通榆河浮藻制沼气试验研究

采用自制的1000mL厌氧发酵罐研究了经脱水的通榆河浮藻在室温下发酵50d过程中产沼气量及其发酵物相关特性。结果表明,接种物与浮藻体积比为1∶2,TS产沼气潜力为365.44mL/g,VS的产沼气潜力为372.13mL/g,沼气中甲烷平均含量为61.84%,产气情况最佳。试验可以证明,通榆河浮藻可以用来发酵制取沼气。

中国水华蓝藻的新记录属--拟浮丝藻属(Planktothricoides)

在近年来对水华蓝藻的调查中,确定了我国一水华蓝藻新记录属——拟浮丝藻属Planktothricoides(WoIoszyńska) Suda et Watanabe 2002。文中对该属及该属一个新记录种的主要形态学特征进行了描述,并对其相近属浮丝藻属Planktothrix进行了形态学比较研究。

我国水华蓝藻的新类群--阿氏浮丝藻(Planktothrix agardhii)生理特性

阿氏浮丝藻(Planktothrixagardhii)是水华蓝藻的重要类群,实验对我国不同省份分离到的5株阿氏浮丝藻生长速率、色素组成、光合活性参数进行了测定.结果表明分离于广州的HAB1128叶绿素a(Chl.a)含量较低,藻蓝蛋白(C-PC)比例和含量较高.电子传递速率(ETR)测定结果表明,HAB1128的ETR曲线较高,最大ETRmax值也显著高于其余4株,高效的光能电子传递链弥补了光合色素Chl.a的不足,以致HAB1128保持了中性的生长速率.分离于武汉东湖的HAB631则与之正好相反,较高的Chl.a受限于光能电子传递链的薄弱,生长速率表现较低.分离于北京、上海、昆明的3株藻株在各项生理指标上无显著差异.

蓝藻水华新种——螺旋浮丝藻(Planktothrix spiroides)的生理特征研究

螺旋浮丝藻(Planktothrix spiroides)是一类新发现的浮丝藻(Planktothrix)种类,常常与淡水节旋藻(Arthrospira)相混淆,同时螺旋浮丝藻也是常见的水华优势种类之一.本研究对分离自北方新乡市区的螺旋浮丝藻进行了鉴定并对其生理特征进行了描述.通过对其脂肪酸组成的研究,发此藻株含有C18∶3α,相对含量为18.22,而不含有C18∶3γ.对不同温度下(5℃、15℃、25℃、30℃)该藻株的生长速率、藻蓝蛋白(C-PC)比例及叶绿素光诱导荧光动力学曲线研究发现,此藻株耐低温性能较差,5℃时生长不良,其他温度下未表现出受胁迫特征.

成都犀池拟浮丝藻水华成因探析

拟浮丝藻是我国水华蓝藻的一个新记录属，我国对此类水华缺乏研究，成都也未曾有此类报道。2008年7—8月，在原成都世界乐园犀池内首次暴发了大规模拟浮丝藻水华。为了解犀池拟浮丝藻水华的成因，对犀池2007—2008年监测资料进行了分析，研究表明：犀池富营养化正以每年平均8．1％的速率不断加剧，大规模发生拟浮丝藻水华的营养指数临界值为85，水温为．25℃-30℃，pH=8．2—8．8，较小的氮磷比值（TN：TP=10）有利于拟浮丝藻水华生长。

浮丝藻生活史及其亚显微结构特征的研究

通过观察浮丝藻（Ｐｌａｎｋｔｏｎｅｍａ）的生活史、显微和亚显微结构、细胞分裂方式，系统地研究了其藻丝体的生物学特性。浮丝藻为单列细胞不分枝的丝状体，细胞圆柱形或椭圆形，细胞之间主要靠筒状的纤维素细胞壁相互连接。藻细胞中含叶绿素ａ、ｂ和β－胡萝卜素。电镜下，细胞壁明显分层，绝大多数是２～３层；色素体片状、周生，通常２至多条类囊体重叠；１～２个蛋白核在色素体体上，蛋白核外常有淀粉鞘，有时１至多条类囊体重叠；１～２个蛋白核在色素体上，蛋白核外常有淀粉鞘，有时１至多条类囊体侵入蛋白核内；１～２个线粒体位于色素体旁，嵴不分枝；高尔基复合体靠近细胞周边，分泌许多潴泡；细胞核１个，球形或不规则方形，常靠近细胞的一端；光镜下细胞两端的折光亮点在电镜下是１至多个泡囊，泡囊内通常含些被染色很深的物质。浮丝藻的形态学、细胞分裂和生活史观察结果都证明，浮丝藻的细胞在整个生活史中没有营养分裂，细胞分裂时母细胞产生两个有独立、完整细胞壁的似亲孢子，一系列似亲孢子通过存留的、不连续的筒状或杯状母细胞壁连接成形状上象丝状体的结构。因此，藻丝体形成和成长的过程是一个无性繁殖过程，这样的藻丝体本质上是一种假丝体。

