海地之殇

如果不是因为这场灾难,许多人可能从未听说过海地,尽管这个加勒比小国距离美国仅仅几百英里。海地时间2010年1月12日16时53分零9秒(北京时间2010年1月13日5时53分),一场里氏7.3级的大地震,将这个国家半数夷为平地,遇难人数或超30万。

Effect of colonial breeding of Chinese Egret(Egretta eulophotes) on the heavy metal accumulation in heronry soil

We measured the concentrations of heavy metal elements,i.e.,V,Cr,Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,Cd,Se and Pb and the semi-metal element As in feces of Chinese Egret(Egretta eulophotes)on Caiyu Island in Zhangpu County,Fujian Province,China using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) and compared the differences between the topsoil of their nesting and non-nesting areas before and after breeding.The results show that no Se and Cd was detected in any of the samples,including feces and soil,while heavy metal concentrations in the non-nesting soil were not significantly different before and after breeding(p > 0.05),but the differences in concentrations of Zn and Pb in the nesting soil were highly significant before and after breeding(p < 0.01).A comparison of the concentrations of the elements in the nesting and non-nesting soils also reveals that before breeding,the concentration of Zn in these two soils were significantly different(p < 0.01).After breeding,concentrations of Cu,Zn,As and Pb in the nesting and non-nesting soil were significantly different(p < 0.01) while V and Ni concentrations showed merely significant differences(p < 0.05).These findings indicate that the colonial breeding activities of E.eulophotes play an important role in the transfer of heavy metals between wetland and island eco-systems and that such activities may,over time,result in heavy metal contamination of the heronry soil on the island.

Comparison of the Activity Differences in Two Terminal Oxidases between Upland Cotton and Sea-island Cotton

[Objective] This study was to reveal the differences in two terminal oxdiases,so as to provide theoretical basis for the selection of upland and sea-land hybrid materials. [Methods] Using 7 shares of upland cotton cultivars and 4 shares of sea-land cultivars as experimental materials,the change differences in AAO and PPO activities during whole growth period of the materials tested were studied. [Results] Two terminal oxdiases both in upland and sea-land cotton cultivars assumed similar change laws during whole growth period. AAO activity assumed a low-high trend,and there is a peak at the early stage. PPO activity presented two peaks,and that at the early stage was higher than at the late stage; the first peak is obviously higher than the second for sea-land cultivars,and two peaks are not remarkably different for upland cultivars. [Conclusion] The differences in AAO and PPO activities of sea-land and upland cotton cultivars observed on Jul.4th and Aug.6th,may provide guidance for the selection of upland and sea-land hybrids.

Land Use-Related Changes in Soils of Hainan Island During the Past Half Century

During the past half century, the land utilization of Hainan Island has undergone a rapid development,but in the meanwhile, soil degradation occurs. Analysis on some basic data of the soil series collected frommore than 100 soil profiles at the end of the 1990s and beginning of this century, in combination with dataavailable, showed that soils there suffered significant decline in organic matter, experienced P and K deficiencywith soil K going on losing and undergone acidification with continuing trend. The current situation calls forstrategies to build up Hainan into an important province of sound ecology by restoring forests, to improvefood quality by implementing K supplement projects, to combat soil acidification by ameliorating the soils andgrowing leguminous crops and to ensure health of the people by developing dairy production and increasingthe daily Ca uptake by the people.

A Storm Surge Intensity Classification Based on Extreme Water Level and Concomitant Wave Height

Storm surge is one of the predominant natural threats to coastal communities. Qingdao is located on the southern coast of the Shandong Peninsula in China. The storm surge disaster in Qingdao depends on various influencing factors such as the intensity, duration, and route of the passing typhoon, and thus a comprehensive understanding of natural coastal hazards is essential. In order to make up the defects of merely using the warning water level, this paper presents two statistical distribution models(Poisson Bi- variable Gumbel Logistic Distribution and Poisson Bi-variable Log-normal Distribution) to classify the intensity of storm surge. We emphasize the joint return period of typhoon-induced water levels and wave heights measured in the coastal area of Qingdao since 1949. The present study establishes a new criterion to classify the intensity grade of catastrophic storms using the typhoon surge estimated by the two models. A case study demonstrates that the new criterion is well defined in terms of probability concept, is easy to implement, and fits well the calculation of storm surge intensity. The procedures with the proposed statistical models would be useful for the disaster mitigation in other coastal areas influenced by typhoons.

