海水液压动力推进系统设计及仿真分析

针对传统液压动力推进系统,设计了一种以外界海水为工作介质,蓄能器提供动力源、新型二级同步海水液压缸为核心部件的二级液压推进装置。论述了新型二级同步海水液压缸的结构以及海水液压动力推进装置的工作原理,通过AMESim建立了推进系统的仿真模型,通过搭建的试验台进行试验验证。结果表明:在供能过程中,蓄能器充能过程与蓄能器初始压力呈负相关;在推进过程中,物体离开推进管道的速度与蓄能器初始压力的根呈正的线性相关。

注蒸汽燃机-海水淡化复合系统热力性能分析

本文将注蒸汽燃气轮机(STIG)循环和低温多效热蒸汽压缩(METVC)海水淡化系统结合,构成了STIG-METVC复合系统,分析了系统的热力性能,并讨论了产功、产水子系统界面的情况以进一步揭示系统特点。主要结论包括:(1)与单目标系统相比,此联产系统节能效果显著,尤其是在低压比和低注蒸汽比时。(2)降低压比和注蒸汽比,可提高系统产水量、降低功水比。(3)传统意义上的系统(?)效率不能合理反映STIG-METVC系统的性能,因此不能作为性能评价指标。(4)余热锅炉是产功、产水子系统的界面,其(火用)损较大,在各部件中居第二位。提高蒸汽压力有助于减小余热锅炉(火用)损,但此方法对改善STIG-METVC系统性能效果甚微。

平面P_(1)波入射下双层衬砌对海底隧道地震响应的影响

将海水和海床土分别视为理想流体和饱和多孔介质,基于理想流体波动理论和Biot流体饱和多孔介质理论,考虑海水-海床土-隧道结构动力相互作用,利用波函数展开法和Hankel函数积分变换法,给出平面P1波入射下海底双层衬砌隧道地震响应的解析解。与以往的“大圆弧假定”方法相比,Hankel函数积分变换法可以将海底双层衬砌隧道场地中的散射波场势函数从柱坐标系下直接转换到直角坐标系下,可以更好地处理海水层表面和水土交界面处边界条件。在解析解的基础上,分析内外衬砌刚度比和内外衬砌厚度比对海底双层衬砌隧道位移响应和应力响应的影响,对海底双层衬砌隧道的抗减震设计提出合理建议。研究结果表明:①海底双层衬砌隧道的应力响应明显小于同参数条件下的单层衬砌隧道;②内外衬砌刚度比和厚度比对隧道位移响应的影响与隧道衬砌位置有关;③随着内外衬砌刚度比和厚度比的增加,隧道外衬砌应力响应均有减小趋势;④综合内外衬砌刚度比和厚度比对隧道位移响应和应力响应影响,海底双层衬砌隧道抗减震设计时,隧道内外衬砌刚度比和厚度比的选取范围分别建议为E_(2)/E_(1)≤3和δ_(2)/δ_(1)≤2。

獐岛和大鹿岛近岸海域悬沙浓度分布与输运特征

为了解獐岛和大鹿岛近岸海域悬沙浓度的分布特征及其与潮流动力的关系,促进海岛生态环境保护和资源开发利用,文章通过样品采集和分析计算,研究相关海域悬沙浓度的平面和垂直分布特征、潮流场分布特征、悬沙浓度与潮流的动力关系以及全潮单宽输沙量。研究结果表明:大、小潮期的悬沙浓度均存在较明显的水平梯度,同一层水体大潮期的悬沙浓度大于小潮期;悬沙浓度呈近岸较高、向海逐渐降低的分布状态;悬沙浓度与海水涨落变化的关系非常密切,具有明显的周期性,垂直分布从表层到底层逐渐变大,垂直梯度近岸海域较大、远岸海域较小;涨潮流的流速明显大于落潮流,潮流运动形式按逆时针方向旋转,主流向大致呈NNE-SSW走向;远岸站位各层潮流流速的平均值略大于近岸站位,同一站位的潮流流速随水深的增加而有所降低;潮流变化使悬沙浓度出现周期性变化,悬沙浓度峰值出现在流速峰值后,且在落潮期更大;全潮单宽输沙量在大潮期和小潮期分别为151.7～1 017.9kg/d和146.3～931.9kg/d,净输沙方向均为西南向,即落潮方向。

