海洋细菌S-9801菌株的生物学特性与产色素的人工培养条件

由渤海大陆架和珠江口分离到207株海洋细菌菌株,经筛选获得1株产生鲜艳红色素的S-9801菌株,对该菌株的生物学特性、人工培养条件等进行了测试.经鉴定,该菌株为黄杆菌属,菌株在2216E培养基形成的菌落鲜红至玫瑰红色,适宜的人工培养条件为NaCl浓度1%～3%,pH值3～8,温度为25～28℃,以胰蛋白胨加酵母粉做为氮源,葡萄糖为碳源,菌株在上述条件下培养12h,开始产生红色素,36h色素产量达最大值.

产油脂海洋微藻的筛选、鉴定及Fe^(3+)对其生长和油脂积累的影响

采用尼罗红染色和油脂提取相结合的方法,从105株海洋微藻中,筛选并鉴定了1株油脂产量较高的微藻琴式菱形藻(Psammodictyon panduriforme),研究了Fe3+对其生长和油脂积累的影响。结果表明,添加Fe3+有利于Psammodictyon panduriforme的生长和油脂积累,在Fe3+浓度为4×10-4mol/L时,其生物量最大(0.65 g/L),油脂含量最高(49.07%),此时的油脂产量也最高,达到了318.96 mg/L,是不加Fe3+培养的6.15倍。

聚3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩在海洋微生物燃料电池阳极改性中的应用

采用聚3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩(PEDOT)修饰石墨阳极,采用恒电位仪、扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪对其进行表征,并探讨其在U型微生物燃料电池(MFC)中影响海洋产电菌Shewanella sp.S2产电的机制.结果表明:电化学法合成的PEDOT呈片状覆盖在石墨表面,并带有一些颗粒状凸起(直径约200nm).PEDOT修饰后,MFC表观内阻从471Ω下降到390Ω;稳定期的电流密度(173.6mA/m^2)是未修饰MFC(74.4mA/m^2)的2.33倍.扫描电镜结果显示,PEDOT修饰显著提高了产电菌在阳极表面的吸附量.由于电极表面的粗糙度远小于细菌尺寸,推测MFC产电能力的提高主要是由于PEDOT与产电菌间的电荷相互作用而不是电极表面粗糙度.

Structural Determination of Three Sphingolipids from Two Marine-derived Mangrove Endophytic Fungal Strains

A set of three sphingolipids, N-2′-hydroxyplmitoyl-1-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-9-methyl-4E, 8E-sphingadiene （A）, N-2′-hydroxyl-3′E-octadecenoyl-1-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-9-methyl-4E, 8E-sphingediene （B） and N-palmitoyldihydrosphingosine （C）, were isolated from two marine-derived mangrove endophytic fungal strains （strains No. 1924 and 3893） from the South China Sea. Their structures were elucidated by 2D NMR and FABMS methods. It is the first time that these sphingolipids were separated and obtained from marine-derived mangrove endophytic fungus from the South China Sea.

Metabolites of Marine-derived Mangrove Endophytic Fungus #2492 from the South China Sea

Two metabolites （A and B） were isolated from the mycelium of mangrove endophytic fungus Stysanus like sp. （#2492） from the South China Sea. Their structures were identified by spectral data as N-（2-hydroxytetracosyl）-2-amino-1,3,4-trihydroxyoctadecane （A） and γ -stearolactone （B）. It is the first report that γ -stearolactone （B） is isolated from marine fungus as natural product.

Chemical probing reveals insights into the signaling mechanism of inflammasome activation

Caspase-1-mediated IL-1β production is generally controlled by two pathways. Toll-like receptors （TLRs） recognize pathogen-derived products and induce NF-KB-dependent pro-IL-1β transcription; NOD-like receptors （NLRs） assemble caspase-l-activating inflammasome complexes that sense bacterial products/danger signals. Through a targeted chemical screen, we identify bromoxone, a marine natural product, as a specifc and potent inhibitor of the caspase-1 pathway. Bromoxone is effective over diverse inflammatory stimuli including TLR ligands plus ATP/nigeri- cin, cytosolic DNA, flagellin and Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin. Bromoxone also efficiently suppresses easpase-1 acti- vation triggered by several types of bacterial infection. Bromoxone acts upstream or at the level of the inflammasome in a transcription-independent manner. Bromoxone also inhibits pro-IL-1β expression by targeting components up- stream of IKK in the TLR-NF-kB pathway. The unique dual activities of bromoxone are shared by the known TAK1 inhibitor that specifically blocks Nalp3 inflammasome activation. Hinted from the mechanistic and pharmacological properties of bromoxone, we further discover that several known NF-KB inhibitors that act upstream of IKK, but not those targeting IKK or IKK downstream, are potent blockers of different NLRs-mediated caspase-1 activation. Our study uncovers a possible non-transcriptional molecular link between the NLR （Nalp3）-mediated inflammasome pathway and TLR-NF-kB signaling, and suggests a potential strategy to develop new anti-inflammatory drugs.