阿氏浮丝藻mcyT基因序列多样性研究

为研究我国浮丝藻(Planktothrix Anagnostidis et Komárek)的毒素相关基因,选取分离自我国不同省份水体的13株阿氏浮丝藻,通过PCR检测其微囊藻毒素合成酶基因mcyA、mcyE及mcyT研究其毒素基因特性。PCR结果表明除mcyT之外其他引物检测均无扩增产物,说明这13株浮丝藻不具备产微囊藻毒素的能力。通过克隆测序得到mcyT序列,并进行分子系统分析,构建了关于mcyT序列的Neighbor-Joining系统树,结果表明mcyT序列可以将产毒与不产毒浮丝藻分为两大独立的分支,两个分支之间的最低序列相似度分别为98.5%和99.1%。研究结果可为后续研究我国浮丝藻的微囊藻毒素合成相关基因的多样性以及分子监测提供参考。

环境因素对淡水浮丝藻生长及产生嗅味的影响

研究温度、营养盐浓度以及光照强度对淡水浮丝藻(Planktothrix sp.)及其代谢产物二-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)的影响,为控制丝状蓝藻生长及预警水体嗅味物质污染提供实践依据。浮丝藻由中国科学院水生生物研究所淡水藻种库分离于安徽巢湖;设置的实验温度为15、20、25、30℃,BG-11营养盐溶液体积分数为20%、30%、50%、100%,光照为1000、2000、3000、4000 lx。结果表明,温度对浮丝藻生长密度、总2-MIB生成量及胞外2-MIB分泌量影响最显著,25℃是浮丝藻最适宜生长温度,最高细胞密度可达6.04×10^(5)个/mL,30℃是其最适宜的产2-MIB温度,总2-MIB生成量和胞外2-MIB分泌量均最高,分别为3.64×10^(3) ng/L和2.78×10^(3) ng/L;其次为营养盐浓度,增大BG-11营养盐浓度,浮丝藻生长密度和总2-MIB生成量会随之增加,低浓度营养盐时胞外2-MIB分泌量所占比例较高,表明低浓度营养盐更有利于浮丝藻进行胞外2-MIB分泌;光照对浮丝藻生长及产嗅味物质影响较小,强光照可促进2-MIB胞外释放,4000 lx时其胞外2-MIB分泌量达最高。小型饮用水供水湖库通过调节湖库蓄水量改变水温、引入水质较好的蓄水水源降低水库富营养程度,可避免蓝藻水华和嗅味物质污染事件的发生。

太湖贡湖湾2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)时空变化特征及影响因子

湖泊水体丝状蓝藻的大量出现会产生嗅味代谢物,引发由2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)主导的嗅味问题,威胁饮用水安全。太湖贡湖湾是苏州市、无锡市的重要饮用水源地,近年由2-MIB引起的水体嗅味问题时有出现,但相关研究鲜有报道。为掌握贡湖湾2-MIB时空变化特征及影响因子,研究分别于2022年3—12月和高温期间(7月29日—8月29日)开展逐月及高频调查。逐月调查结果显示,贡湖湾2-MIB浓度变化季节性差异显著,夏季浓度最高,可达124.3 ng/L。贡湖湾各点2-MIB的空间分布无明显差异。高频调查结果发现,高温期间贡湖湾入湖口附近水域2-MIB浓度变化剧烈,最高值可达1385 ng/L,超其嗅阈值(10 ng/L)近140倍。本文研究借助人工镜检及功能基因高通量测序技术,首次揭示拟浮丝藻是高温时段贡湖湾2-MIB的主要来源。主成分分析及相关性分析结果表明,水温、月均太阳辐射、总磷和叶绿素a是影响贡湖湾2-MIB逐月变化的关键环境因子。高温时段贡湖湾拟浮丝藻的时空变化主要受水温、日均太阳辐射、风力、硝态氮和溶解性总磷及微囊藻多个环境因子共同影响。