南黄海环流的若干特征

主要根据近几年来中韩黄海水循环动力学合作调查结果，结合有关历史资料，对南黄海环流的若干特征进行了分析．所得主要认识为：（１）南黄海环流存在明显的季节变异．冬、夏季环流的基本形态有着较大的差别．（２）黄海暖流的路径和强度均有一定的年际变化．分析显示，１９９７年冬季，暖流路径明显偏于槽的西侧；而１９８６年冬，暖流的主流路径则沿槽北上．（３）黄海暖流并非对马暖流的直接分支．黄海暖流水是对马暖流水和陆架水混合而成．而且，它主要是在济州岛西侧海域，从锋区中衍生出来的．（４）夏季黄海表、底层环流大致皆是由一大的道时针向流系构成．但在其表层海盐尺度的气旋式环流内部还存在小的气旋和反气旋流环．分析亦表明，不论表层或底层，皆无高盐暖水从济州岛邻近海域进入黄海东部的明显迹象．

Numerical Study of the Donghai Dam Impact on the Hydrodynamic Environment of Zhanjiang Bay

In this paper, the Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model （FVCOM） was employed and configured for 3 dimensional numerical simulations of tide and tidal current based on the field observations in Zhanjiang Bay. The model＇s results agree well with the field observed data. Based on the well validated model, the hydrodynamic fields of zhanjiang bay area were calculated both before the Donghai Dam constructing and after that. Compared the tidal level, current field, tidal capacity and water exchange ratio before the construction of Dohai dam with those after construction of the dam, we analyzed and get some conclusions of effects of Donghai Dam on Hydrodynamic environment of the Zhanjiang Bay.

黄河入海径流对河口海域盐度影响研究

为研究黄河入海径流变化条件下河口附近海域盐度扩散特征,以更好地保护河口海域生物资源多样性,本文以黄河下游利津水文站的长序列实测径流数据资料为基础,利用近海水动力模型FVCOM,分析径流变化对黄河口海域盐度的影响规律。结果表明:黄河口与莱州湾之间存在顺时针的环流系统,在余流作用以及涨落潮方向的影响下,黄河冲淡水长期向莱州湾扩散;丰水期黄河冲淡水几乎影响了整个莱州湾,27盐度锋可以到达莱州湾中部,27等盐线的表层包络面积为2665.61 km^(2),占莱州湾的1/4左右,枯水期低盐度水只有向南扩散的趋势,27以下的低盐度水集中分布在黄河口门附近,27等盐线的表层包络面积只有199.65 km^(2);5月份,随着入海径流量增加,27等盐线扩散的范围、距离、方向都会发生明显变化。在对近海生物资源有迫切保护需求的情景下,适当减少其他用水户供水量以增加入海生态径流量,可以有效改善黄河口海域附近的盐度情况,为生物资源的生长繁殖创造良好条件。

The Impact of Large-Scale Reclamation on Hydro-Dynamic Environment--A Case Study of Xinghua Bay

A hydro-dynamic model is established on basis of MIKE21 FM to simulate the hydro-dynamic characteristics of Xinghua Bay and investigate the influence of reclamation project on the tidal elevation and tidal currents. Tidal elevation data was obtained at the six tide gauge stations around the Xinghua Bay, and another six current stations were established to observe the tidal current velocity and direction. Validation shows that the model-simulated tidal elevation and tidal currents agree well with observations made at different stations. Predictions are made according to the reclamation project proposed in the regional marine planning of Hanjiang Industrial Park around the port in Putian City. The variations of hydro-dynamic factors, such as tide, current velocity and direction and tidal influx are obtained, and the adverse effect of reclamation on marine environment is discussed. It is shown that the tidal level inside the Xinghua Bay during high tide decreases after the reclamation project is completed. The tidal currents during flooding tide generally decrease in the southeast of the reclamation region, with the maximum decreasing amplitude reaching 0.44 m s^(-1). On the other hand, the tidal currents during flooding tide increase around the southeast and southwest corners of the reclamation region. The tidal currents during ebb tide increase around the southeast and southwest corners of the reclamation region, with the maximum increasing amplitude attaining 0.18 m s^(-1). The results in this paper can give some guidance for the marine environment management and the effective utilization of land in Putian.

Estimation of Extreme Marine Hydrodynamic Variables in Western Laizhou Bay

Laizhou Bay and its adjacent waters are of great importance to China＇s marine oil and gas development. It is therefore crucial to estimate retttrn-period values of marine environmental variables in this region to ensure the safety and success of maritime engineering and maritime exploration. In this study, we used numerical simulations to estimate extreme wave height, sea current velocity and sea-level height in westem Laizhou Bay. The results show that the sea-level rise starts at the mouth of the bay, increases toward west/southwest, and reaches its maximum in the deepest basin of the bay. The 100-year return-period values of sea level rise can reach 3.4-4.0m in the western bay. The elevation of the western part of the Qingdong Oil Field would remain above the sea sur- face during extreme low sea level, while the rest of the oil field would be 1,6-2.4m below the sea surface. The return-period value of wave height is strongly affected by water depth; in fact, its spatial distribution is similar to the isobath＇s. The 100-year return-period values of effective wave height can be 6m or higher in the central bay and be more than 1 m in the shallow water near shore. The 100-year return-period values of current velocity is about 1.2-1.8 ms-1 in the Qingdong Oil Field. These results provide scientific basis for ensuring construction safety and reducing construction cost,