Production of DMS and DMSP in different physiological stages and salinity conditions in two marine algae

Dimethylsulfide(DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate(DMSP) production by Scrippsiella trochoidea and Prorocentrum minimum was investigated to characterize the effects of physiological stage and salinity on DMS and DMSP pools of these two marine phytoplankton species.Axenic laboratory cultures of the two marine algae were tested for DMSP production and its conversion into DMS.The results demonstrated that both algal species could produce DMS,but the average concentration of DMS per cell in S.trochoidea(12.63 fmol/L) was about six times that in P.minimum(2.01 fmol/L).DMS and DMSP concentrations in algal cultures varied significantly at different growth stages,with high release during the late stationary growth phase and the senescent phase.DMS production induced by three salinities(22,28,34) showed that the DMS concentrations per cell in the two algal cultures increased with increasing salinity,which might result from intra-cellular DMSP up-regulation with the change of osmotic stress.Our study specifies the distinctive contributions of different physiological stages of marine phytoplankton on DMSP and DMS production,and clarifies the influence of salinity conditions on the release of DMS and DMSP.As S.trochoidea and P.minimum are harmful algal bloom species with high DMS production,they might play an additional significant role in the sulfur cycle when a red tide occurs.

Concept and Evaluation of Ecosystem Intrinsic Value

Ecosystem valuation can serve as a basis of scientific support for decision-making. So far, the most popular methods for ecosystem valuation are ecosystem service valuation （ESV）, which is based on the utility of ecosystem to human beings rather than on the objective value of the ecosystem. After more than 10 years＇ application, it has been found that all losses of ESV were about 10% of the benefits of human activities. In this paper, the ecosystem intrinsic value （EIV） is defined. EIV is an objective value that emerges from the existence, structures, functions and processes of ecosystem, but independent with man, man＇s will and preferences. The valuating approach and methods used for EIV were developed by using energy approach and the methods of emergy analysis and eco-exergy analysis. The EIV calculated by emergy from the substance, energy and information of ecosystem and by eco-exergy from the structure and function of ecosystem represents the existent value and the externally working capacity of ecosystem, respectively. The approach and methods of EIV evaluation were applied to Xiamen Bay, China. The results showed that the marine EIV in Xiamen Bay was 209 billion RMB, including 116 billion RMB of emergy and 92.4 billion RMB of eco-exergy in 2010, nearly 30 times of ESV and 8.5 times of the GDP of Xiamen marine industry in 2010. The EIV in unit area of Xiarnen Bay is more than 10 times higher than the average global ESV in estuaries. It implied a potential undervaluation to ecosystem value by ESV calculation, which may mislead decisions-making processes.

DNA barcoding of the family Sparidae along the coast of China and revelation of potential cryptic diversity in the IndoWest Pacific oceans based on COI and 16S rRNA genes