基于VB-FAH指数的黄海绿潮遥感监测及对比研究

目前绿潮遥感监测手段大多基于单一遥感数据,局限性很大,为了弥补监测中空间分辨率和时间分辨率低的问题,基于多源遥感数据,结合虚拟基线高度浮藻指数VB-FAH(virtual-baseline floating macro Algae height)和人工辅助判读方法,对2015—2016年黄海发生的绿潮(大型绿藻——浒苔(Ulva prolifera))进行了动态监测,并利用两景同步影像比较了高分一号卫星WFV(GF-1 WFV)数据和资源一号04星WFI(CBERS-04 WFI)数据的监测结果,同时也对卫星影像监测和船载监测结果进行了比较。结果表明:CBERS-04 WFI数据的监测结果与GF-1 WFV数据相比产生了15.3%~37.32%的相对偏差,主要原因是空间分辨率的差异导致的混合像元效应。对卫星影像监测结果与船测数据进行叠加对比,可以发现在Ⅲ级以上的绿潮数量级中卫星影像的监测精度较高。绿潮暴发的过程持续100 d左右,4月底—5月初绿潮开始在苏北浅滩浊水区出现,随着外界因素逐渐达到适宜生长的条件,绿潮不断生长直至暴发,并随黄海表层流向北漂移,直至山东半岛南部沿岸,7月份和8月份是绿潮的消亡阶段,8月中旬绿潮基本消亡。本研究成果提高了监测精度,可为绿潮的防控提供有效的信息支持。

Distribution characteristic and variation trend of planktonic dinoflagellate in the Taiwan Strait from 2006 to 2007

Based on 4 cruise surveys from July 2006 to October 2007 in the Taiwan Strait, the species composition, community structure and spatio-temporal distribution of dinoflagellate were studied. A total of 131 dinoflagellates belonging to 18 genera were identified. The population was dominated by hyperthermal and hyperhaline species accounting for 72.52% of the total species. Eurythermal and euryhaline species were the second most common one accounting for 25.19% of the total species. It was only 2.29% for neritic species. The maximum species number occurred in summer, while the maximum cell density appeared in spring. The average dinoflagellate cell density was 404.96x104 cells/m3. It showed that the dinof]agellate cell density increased from the nearshore waters to the open sea and from the north to the south. Compared with the results during 1984-1985, the horizontal distribution pattern and seaeonal variation of the dinofiagellate have not changed significantly, but the dinoflagellate cell density increased by 3.01 times. Further analysis of the dinoflagellate abundance variations both in the spatial and temporal aspects, indicated that the abundance of dinoflagellate increased more significantly in cold seasons, and there was a larger increase in the north of the Taiwan Strait. Besides, the dinoflagellate community structure changed notably. It showed that the diversity and evenness index were relatively high, and the proportion of dinoflageliate cell density to the total phytoplankton increased.

Inorganic Carbon Utilization in Some Marine Phytoplankton Species

In order to learn the ways and possible utilization mechanisms of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in marine phytoplankton species under carbon-replete or -limited conditions, the activity of extracellular carbonic anhydrase (CA) was assayed in different pH, CO 2 and DIC concentrations. Extracellular CA in Amphidinium carterae and Prorocentrum minimum was detected under carbon-replete conditions, while in Melosira sp., Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira rotula, Emiliania huxleyi and Pleurochrysis carterae, CA activity was assayed under conditions of carbon limitation. No CA activity was found even under carbon-limited conditions in Chaetoceros compressus, Glenodinium foliaceum, Coccolithus pelagicus, Gephrocapsa oceanica and Heterosigma akashiwo. In species without extracellular CA activity, the direct HCO - 3 uptake was investigated using a pH drift technique and the anion exchange inhibitor 4′4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2-disulfonic acid (DIDS) in a closed system. The result showed that direct HCO - 3 transport might occur by an anion exchange mechanism in species Coc. pelagicus and G. oceanica. Of the 13 species investigated, only H. akashiwo did not have the potential for direct uptake or extracellular CA-catalyzed HCO - 3 utilization.

Responses of Picoplankton to Nutrient Perturbation in the South China Sea, with Special Reference to the Coast-wards Distribution of Prochlorococcus

Responses of Prochlorococcus (Pro), Synechococcus (Syn), pico-eukaryotes (Euk) and heterotrophic bacteria (Bact) in pelagic marine ecosystems to external nutrient perturbations were examined using nitrogen- (N), phosphorus- (P), iron- (Fe), and cobalt- (Co) enriched incubations in the South China Sea in November 1997. Variations in abundance of the 4 groups of microorganism and cellular pigment content of the autotrophs during incubation were followed by flow-cytometric measurements for seven days. During the incubation, Syn and Euk showed a relatively higher demand on Fe and N, while Pro required higher levels of Co and P. The Fe was inadequate for all the organisms in the deep euphotic zone (75 m) of the study area. The experimental results also implied that biological interaction among the organisms played a role in the community structure shift during the incubation. It seemed that besides the effects of temperature, there are some other physical and chemical limitations as well as impacts from biological interactions on Pro distribution in coast waters.