MATLAB-Based Simulation of Buoyancy-Driven Underwater Glider Motion

The mass configuration of the buoyancy-driven underwater glider is decomposed and defined. The coupling between the glider body and its internal masses is addressed using the energy law. A glider motion model is established, and the corresponding simulation program is derived using MATLAB. The characteristics of the glider motion are explored using this program. The simula- tion results show that the basic characteristic of a buoyancy-driven underwater glider is the periodic alternation of downward and upward motions. The glider's spiral motion can be applied to missions in restricted regions. The glider's horizontal velocity, gliding depth and its motion radius in spiral motion can be changed to meet different application purposes by using different glider parameter designs. The simulation also shows that the model is appropriate and the program has strong simulation functions.

COUPLED PHYSICAL-ECOLOGICAL MODELLING IN THE CENTRAL PART OF JIAOZHOU BAY Ⅱ. COUPLED WITH AN ECOLOGICAL MODEL

Sharples’ 1 D physical model employing tide wind driven turbulence closure and surface heating cooling physics, was coupled with an ecological model with 9 biochemical components: phytoplankton, zooplankton, shellfish, autotrophic and heterotrophic bacterioplankton, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), suspended detritus and sinking particles to simulate the annual evolution of ecosystem in the central part of Jiaozhou Bay. The coupled modeling results showed that the phytoplankton shading effect could reduce seawater temperature by 2℃, so that photosynthesis efficiency should be less than 8%; that the loss of phytoplankton by zooplankton grazing in winter tended to be compensated by phytoplankton advection and diffusion from the outside of the Bay; that the incident irradiance intensity could be the most important factor for phytoplankton growth rate; and that it was the bacterial secondary production that maintained the maximum zooplankton biomass in winter usually observed in the 1990s, indicating that the microbial food loop was extremely important for ecosystem study of Jiaozhou Bay.

Determination of the Current System on Isopycnal Surface Between Mindanao and New Guinea from GDEM

In this study, we used the Navy’s Generalized Digital Environmental Model (GDEM) climatological temperature and salinity data on a 0.5°×0.5° grid to investigate the seasonal variabilities of the southwest Philippines Sea (0.5°–9°N, 123.5°–136.5°) thermohaline structure and circulation. The GDEM for the area was built up on historical (1930–1997) temperature and salinity profiles. A three-dimensional estimate of the absolute geostrophic velocity field on isopycnal surface was obtained from the GDEM temperature and salinity fields using the P-vector method. The seasonal variabilities of the thermohaline structure and currents (obtained from the inverse method) such as the Mindanao Current, Mindanao Undercurrent, North Equatorial Counter Current, New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent, and dual-eddies (cyclinic Mindanao Eddy and anticyclonic Halmahera Eddy) are identified.

Phase change analysis of an underwater glider propelled by the ocean's thermal energy

The phase change characteristic of the power source of an underwater glider propelled by the ocean＇s thermal energy is the key factor in glider attitude control. A numerical model has been established based on the enthalpy method to analyze the phase change heat transfer process under convective boundary conditions. Phase change is not an isothermal process, but one that occurs at a range of temperature. The total melting time of the material is very sensitive to the surrounding temperature. When the temperature of the surroundings decreases 8 degrees, the total melting time increases 1.8 times. But variations in surrounding temperature have little effect on the initial temperature of phase change, and the slope of the temperature time history curve remains the same. However, the temperature at which phase change is completed decreases significantly. Our research shows that the phase change process is also affected by container size, boundary conditions, and the power source＇s cross sectional area. Materials stored in 3 cylindrical containers with a diameter of 38ram needed the shortest phase change time. Our conclusions should be helpful in effective design of underwater glider power systems.

Model for seawater fouling and effects of temperature,flow velocity and surface free energy on seawater fouling

A kinetic model was proposed to predict the seawater fouling process in the seawater heat exchangers.The new model adopted an expression combining depositional and removal behaviors for seawater fouling based on the Kern–Seaton model.The present model parameters include the integrated kinetic rate of deposition(k d)and the integrated kinetic rate of removal(k r),which have clear physical signi ficance.A seawater-fouling monitoring device was established to validate the model.The experimental data were well fitted to the model,and the parameters were obtained in different conditions.SEM and EDX analyses were performed after the experiments,and the results show that the main components of seawater fouling are magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide.The effects of surface temperature,flow velocity and surface free energy were assessed by the model and the experimental data.The results indicate that the seawater fouling becomes aggravated as the surface temperature increased in a certain range,and the seawater fouling resistance reduced as the flow velocity of seawater increased.Furthermore,the effect of the surface free energy of metals was analyzed,showing that the lower surface free energy mitigates the seawater fouling accumulation.

