Background： Smokeless tobacco is widely used by athletes to enhance performance. Nicotine is a central nervous system stimulant and acts on cardiocirculatory and metabolic systems, involving tissue blood flow and cir...Background： Smokeless tobacco is widely used by athletes to enhance performance. Nicotine is a central nervous system stimulant and acts on cardiocirculatory and metabolic systems, involving tissue blood flow and circulatory vasoreactivity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the oral smokeless tobacco （Swedish snus （SS）） on the perception of fatigue and time to exhaustion （TTE） during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. Methods： Fourteen healthy non-tobacco male users were recruited for a double-blind, controlled crossover design （SS vs. snus placebo （SP））. Subjects were tested for 3 sessions： experimental session 1 （Exp 1） consisted of an incremental test to determine the maximal aerobic power out-put （Wmax）, whereas Exp2 and Exp3 consisted of exercising at 65%Wmax until exhaustion in SS or SP conditions. During Exp2 and Exp3, muscle and cerebral oxygenation was assessed by means of near-infrared spectroscopy, and the rating of perceived exertion （RPE） was recorded. Results： Comparing SS with SP tests, significant differences （p 〈 0.05） were found in the values of cerebral （-3%） and muscular tissues oxygenation （-4%） in the first 30 min of exercise. The RPE values were not significantly different between the 2 conditions （SS vs. SP）. No significant difference was found in TTE （SS： 54.25 ± 21.84 min; SP： 50.01 ± 17.03 min）. Conclusion： This study showed that muscular and cerebral oxygenation increased significantly with snus administration during an endurance exercise until exhaustion, but this did not affect fatigue perception and TTE. The results showed that snus could not be considered an ergogenic substance in non-tobacco users.2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. （http：//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/）.展开更多
In this study, the authors prove the necessity for the remote island route which will face the crisis of continuation in the near future in Japan, and aims at showing the concrete policy for the continuation. The new ...In this study, the authors prove the necessity for the remote island route which will face the crisis of continuation in the near future in Japan, and aims at showing the concrete policy for the continuation. The new policy which shares the reserve ship which uses the traffic ship with a capacity of 12 in addition to cooperation not only with the usual liner route entrepreneur but an occasional service entrepreneur or a passenger ship, and operates until now was proposed, and the validity was shown. In this paper, as approach of the beginning for materializing the policy, it is focused on the island of the inland sea where especially population is small, and the new policy using the craft from which Japan Coast Guard retired was proposed. By this, it does not depend only on the revenue grant money by the country or a municipal corporation, but maintenance of a remote island route is attained.展开更多
基金supported by research funds allocated to the following departments at the University of Verona:Neurosciences,Biomedicine and Movement Sciences,and Diagnostic and Public Health
文摘Background： Smokeless tobacco is widely used by athletes to enhance performance. Nicotine is a central nervous system stimulant and acts on cardiocirculatory and metabolic systems, involving tissue blood flow and circulatory vasoreactivity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the oral smokeless tobacco （Swedish snus （SS）） on the perception of fatigue and time to exhaustion （TTE） during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. Methods： Fourteen healthy non-tobacco male users were recruited for a double-blind, controlled crossover design （SS vs. snus placebo （SP））. Subjects were tested for 3 sessions： experimental session 1 （Exp 1） consisted of an incremental test to determine the maximal aerobic power out-put （Wmax）, whereas Exp2 and Exp3 consisted of exercising at 65%Wmax until exhaustion in SS or SP conditions. During Exp2 and Exp3, muscle and cerebral oxygenation was assessed by means of near-infrared spectroscopy, and the rating of perceived exertion （RPE） was recorded. Results： Comparing SS with SP tests, significant differences （p 〈 0.05） were found in the values of cerebral （-3%） and muscular tissues oxygenation （-4%） in the first 30 min of exercise. The RPE values were not significantly different between the 2 conditions （SS vs. SP）. No significant difference was found in TTE （SS： 54.25 ± 21.84 min; SP： 50.01 ± 17.03 min）. Conclusion： This study showed that muscular and cerebral oxygenation increased significantly with snus administration during an endurance exercise until exhaustion, but this did not affect fatigue perception and TTE. The results showed that snus could not be considered an ergogenic substance in non-tobacco users.2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. （http：//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/）.
文摘In this study, the authors prove the necessity for the remote island route which will face the crisis of continuation in the near future in Japan, and aims at showing the concrete policy for the continuation. The new policy which shares the reserve ship which uses the traffic ship with a capacity of 12 in addition to cooperation not only with the usual liner route entrepreneur but an occasional service entrepreneur or a passenger ship, and operates until now was proposed, and the validity was shown. In this paper, as approach of the beginning for materializing the policy, it is focused on the island of the inland sea where especially population is small, and the new policy using the craft from which Japan Coast Guard retired was proposed. By this, it does not depend only on the revenue grant money by the country or a municipal corporation, but maintenance of a remote island route is attained.