Sparids are of considerable economic importance in marine fishery and aquaculture in China, and the species diversity of this group is considered relatively high. However, the accurate species identification and delimitation of sparids in China remain unaddressed. In this study, we used mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit ?(COI) and 16S ribosomal RNA(16S) genes to conduct DNA barcoding and species delimitation in eleven sparid species from the coastal waters of China. Based on Kimura-2 parameter genetic distances, the mean intraspecific/interspecific variation for COI and 16S were calculated as 0.004/0.152 and 0.002/0.072, respectively. All the conspecific individuals formed monophyletic clusters in neighbour-joining trees of both markers. An obvious barcoding gap was detected for each species, and a common genetic threshold of 1.3% sequence divergence was defined for species delimitation in both markers. Although the sequence variation of 16S was generally lower than that of COI, the results indicated that sparid species could be ef fectively and accurately identified and delimited by COI as well as 16S. Thus, we propose that the COI gene serve as the standard DNA barcode for sparids, and that the 16S gene could also be an ideal candidate barcode. Moreover, each of the six sparid species( Argyrops spinifer, Rhabdosargus sarba, Dentex hypselosomus, Acanthopagrus latus, Acanthopagrus australis and Acanthopagrus berda) showed high intraspecific divergence(>1.3% genetic threshold) with the remarkable geographic lineages in the Indo-West Pacific oceans, which supported that potential unrecognized cryptic species were in them. The potential cryptic diversity revealed here might be primarily attributed to the allopatric divergences caused by the long-term geographic isolation between the Indian and West Pacific oceans or between the opposite sides of the Indian Ocean. The results further suggest that a revision of taxonomic status of these species is required, followed by development of a biodiversity conservation strategy.

Efficient Syntheses of Permethylated Derivatives of Neolamellarin A,a Pyrrolic Marine Natural Product

The pyrrole-derived alkaloids with marine origin, especially their permethyl derivatives, have unique structures and promising biological activities. Marine natural product neolamellarins are a collection of lamellarin-like phenolic pyrrole compounds, which can inhibit hypoxia-induced HIF-1 activation. Many pyrrole-derived lamellarin-like alkaloids show potent MDR reversing activity. In this study, five permethylated derivatives of neolamellarin A were synthesized with their MDR reversing activity studied in order to identify new MDR reversal agents. A convergent strategy was adopted to synthesize the permethylated derivatives of neolamellarin A. Pyrrole was first converted into a corresponding N-trisisopropylsilyl （TIPS）-substituted derivative, then through iodination afforded 3,4-diiodinated pyrrole compound. The key intermediate, 3,4-disubstituent-lH-pyrrole, was obtained through desilylation of 3,4-disubstituent-l-TIPS pyrrole, which was prepared from 3,4-diiodinated pyrrole derivative and aryl boronic acid ester through Suzuki cross-coupling reaction between them. Then, the intermediate, 3,4-disubstituent-lH-pyrrole, reacted with fresh phenylacetyl chloride under n-BuLi/THF condition afforded the target compounds. Finally, we obtained five novel pyrrolic com- pounds, permethylated derivatives ofneolamellarin A 16a-e, in 30%-37% yield through five step reactions. The bioactivity testing of these compounds are in process.

Responses of Primary Productivity to Current and Climate Changes in the Mud Area to the Southwest of Cheju Island During the Past 800 Years

The biogenic silica (BSi) ,total organic carbon (TOC) ,total nitrogen (TN) and grain size were analyzed with a gravity core (3250-6) collected from the mud area in the north East China Sea.The average deposition rate of the upper core was about 0.078cm yr1based on the results of 210Pbex.The mean grain size increased with depth in general.The frequency distribution of grain size showed that two marked changes of deposition environment occurred at 30 cm and 50 cm depths (about 1550 AD and 1300 AD,respectively) .The variations of BSi and TOC indicated two distinct major periods of primary productivity over the past 800 years:a stage of low primary productivity corresponding to weak upwelling and low nutrient input below 30 cm depth (about 1200-1550 AD) ,and a stage of high primary productivity with strong currents and upwelling above 30 cm depth (about 1550-1950 AD) .The stage with high primary productive appeared to be due to the northward-expanded muddy area caused by strong Asian Winter Monsoon and enhanced Yellow Sea Warm Current in winter.In conclusion,the BSi and TOC in the muddy sediments,the symbols of marine primary productivity,can be then used to investigate the evolution history of currents and relative climate change in the offshore areas.

Optimum Production and Characterization of an Acid Protease from Marine Yeast Metschnikowia reukaufii W6b

The marine yeast strain W6b isolated from sediment of the South China Sea was found to produce a cell-bound acid protease.The crude acid protease produced by this marine yeast showed the highest activity at pH 3.5 and 40 ℃.The optimal pH and temperature for the crude acid protease were in agreement with those for acid protease produced by the terrestrial yeasts.The optimal medium of the acid protease production was seawater containing 1.0% glucose, 1.5% casein, and 0.5% yeast extract, and the optimal cultivation conditions of the acid protease production were pH 4.0, a temperature of 25 ℃ and a shaking speed of 140 rmin-1.Under the optimal conditions, 72.5 UmL-1 of acid protease activity could be obtained in cell suspension within 48 h of fermentation at shake flask level.The acid protease production was induced by high-molecular-weight nitrogen sources and repressed by low-molecu-lar-weight nitrogen sources.Skimmed-milk-clotting test showed that the crude acid protease from the cell suspension of the yeast W6b had high skimmed milk coagulability.The acid protease produced by M.reukaufii W6b may have highly potential applications in cheese, food and fermentation industries.