Nutrient fluxes in the Changjiang River estuary and adjacent waters——a modified box model approach

To solve nutrient flux and budget among waters with distinct salinity difference for water-salt- nutrient budget, a traditional method is to build a stoichiometrically linked steady state model. However, the traditional way cannot cope appropriately with those without distinct salinity difference that parallel to coastline or in a complex current system, as the results would be highly affected by box division in time and space, such as the Changjiang （Yangtze） River estuary （CRE） and adjacent waters （30.75°-31.75°N, 122°10′-123°20′E）. Therefore, we developed a hydrodynamic box model based on the traditional way and the regional oceanic modeling system model （ROMS）. Using data from four cruises in 2005, horizontal, vertical and boundary nutrient fluxes were calculated in the hydrodynamic box model, in which flux fields and the major controlling factors were studied. Results show that the nutrient flux varied greatly in season and space. Water flux outweighs the nutrient concentration in horizontal flux, and upwelling flux outweighs upward diffusion flux in vertical direction （upwelling flux and upward diffusion flux regions overlap largely all the year）. Vertical flux in spring and summer are much greater than that in autumn and winter. The maximum vertical flux for DIP （dissolved inorganic phosphate） occurs in summer. Additional to the fluxes of the ChanNiang River discharge, coastal currents, the Taiwan Warm Current, and the upwelling, nutrient flux inflow from the southern Yellow Sea and outflow southward are found crucial to nutrient budgets of the study area. Horizontal nutrient flux is controlled by physical dilution and confined to coastal waters with a little into the open seas. The study area acts as a conveyer transferring nutrients from the Yellow Sea to the East China Sea in the whole year. In addition, vertical nutrient flux in spring and summer is a main source of DIP. Therefore, the hydrodynamic ROMS-based box model is superior to the traditional one in estimating nutrient fluxes in a complicated hydrodynamic current system and provides a modified box model approach to material flux research.

Variability of subduction rates of the subtropical North Pacific mode waters

The climatology subduction rate for the entire Pacific is known, but the mechanism of interannual to decadal variation remains unclear. In this study, we calculated the annual subduction rates of three types of North Pacific subtropical mode waters using a general circulation model (LICOM1.0) for the period of 1958-2001. The model experiments focused on interannual variations of ocean dynamical processes under daily wind forcings and seasonal heat fluxes. The mode water formation region was defined by a potential vorticity minimum at outcrop locations. The model results show that two subduction rate maxima (>100 m/a) were located in the Subtropical Mode Water (STMW) and the Central Mode Water (CMW) formation regions. These regions are consistent with a climatologically calculated value. The subduction rate in the Eastern Subtropical Mode Water (ESTMW) formation region was smaller at about 75 m/a. The subduction rate shows clear interannual and decadal variations associated with oceanic dynamic variabilities. The average subduction rate of the STMW was much smaller during the period of 1981-1990 compared with other periods, while that of the CMW had a negative anomaly before 1975 and a positive anomaly after 1978. The variability agreed with Ekman and geostrophic advections and mixed layer depths. The interannual variability of the subduction rate for the ESTMW was smallest during 1970-1990, as a result of a weak wind stress curl. This paper explores how interannual signals from the atmosphere are stored in different parts of the ocean, and thus may contribute to a better understanding of feedback mechanisms for the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) event.

A relationship between wave steepness and wave age for wind waves in deep water

Studying the relationship between wave steepness and wave age is important for describing wind wave growth with energy balance equation of significant waves. After invoking the dispersion rela- tion of surface gravity wave in deep water, a new relationship between wave steepness and wave age is revealed based on the “3/2-power law” (Toba, 1972), in which wave steepness is a function of wave age with a drag coefficient as a parameter. With a given wave age, a larger drag coefficient would lead to larger wave steepness. This could be interpreted as the result of interaction between wind and waves. Comparing with previous relationships, the newly proposed one is more consistent with observational data in field and laboratory.

Water wave solutions obtained by variational method

Variational problem for irrotational, incompressible inviscid fluid in finite water depth is considered. Based on the variational principle, a special solution of the problem is presented under the assumption that the dispersion μ and the nonlinearity ε satisfied ε = O（μ^2） as the Lagrange thnction is expanded up to O（μ^8） . It is shown that the elevation of the free surface should be expanded to μ^4 order to ensure the Lagrange function is in μ^8 order. Comparison the nonlinear free surface profiles obtained from the solution with the corresponding ones obtained from linear solutions showed that the wave crest of the nonlinear wave is steepened but the trough is flattened compared to the linear wave as expected.