上海市河道水体拟浮丝藻生物量与环境因子的回归分析

拟浮丝藻是一类常见的水华蓝藻,为探究城市河道生境中该类蓝藻与环境因子的关系,本研究采用广义加性模型(GAM)回归分析法对2013—2016年夏季上海地区36条河道的野外调查数据进行了分析。结果表明:夏季拟浮丝藻生物量与水温(25~35℃)和pH(6.5~9.5)二者呈显著正相关,而与氮、磷浓度相关性不显著(P>0.05);上海市河道水体中营养盐(总氮浓度平均为2.62 mg·L-1,总磷浓度平均为0.46 mg·L-1)不是拟浮丝藻生长的限制性因素;另外,拟浮丝藻生物量与轮虫、原生动物和小型枝角类生物量总体呈显著正相关,而与桡足类的生物量呈负相关;这可能与食物资源(小型可食性藻类的增加)以及不同类型的浮游动物对于丝状蓝藻的耐受性差异有关。

Dynamics of Dimethylsulfide and Dimethylsulfoniopropionate Produced by Phytoplankton in the Chinese Seas - Distribution Patterns and Affecting Factors

Distribution of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and/or particulate dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSPp) concentrations in the Jiaozhou Bay, Zhifu Bay and East China Sea were investigated during the period of 1994 - 1998. Both DMS and DMSPp levels showed remarkable temporal and spatial variations. High values occurred in the coastal or shelf waters and low values in the offshore waters. The highest levels were observed in spring or summer and lowest in autumn. DMS or DMSPp distribution patterns were associated with water mass on a large geographical scale, while biological and chemical factors were more likely influential on smaller-scale variations. Diatoms could play an important role in total DMS or DMSPp abundance in coastal waters. Nitrate was found to have a two-phase relationship with DMSPp concentrations: positive when nitrate concentration was lower than 1 mumol/L, and negative when it was above. Anthropogenic factors such as sewage input and aquaculture also showed influences on DMS or DMSPp concentration.

壳聚糖/浮石浮上式复合除藻材料的制备及其除藻性能和除藻机制

鉴于江河湖库有害藻华现象频发,目前较多使用的是高效絮凝剂与天然粘土矿物联合除藻,但存在着用量大、淤泥多、使底泥增厚、沉下去的藻类仍会伺机爆发等缺点,无法达到令人满意的除藻效果。本文使用轻质漂浮矿物浮石作为载体,制备一种不产生底泥的壳聚糖/浮石浮上式复合除藻材料,以铜绿微囊藻为受试对象,研究了物料配比、投加量、藻悬液p H、反应时间等因素对其絮凝除藻性能的影响,对复合除藻材料的表面形貌及成分进行了SEM和XRF表征,并通过Zeta电位方法探讨了该材料的除藻机制。结果表明:其最佳制备和使用条件为:壳聚糖/浮石配比为10∶1,当藻悬液pH为7,100 mL藻悬液中投加复合除藻材料6 g,反应时间180 min时,复合材料对浊度(NTU)去除率最高为94%,对叶绿素Chlorophyll a(Chla)的去除率可达98%;其性能优良的原因在于,该材料的表面凹凸不平,表面积大,且其Zeta电位为正值,极易与带负电的藻发生吸附絮凝和电荷中和,使藻细胞不断聚集形成大絮体,表现出良好的除藻效果。

Laboratory study on the ecological impact of sophorolipid used for harmful algae elimination

We studied the role of sophorolipid in inhibiting harmful algae bloom （HAB）. Different sophorolipid concentrations were tested on marine microalgae, zooplankton, fish, and bivalve （Mytilus edulis） in laboratory. The result shows that sophorolipid could inhibit the growth of algal species selectively. Among three algae species selected, Platymonas helgolandica var. tsingtaoensis was promoted with increasing sophorolipid concentration; Isochrysis galbana was inhibited seven days later in sophorolipid concentration below 40 mg/L; and Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima was inhibited obviously in only a high sophorolipid concentration over 20 mg/L. Therefore, sophorolipid in a low concentration at 〈20 mg/L could remove certain harmful algae species effectivelywithout harming other non-harmful microalgae. For other animals, sophorolipid could inhibit the growth of ciliate Strombidium sp. by 50% at 20 mg/L sophorolipid concentration after 96 h. The concentration in 96-h LC50 for Calanus sinicus, Neomysis awatschensis, Lateolabrax japonicus, and Paralichthys olivaceus was 15, 150, 60, and 110 mg/L, respectively. The 24 h LC50 value for Arternia salina was 600 mg/L. The relative clearance rate of mussel Mytilus edulis decreased to 80%, 40%, and 20% of the control group after being exposed to 20, 50, and 100 mg/L sophorolipid for 24 h. Therefore, the toxicity for mitigation of harmful algae bloom at previously recommended concentration of 5-20 mg/L sophorolipid is low for most tested organisms in this reaserch.

