中的应用

数学建模就是学习如何把物理的复杂的世界用适当的数学语言描述出来,进而用数学的手段对模型加以分析,然后再用所得结论回归现实,指导实践。数学建模是联系实际与理论的桥梁,是应用数学知识解决实际问题的必经环节。将初等数学知识与生活中的实际问题相结合,介绍了几种常见类型的数学建模方法。

广播电视无线覆盖区域地理化综合信息处理软件的开发与应用

本文针对现状,提出构建和实现软件化的结合地理信息的广播电视无线覆盖地理化信息平台,阐述了软件从规划设计、编制架构到最终应用的整体情况,平台在此领域内有创新性,功能强、通用性好,为广播电视无线覆盖提供了实用的工具。

Influence of age in estimating maximal oxygen uptake

Objective To assess the influence of age on the error of estimate （EE） of maximal oxygen uptake （VO2max） using sex and population specific-equations in cycle ergometer exercise testing, since estimated VO2 max is associated with a substantial EE, often exceeding 20%, possibly due to intrinsic variability of mechanical efficiency. Methods 1850 adults （68% men）, aged 18 to 91 years, underwent maximal cycle ergometer cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Cardiorespiratory fitness （CRF） was assessed relative to sex and age [younger （18 to 35 years）, middle-aged （36 to 60 years） and older （〉 60 years）]. VO2max [mL.（kg.min）-1] was directly measured by assessment of gas exchange and estimated using sex and population specific-equations. Measured and estimated values of VO2max and related EE were compared among the three age- and sex-specific groups. Results Directly measured VO2max of men and women were 29.5 ± 10.5 mL.（kg.min）-1 and 24.2 ± 9.0 mL.（kg·min） -1 （P 〈 0.01）. EE [mL·（kg·min）-1] and percent errors （%E） for men and women had similar values, 0.5 ± 3.2 and 0.4 ± 2.9 mL·（kg·min）-1, and -0.8 ± 13.1% and -1.7 ± 15.4% （P 〉 0.05）, respectively. EE and %E for each age-group were, respectively, for men： younger = 1.9 ± 4.1 mL·（kg·min）-1 and 3.8 ± 10.5%, middle-aged = 0.6 ± 3.1 mL.（kg·min）-1 and 0.4 ± 10.3%, older = -0.2 ± 2.7 mL·（kg·min） -1 and -4.2 ± 16.6% （P 〈 0.01）; and for women： younger = 1.2 ± 3.1 mL.（kg.min）-1 and 2.7 ±10.0%, middle-aged = 0.7 ± 2.8 mL·（kg·min）-1 and 0.5 ± 11.1%, older = -0.8 ± 2.3 mL-（kg·min）-1 and -9.5 ± 22.4% （P 〈 0.01）. Conclusion VO2max were underestimated in younger age-groups and were overestimated in older age groups. Age significantly influences the magnitude of the EE of VO2max in both men and women and should be considered when CRF is estimated using population specific equations, rather than directly measured.

Application of Log Kriging on Estimated Reserves of the 10-9 Ore Body of Lutangba in the Gejiu Tin Deposits

The approaches adopted so far in China to calculate reserves of ore deposits have largely been dependent on polygonal methods, including a cross-section method and a geological block method. However, for various reasons, especially, the complexity of the geology, and the ore bodies, the deposits became gradually known as development and exploitation took place. There is a certain difference between the prospecting and mining, which will have a great impact on both geological and cutoff grade at the stage of geological mine construction and production. As much accurate information as possible on the spatial distribution patterns of ore bodies and global reserves is essential to improve the production efficiency and reduce production cost. The 10-9 ore body of Lutangba in the Gejiu Tin Deposits was selected as our research object, using a log Kriging and an inverse distance weighing method. In our paper the results are compared with the reserves calculated by the polygonal block method. The global estimate and estimation errors associated with each estimation method are discussed.

Residual life estimation based on bivariate Wiener degradation process with measurement errors

An adaptive method of residual life estimation for deteriorated products with two performance characteristics (PCs) was proposed, which was sharply different from existing work that only utilized one-dimensional degradation data. Once new degradation information was available, the residual life of the product being monitored could be estimated in an adaptive manner. Here, it was assumed that the degradation of each PC over time was governed by a Wiener degradation process and the dependency between them was characterized by the Frank copula function. A bivariate Wiener process model with measurement errors was used to model the degradation measurements. A two-stage method and the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method were combined to estimate the unknown parameters in sequence. Results from a numerical example about fatigue cracks show that the proposed method is valid as the relative error is small.