Late Cenozoic Tectonic Deformation in the Dongsha Islands and Adjacent Sea Area

Dongsha Island and the adjacent sea area locate at the northern continental margin of the South China Sea (SCS), and is connected to the east by the Manila Trench. Analyses of seismic stratigraphy and gravity, magnetic and drilling wells data led to the discovery of three post fault sequences (V, VI, VII). Extensive tectonic uplift, magma activity and erosion occurred in Dongsha Island and the adjacent area, where most of the faults in the northeastern SCS were still active during Pliocene and Quaternary. Two groups of faults trending NEE and NW were developed during Late Cenozoic. We conclude that three important tectonic movements, especially Dongsha movement (4.4-5.2 Ma) and Liuhua movement (1.4-1.89 Ma), controlled the structural framework in the Dongsha rise; whose deformation in the east is stronger than that in the west and whose stress field variation suggests that the tectonic uplift in the study area contributed to magmato tectonic events correlated to the main collision phases between the East China and Taiwan 5-3 and 3-0 Ma ago.

Greenland Ice Sheet Elevation Change in Winter and Influence of Atmospheric Teleconnections in the Northern Hemisphere

The relationship between the variability of the surface elevation of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) in winter and sea level pressure is identified through analysis of data from satellite-borne radar altimeters, together with meteorological data fields during 1993 2005. We found that both the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the two major teleconnection patterns of the atmospheric surface pressure fields in the Northern Hemisphere, significantly influence the GIS winter elevation change. Further, it is suggested that the NPO may affect the GIS accumulation by influencing the NAO, particularly by changing the intensity and location of the Icelandic Low.

Marine Environment around Taiwan Coast

Coastal erosion is an island-wide problem in Taiwan; about 80% of the island＇s sandy coastline had suffered from erosion over the past few decades. Historically, with the specific tectonic environment and rapid uplifting rate, lots of sediment had been yielded and transported to the coastal area that resulted in an advancing shoreline. Taiwan economically moved from a developing country to a developed one; a lot of human intervention had been made along the island coast. These are the major factors on recent coastal erosion. Even actions such as building of stabilization structures may inadvertently increase erosion. Some intervention examples are chosen to address how human-induced change made the profound impact on coastal erosion in Taiwan. All the information serves to provide a better understanding of the coastal processes, and a better response to the erosion problem.

Ayla-Axum Amphorae Through the Red Sea Regions and the Arabian Peninsula During the Medieval Age

The aim of the paper is to present a repertory of all archaeological data about the Ayla-Axum amphorae and its content. The study of these class of material will also highlight some aspects of the Early Medieval trade, a period in which sensible political changes occurred after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Ayla-Axum amphorae, found in several Red Sea＇s sites, are significant indicators of trading activities in the region, whose production, transport and diffusion are far from having been thoroughly investigated up to now. Although most scholars think it was used to transport date wine, at least judging on some tituli picti found in these containers, in recent years Parker and Dolinka have suggested that they might have carried garum or a similar fish-sauce produced at Ayla-AqabaI.

Identification of Potential for Banana in Hainan Island, China

Land use alternatives are sought to boost agricultural income and productivity in Hainan Island, China.Regional differences exist in crop limitations, such as typhoon risk, low temperatures, poor soil fertility, and drought. In this study a crop zonation was made for a range of crops, among which is banana, as a way to: 1)establish areas for potential expansion for banana, and 2) identify limitations and options for crop and land management. A spatial soil and terrain database of Hainan Island (1:250 000) was linked to the automated land evaluation system (ALES). The qualitative models were verified by comparing suitability maps with actual land use. The results may support policy formulation on issues such as alternatives to current land use, assessment of best management practices, and the need for fertilizer programmes.

Fitness of Hybrids between Gossypium barbadense and Upland Cotton and Resistance to Pectinophora gossypiella and Alabama argillacea

Measuring fitness is essential for understanding the potential impacts of hybridisation between transgenic crops and their wild relatives. Transgenic CrylAc cotton Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense hybridise, the latter being valued as backyard cotton and an important genetic resource. G. barbadense was outcrossed to G. hirsutum containing the gene CrylAc and the isoline and the offspring evaluated for fitness as a measure of resistance to common pests and other growth parameters, Resistance to Pectinophora gossypiella and Alabama argillacea were greater in transgenic plants. Number of seeds per plant was higher in the F1 hybrids and G. hirsutum, F2 populations were intermediary; G. barbadense produced the least seeds per plant during the period of analysis. Anthesis of the first flower and opening of the first boll occurred earlier for G. hirsutum and Ft hybrids than F2; latest for G. barbadense. The observed-performance of resistance to the worms in the hybrids suggests that among FI and F2 populations transgenic hybrids may exhibit a competitive advantage over non-transgenic plants as a result of gene flow.