The Impact of Atmospheric Deposition of Cadmium on Dominant Algal Species in the East China Sea

Cadmium(Cd) mainly derived from anthropogenic emissions can be transported through atmospheric pathway to marine ecosystem,affecting the phytoplankton community and primary productivity.In this study,we identified the toxicity threshold of Cd for phytoplankton under seawater conditions of the coastal East China Sea(ECS) through both laboratory and in situ mesocosm incubation experiments.The mesocosm experiment showed that Cd in low concentration(0.003 μg per μg chl a) was conducive to the growth of natural community and increased chl a productivity.In high concentration(0.03 μg per μg chl a) Cd acted as an inhibiting factor which decreased the total chl a productivity.The diatom community was found to be more sensitive to Cd toxicity than dinoflagellate,as the low concentration Cd showed toxicity to diatom but enhanced dinoflagellate growth.We noticed that the soluble Cd estimated from atmosphere deposition to the coastal ECS was below the toxicity threshold and the Cd deposition might promote phytoplankton growth in this region.In our laboratory experiments,adding Cd,similar to aerosol deposition,stimulated the growth of both dominant algal species Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu(dinoflagellate) and Skeletonema costatum(diatom).Adding Cd on a higher level inhibited the growth of both the species,but Skeletonema costatum seemed obviously more sensitive to toxicity.This indicates the potential impact of atmospheric deposition Cd on phytoplankton community succession in the ECS.

Production of DMS and DMSP in different physiological stages and salinity conditions in two marine algae

Dimethylsulfide(DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate(DMSP) production by Scrippsiella trochoidea and Prorocentrum minimum was investigated to characterize the effects of physiological stage and salinity on DMS and DMSP pools of these two marine phytoplankton species.Axenic laboratory cultures of the two marine algae were tested for DMSP production and its conversion into DMS.The results demonstrated that both algal species could produce DMS,but the average concentration of DMS per cell in S.trochoidea(12.63 fmol/L) was about six times that in P.minimum(2.01 fmol/L).DMS and DMSP concentrations in algal cultures varied significantly at different growth stages,with high release during the late stationary growth phase and the senescent phase.DMS production induced by three salinities(22,28,34) showed that the DMS concentrations per cell in the two algal cultures increased with increasing salinity,which might result from intra-cellular DMSP up-regulation with the change of osmotic stress.Our study specifies the distinctive contributions of different physiological stages of marine phytoplankton on DMSP and DMS production,and clarifies the influence of salinity conditions on the release of DMS and DMSP.As S.trochoidea and P.minimum are harmful algal bloom species with high DMS production,they might play an additional significant role in the sulfur cycle when a red tide occurs.

Floating Escherichia coli by Expressing Cyanobacterial Gas Vesicle Genes

Gas vesicles are hollow, air-filled polyprotein structures that provide the buoyancy to cells. They are found in a variety of prokaryotes. In this study, we isolated a partial gas vesicle protein gene cluster containing gvpA and gvpC20ψ from Planktothrix rubescens, and inserted it into an expression vector and expressed it in E. coli. The gas vesicle was developed in bacterial cells, which made bacterial cells to float on medium surface. We also amplified gvpA and gvpC20ψ separately and synthesized an artificial operon by fusing these two genes with the standardized gene expression controlling elements of E. coli. The artificial operon was expressed in E. coli, forming gas vesicles and floating bacteria cells. Our findings verified that the whole set of genes and the overall structure of gas vesicle gene cluster are not necessary for developing gas vesicles in bacteria cells. Two genes, gvpA and gvpC20ψ, of the gas vesicle gene cluster are sufficient for synthesizing an artificial operon that can develop gas vesicles in bacteria cells. Our findings provided a wide range of applications including easing the harvest of cultured microalgae and bacteria, as well as enriching and remediating aquatic pollutants by constructing gas vesicles in their ceils.