Estimation of correction coefficients for measured coal bed methane contents

Improving the accuracy and precision of coal bed methane(CBM) estimates requires correction of older data from older coal exploration surveys to newer standards.Three methods,the depth gradient method,the contour aerial weight method,and the well-point aerial weight method,were used to estimate the correction coefficient required to predict CBM gas content from coal exploration data.The data from the Nos.3 and 15 coal seams provided the coal exploration data while the CBM exploration stages within the X1 well block located in the southern part of the Qinshui Basin provided the data obtained using newer standards.The results show the correction coefficients obtained from the two aerial weight methods are similar in value but lower than the one obtained from the depth gradient method.The three methods provide similar results for the Nos.3 and 15 seams in that the correction factor is lower for the former seam.The results from the depth gradient method taken together with the coal seam burial depth and the coal rank suggest that variations in the correction factor increase linearly along with coal seam burial depth and coal rank.The correlation obtained can be applied to exploration and the evaluation of coal bed gas resources located in coalfields.

Probabilistic Teleportation of an Arbitrary Unknown Two-Qubit State via Positive Operator-Valued Measure and Two Non-maximally Entangled States

We present a scheme for probabilistically teleporting an arbitrary unknown two-qubit state through a quantum channel made up of two nonidentical non-maximally entangled states. In this scheme, the probabilistic teleportation is realized by using a proper positive operator-valued measure instead of usual projective measurement.

Measuring Effectiveness of COCOMO I and COCOMO II Using a Case Study

There are several software estimation models such as Line of Code, Function Point and COnstructive COst MOdel （COCOMO）. The original COCOMO model is one of the most widely practiced and popular among the software development community because of its flexible usage. It is a suite of models i.e., COnstructive Cost MOdel I and COnstructive Cost MOdel II. in this paper, we are evaluating the both models, to find out the level of efficiency they present and how they can be tailored to the needs of modem software development projects. We are applying COCOMO models on a case study of an e-commerce application that is built using Hyper Text Markup Language （HTML） and JavaScript. We will also shed light on the different components of each model, and how their Cost Drivers effect on the accuracy of cost estimations for software development projects.

An Empirical Model for Estimating the Zonal Mean Aerosol Extinction Profiles from SAGE II Measurements

This paper presents an empirical model for estimating the zonal mean aerosol extinction profiles in the stratosphere over 10°-wide latitude bands between 60°S and 60°N, on the basis of Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment(SAGE) II aerosol extinction measurements at 1.02, 0.525, and 0.452 μm during the volcanically quiescent period between 1998–2004. First, an empirical model is developed for calculating the stratospheric aerosol extinction profiles at 1.02 μm. Then, starting from the 1.02 μm extinction profile and an exponential spectral dependence, an empirical algorithm is developed that allows the aerosol extinction profiles at other wavelengths to be calculated. Comparisons of the model-calculated aerosol extinction profiles at the wavelengths of 1.02, 0.525, and 0.452 μm and the SAGE II measurements show that the model-calculated aerosol extinction coefficients conform well with the SAGE II values, with the relative differences generally being within 15% from 2 km above the tropopause to 40 km. The model-calculated stratospheric aerosol optical depths at the three wavelengths are also in good agreement with the corresponding optical depths derived from the SAGE II measurements, with the relative differences being within 0.9% for all latitude bands. This paper provides a useful tool in simulating zonal mean aerosol extinction profiles, which can be used as representative background stratospheric aerosols in view of atmospheric modeling and remote sensing retrievals.

Nonlinear least square estimation using difference quotient instead of derivative containing different classes of measurements

Using difference quotient instead of derivative, the paper presents the solution method and procedure of the nonlinear least square estimation containing different classes of measurements. In the meantime, the paper shows several practical cases, which indicate the method is very valid and reliable.

Estimating emissions of HCFC-22 and CFC-11 in China by atmospheric observations and inverse modeling

This paper presents the estimation of Chinese emissions of HCFC-22 and CFC-11 in 2009 by an inverse modeling method based on in-situ measurement data from the Shangdianzi Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Regional Station (SDZ) and atmospheric transport simulations. After inversion (a-posteriori) estimates of the Chinese emissions in 2009 increased by 6.6% for HCFC-22 from 91.7 (± 83.6) to 98.3 (± 47.4) kt/yr and by 22.5% for CFC-11 from 13 (±12.6) to 15.8 (±7.2) kt/yr compared to an a-priori emission. While the model simulation with a-priori emissions already captured the main features of the observed variability at the measurement site, the model performance (in terms of correlation and mean-square-error) improved using a-posteriori emissions. The inversion reduced the root-mean-square (RMS) error by 4% and 10% for HCFC-22 and CFC-11, respectively.

FIR Systems Identification Under Quantized Output Observations and a Large Class of Persistently Exciting Quantized Inputs

This paper investigates the FIR systems identification with quantized output observations and a large class of quantized inputs. The limit inferior of the regressors' frequencies of occurrences is employed to characterize the input's persistent excitation, under which the strong convergence and the convergence rate of the two-step estimation algorithm are given. As for the asymptotical efficiency,with a suitable selection of the weighting matrix in the algorithm, even though the limit of the product of the Cram′er-Rao(CR) lower bound and the data length does not exist as the data length goes to infinity, the estimates still can be asymptotically efficient in the sense of CR lower bound. A numerical example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness and the asymptotic efficiency of the algorithm.