The Crustal Structure Character of East China Sea

This paper presents actuality of investigation and study of the crustal structure characters of East China Sea at home and abroad. Based on lots of investigation and study achievements and the difference of the crustal velocity structure from west to east, the East China Sea is divided into three parts — East China Sea shelf zone, Okinawa Trough zone and Ryukyu arc-trench zone. The East China Sea shelf zone mostly has three velocity layers, i.e., the sediment blanket layer (the velocity is 5.8-5.9 km/s), the basement layer (the velocity is 6.0-6.3 km/s), and the lower crustal layer (the velocity is 6.8-7.6 km/s). So the East China Sea shelf zone belongs to the typical continental crust. The Okinawa Trough zone is located at the transitional belt between the continental crust and the oceanic crust. It still has the structural characters of the continental crust, and no formation of the oceanic crust, but the crust of the central trough has become to thinning down. The Ryukyu arc-trench zone belongs to the transitional type crust as a whole, but the ocean side of the trench already belongs to the oceanic crust. And the northwest Philippine Basin to the east of the Ryukyu Trench absolutely belongs to the typical oceanic crust.

Reproductive Strategies of a Terrestrial Snail along an Altitudinal Gradient on an Oceanic Island

This study reports how the reproductive cycle of a land snail endemic from an oceanic island is shaped by abiotic factors over an altitudinal gradient of 800 m. In addition, the validity of two morphometric shell parameters （maximum diameter and total height） was assessed, as maturation diagnostic characteristics. The authors＇ findings suggest that, at Piedade （200 m）, individuals are active and mature from October/November to March, and they exhibit dormancy in the remaining months, as a consequence of soil dryness. Thus, at low altitude, gonadal maturation was considered to be primarily influenced by photoperiod, rainfall and temperature At Cabeqo da Bola （1000 m）, in turn, individuals are mature from March to July/August and they seem to have minimal gametogenic conditions throughout the remaining months of the year to reproduce. As soil moisture is never a limiting factor, gonadal maturation is mainly shaped by photoperiod and temperature at high altitude. The morphometric shell parameters under analysis were unable to diagnose gonadal maturation, as recently described for related Azorean species.

Numerieal Prediction of Storm Surge in the Qingdao Area Under the Impact of Climate Change

A typhoon-induced storm surge simulation system was developed for the Qingdao area, including a typhoon diagnostic model for the generation of wind and pressure fields and a 2D Advanced Circulation(ADCIRC) model for simulating the associated storm surge with a 200 m resolution along the Qingdao coastline. The system was validated by an extreme surge event Typhoon Mamie(8509) and the parameters of Typhoon Mamie were used to investigate the sensitivity of typhoon paths to Qingdao storm surges with four selected paths: the paths of Typhoons Mamie(8509), Opal, 3921 and 2413, the selection being made according to their relative position to Qingdao. Experiments based on the Typhoon Mamie(8509) storm surge were also conducted to study the possible influences of future climate changes, including the sea level rise and sea surface temperature(SST) rise, on storm surges along the Qingdao coast. Storm surge conditions under both present day and future(the end of the 21 st century) climate scenarios associated with the four selected paths were simulated. The results show that with the same intensity, when typhoons follow the paths of 3921 and 2413, they would lead to the most serious disasters in different areas of Qingdao. Sea level and SST affect storm surges in different ways: sea level rise affects storm surge mainly through its influence on the tide amplitude, while the increased SST has direct impact on the intensity of the surges. The possible maximum risk of storm surges in 2100 in the Qingdao area caused by typhoons like Mamie(8509) was also estimated in this study.

Stratigraphic Sequences and Their Implication in a Sea Area of the Western Yellow Sea Near Qingdao Coast During the Late Quaternary

An analysis of seismic data obtained through a cable route survey starting from the Qingdao coast to offshore has determined nine seismic units since Late Pleistocene. Correlation of the seismic data with Borehole Hj2 confirms three eustatic events that occurred during the Late Quaternary and formed terrestrial units 2, 5 and 7. At the low sea level stage, paleo rivers highly developed, eroded previous strata, formed paleo valley, and left materials.

Identifying indigenous tree species for land reforestation,forest restoration, and plantation transformation on Hainan Island, China

Selecting suitable species is the most important issue for bare land reforestation, degraded secondary forest restoration, and single-species plantation transformation. However, little information has been documented related to tree species selection for these silvicultural endeavors on tropical Hainan Island of Southern China. The present study employed Baisha County, the ecological core area of Hainan Island, as a case study area. We initially inventoried a slightly disturbed primary forest and attempted to produce diameter distribution curves for each tree species. Second, the tree species were classified into shade intolerant, opportunist, and shade tolerant species based on shape of their diameter distribution curves. Third, market value was determined for each tree species based on published literature and on-site investigations at local wood trading companies. Totally 118 tree species were encountered in the inventoried forest and 13 tree species present were finally identified as potential tree species for our silvicultural endeavor on Hainan Island, of which 3 species are shade intolerant, 5 species are opportunist and 5 species are shade tolerant. Additionally, we also selected 12 tree species that were not in the inventoried forest but were extremely economically valuable and ecologically important. This study should contribute to the formulation of a sustainable forest management strategy on Hainan Island and the methodology might be replicated in other tropical region where suitable species also need to be identified for silvicultural endeavor.

