经济法的特殊价值在构建社会主义和谐社会中的凸显

经济法具有兼顾公平、促进效率的特殊价值,随着我国社会主义市场经济的快速发展并融入世界,宏观调控不断加强,经济法特殊价值的法律运作在构建社会主义和谐社会中的地位、作用日益彰显。

Four Decades of China's Income Distribution Reform

Income gaps in China kept widening over the past four decades of economic transition. First, this paper describes the change in income gaps before and after reform and opening-up in 1978 and found that income gaps had been expanding between urban and rural areas, within cities and within the countryside. However, this did not lead to income polarization since low-income groups only had a slower income growth compared with highincome groups. The number of poor people continuously reduced thanks to rapid economic growth. Over the past decade, the widening of income gaps has been initially curbed. Accordingly, we explained the impact of economic transition on income distribution from the perspectives of market-based distribution, ownership structure, opening-up and internal income distribution. Lastly, this paper provides an in-depth analysis on urban-rural income gaps, excessive compensation in monopolistic sectors and income inequalities arising from corruption. To address these problems, it is important to enhance tax regulation, increase transfer payments to poor people, improve social security, equalize public services, enhance poverty relief and develop a fairer income distribution system.

Educational Inequality： An Impediment to True Democracy in the United States

Many people believe that democracy is something that can lead everyone toward a better nation and a free and fair society. In 1954, Brown v. Board of Education fundamentally changed the education system in the United States and was a turning point in the evolution of U,S. democracy that made the beautiful American dream available for each individual. However, six decades later, the debate over educational inequality continues. People are still fighting for their equality and well-being. Along with dramatically influential political, economic, and social factors in the United States, educational inequality destroys the commitment of this democratic nation to offer equal opportunity, care, and social justice to younger members of the community. This paper discusses the current problem of educational inequality as it relates to racial and socioeconomic discrimination in urban schools. The aim of this study is to explore knowledge of inequality in the U.S. school system and to raise social and educational awareness to help American children to have equal chances in education and to achieve future success.

Moscow and Moscow Region： Ecological Focus for Sustainable Development

This paper presents some results of sustainable urban-planning development in Moscow Capital Region. Moscow City and Moscow Region （Moscow Oblast） are the parts of the Moscow Capital Region. According to the Constitution of Russia, adopted in December 1993, Moscow Region and Moscow City are two independent federal subjects of Russian Federation. The sustainable development of Moscow City and Moscow Region as an integrated regional economic and natural complex which plays the most important part in Russia＇s economy must be based on the integrated solution to the problems of environmental protection, social equity, and economic feasibility. The latest initiative of Russian Government concerns the creation of the Greater Moscow within the new borders of Moscow. Making the decision on the extension of the city limits and stimulation of the Moscow Agglomeration development provides the real way of resolution of the accumulated problems and provides enormous impetus to the sustainable development. The key task of the environmentally sound development of the Greater Moscow is to relieve the historical center of Moscow City; maintain the rational balance of built-up areas, natural and rural landscapes; ensure joint control of the urban development and economic activity; and create the favorable environment for the population.

Analysis of economic law on the establishment of redistribution in a fair society

The relationship between social justice and economic law is existed. Economic law is a general term of legal nomas to adjust social relations occurred in the course of state regulation of the economy, so that to protect state regulation, and promote social and economic coordination, stability and development. From the view of the generation of the law, economic law is generated after the emergence of the socialization of production and monopoly to protect the public interest. Economic law is bound to reflect social justice in the redistribution process of interests. Legislative intent of economic law to maintain a fair society is reflected through the redistribution process of the interests. Redistribution of the economic law is an important means to achieve social justice.

Communalism as a Theory of Justice and the Human Person in African Culture

Discussions about justice in cross-cultural context give rise to assorted theories. In this paper, issues surrounding communalism as a theory of justice in African culture will be examined with a view to show that its principles of care and fellow feeling could be worked out to address the problem of alienation from society characterizing some members of the contemporary African society. Recognition of the social dynamics of human society and relationships is of essence to communalism. As a theory of justice and a world view, communalism describes the human being as ＂being with others＂ and what that should be. The expression, ＂I am because we are, and because we are, I am＂ is the driving force of the communalistic society. Such a society is characterized by care, love, belongingness, solidarity, and interconnectedness. The aim of this paper is to highlight the manifestations of the idea of justice in communalism using leadership or governance, consensus in decision making, moral rules, punishment for wrong doing, and the equitable distribution of resources. It also aims to show that the communalist idea of justice is integrationist in outlook being constitutive of political and socio-economic elements, which the individual enjoys in practical terms as opposed to the paper rights, which citizens in much of the contemporary societies enjoy. The paper notes that drastic changes have occurred in the socio-economic relations within African societies as a consequence of acculturation subsequent to European colonization and these have had far reaching consequences.

Factors affecting profitability of multi-finance company in Indonesia

The aim of this study is to examine the profitabilily of multi-finance companies. This study uses macroeconomic determinants and fundamental variables as factors that affected profitability. The samples of the study was multifinance company in Indonesia over period 2005-2007. The study uses an unbalanced panel data as a methodology. The result suggests that, the ownership of financial assets doesn＇t significantly affect multi-finance performances. This result indicates that multi-finance face difficult situation to generate profit from the credit given. And the result also suggests that all macroeconomic determinants affect multi-finance profitability, with more concern on inflation that have negative significant.

Research of tax system under fair tax perspective

As a whole society increasingly widespread concern in livelihood issues, at the growing disparity in income gap today, how to achieve a fair distribution of income, build a harnaonious society and realize common prosperity has become a major problem in China＇s economic reform, which needs to be solved. Taxation as an important means of macroeconomic control the government, has a unique role to adjust income distribution and narrow the income gap. Taxation can not be replaced by other policies, the development of which has been confirmed by the practice in developed market economies of Western countries. In order to improve the distribution of income inequality in our country, we need to regulate the initial distribution and redistribution. Therefore, limiting public power, strengthening monopoly regulation and standardizing the labor market are the key, while the macro-control means, such as taxes, transfer payments and social security should be widely adopted. Practice during our transition period shows that adjusting personal income distribution through the tax system is an important part of the government＇s public policy, but also an objective requirement of building a socialist harmonious society.

School Socioeconomic Segregation and Educational Expectations of Students in China＇s Junior High Schools

China＇s educational enterprise has achieved great successes since reform and opening up in 1978, but the constraints imposed by a number of factors mean that the problem of unequal distribution of high quality educational resources among groups from different strata is becoming increasingly noticeable at the basic education stage, leading to socioeconomic segregation in schools. We utilize baseline data from the China Education Panel Survey for 2013-2014 to investigate this phenomenon in junior high schools and its influence upon students＇ educational expectations. Our findings show that marked segregation currently exists at the junior high school level. The extent of the segregation varies from region to region and place to place （urban or rural）, and school socioeconomic composition （SEC） exerts a significant influence upon students＇ educational expectations. The higher the school＇s average SEC or the greater its heterogeneity, the higher the educational expectations of its students. The effect of school SEC upon the educational expectations of students varies depending on the characteristics of different student groups; students who have lower cognitive abilities and fall behind at school are more likely to benefit from an increase in school socioeconomic status （SES） and heterogeneity. Because educational expectationsare a decisive factor in academic achievement and educational attainment, the influence of school socioeconomic segregation upon educational equity should not be overlooked. Lessening the degree of school socioeconomic segregation and encouraging integrated schools would be an effective measure for ensuring educational equity in China.