Characteristics of modern sedimentation in Qingdao bays

With available survey data and 237surface sediment samples,the modern sedimentation in Qingdao bays is studied.The research result shows that the east area is shallower(16.4 m) than that in the west(45.8 m).The geography was formed by a symmetric wave in a sequence of bank-offshore depression-platform-tidal channel-platform-offshore depression-foreshore from south to north.Flood sedimentary systems were formed from inlet of the Jiaozhou Bay in the west to the barrier bar in the east.Lateral sedimentation includes mainly tidal current ridges in two tidal channels.Gravel sandy sediments formed by wave lie in midland of from seashore to wave base.Dynamic functions are mainly tide and wave.Tidal current moves sediment in vertical and horizontal directions,sorting sediments and providing materials for coastwise beaches.The sources of sediment are mainly from eroded headland rocks.In general,grain sizes in this area from the inlet of the Jiaozhou Bay in the west(120°17') to the barrier bar outside in the east(120°35') are coarse-fine-coarse,forming gravel-gravelly sand(G-S),sand(S),gravel clay silt(G-YT),clay silt(YT),gravelly silty sand(G-TS),silty sand(TS),gravelly sandy silt(G-ST),and sandy silt(ST) in turn.

Characteristics of Growth Rate of Coral Porites from Sanya Bay,Hainan Island and its Relationship to Environmental Variables

The time series of annual and seasonal growth rate of two coral Porites, collected at different sites of fringe reef in the Sanya Bay, Hainan Island have been obtained by analyzing X-radiograph of skeletal band. There are obvious seasonal variations of the growth rate in two corals, the average low rate in winter and the average high rate from spring to autumn. Compared with the time series of environmental variables, the coral growth rate is only correlated statistically with seawater temperature and not related to rainfall and sunshine. Furthermore, the growth rate in spring and summer is correlated directly with seawater temperature of the winter-early spring ( between December and March ) and the other seasonal growth rate has no relationship with seasonal variations of seawater temperature. We propose that seawater temperature is one of the factors affecting the coral growth rate in the area and the low seawater temperature is a primary control of the seasonal growth rate.

On the Tectonic Problems of the Southern East China Sea and Adjacent Regions:Evidence from Gravity and Magnetic Data

In this paper, two sets of gravity and magnetic data were used to study the tectonics of the southern East China Sea and Ryukyu trench-arc system： one data set was from the ＇Geological-geophysical map series of China Seas and adjacent areas＇ database and the other was newly collected by R/VKexue Ⅲ in 2011. Magnetic and gravity data were reorganized and processed using the software MMDP, MGDP and RGIS. In addition to the description of the anomaly patterns in different areas, deep and shallow structure studies were performed by using several kinds of calculation, including a spectrum analysis, upward-continuation of the Bouguer anomaly and horizontal derivatives of the total-field magnetic anomaly. The depth of the Moho and magnetic basement were calculated. Based on the above work, several controversial tectonic problems were discussed. Compared to the shelf area and Ryukyu Arc, the Okinawa Trough has an obviously thinned crust, with the thinnest area having thickness less than 14km in the southern part. The Taiwan-Sinzi belt, which terminates to the south by the NW-SE trending Miyako fault belt, contains the relic volcanic arc formed by the splitting of the paleo Ryukyu volcanic arc as a result of the opening of the Okinawa Trough. As an important tectonic boundary, the strike-slip type Miyako fault belt extends northwestward into the shelf area and consists of several discontinuous segments. A forearc terrace composed of an exotic terrane collided with the Ryukyu Arc following the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate. Mesozoic strata of varying thicknesses exist beneath the Cenozoic strata in the shelf basin and significantly influence the magnetic pattern of this area. The gravity and magnetic data support the existence of a Great East China Sea, which suggests that the entire southern East China Sea shelf area was a basin in the Mesozoic without alternatively arranged uplifts and depressions, and might have extended southwestward and connected with the northern South China Sea shelf basin.

文化视野下的军事占领研究——读《接管海地:军事占领和美国帝国主义文化,1915-1940》

《接管海地:军事占领和美国帝国主义文化,1915—1940》(Mary Renda,Taking Haiti:Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S.Imperialism,1915-1940,Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,2001.)讨论的是美国在20世纪上半期军事占领海地的一段历史。就这段历史本身来说,中国的读者或许并不熟悉。海地是一个以黑人为主要人口的加勒比海岛国,1804年脱离法国的殖民统治获得独立。但独立后,长期内乱不断。