Decadal variations in diatoms and dinoflagellates on the inner shelf of the East China Sea, China

Diatoms and dinoflagellates are two major groups ofphytoplankton that flourish in the oceans, particularly in coastal zone and upwelling systems, and their contrasting production have been reported in several world seas. However, this information is not available in the coastal East China Sea （ECS）. Thus, to investigate and compare the decadal trends in diatoms and dinoflagellates, a sediment core, 47-cm long, was collected from the coastal zone of the ECS. Sediment chlorophyll-a （Chl-a）, phytoplankton-group specifc pigment signatures of diatoms and dinoflagellates, and diatom valve concentrations were determined. The sediment core covered the period from 1961 to 2011 AD. The chlorophyll-a contents ranged from 2.32 to 73 gg/g dry sediment （dw） and averaged 9.81 gg/g dw. Diatom absolute abundance ranged from 29 152 to 177 501 valve/gram （v/g） dw and averaged 72 137 v/g dw. Diatom valve and diatom specific pigment marker concentrations were not significantly correlated. Peridinin increased after the 1980s in line with intensified use of fertilizer and related increases in nutrient inputs into the marine environment. The increased occurrence of dinoflagellate dominance after the 1980s can be mostly explained by the increase in nutrients. However, the contribution of dinoflagellates to total phytoplankton production （Chl-a） decreased during the final decade of this study, probably because of the overwhelming increase in diatom production that corresponded with the construction of the Three Gorges Dam （TGD） and related light availability. Similarly, the mean ratio of fucoxanthin/peridinin for the period from 1982 to 2001 was 6% less than for 1961 to 1982, while the ratio for 2001 to 2011 was 45.3% greater than for 1982 to 2001. The decadal variation in the fucoxanthirdperidinin ratio implies that dinoflagellate production had been gradually increasing until 2001. We suggest that the observed changes can be explained by anthropogenic impacts, such as nutrient loading and dam construction.

Chemical constituents of marine mangrove-derived endophytic fungus Alternaria tenuissima EN-192

A chemical investigation of the ethyl acetate extract of the fermentation broth of Alternaria tenuissima EN- 192, an endophytic fungus obtained from the stems of the marine mangrove plant Rhizophora stylosa, resulted in the isolation of nine known secondary metabolites, including four indole-diterpenoids： penijanthine A （1）, paspaline （2）, paspalinine （3）, and penitrem A （4）; three tricycloalternarene derivatives： tricycloalternarene 3a （5）, tricycloalternarene lb （6）, and tricycloalternarene 2b （7）; and two alternariol congeners： djalonensone （8） and alternariol （9）. The chemical structures of these metabolites were characterized through a combination of detailed spectroscopic analyses and their comparison with reports from the literature. The inhibitory activities of each isolated compound against four bacteria were evaluated and compounds 5 and 8 displayed moderate activity against the aquaculture pathogenic bacterium Vibrio anguillarum, with inhibition zone diameters of 8 and 9 mm, respectively, at 100 gg/disk. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the secondary metabolites of mangrove-derived Alternaria tenuissima and also the first report of the isolation ofindole-diterpenoids from fungal genus Alternaria.

Potential Applications of X-ray Fluorescence Core Scanner in Elemental Analyses of the Muddy Sediments on the Coastal Shelves of China and in Ecological Study

Large areas of muddy sediments on the coastal shelves of China provide important samples for studying climate and ecological changes. Analysis of a large number of such samples, which is essential for systematic study on environmental information recorded in mud areas because of complicated sedimentary environment and variable sedimentary rate, requires a fast and economical method. In this study, we investigated the potential of X-ray fluorescence core scanner （XRFS）, a fast analytical instrument for measuring the elemental concentrations of muddy sediments, and observed a significant correlation between the element concentrations of muddy sediments determined by regular X-ray fluorescence spectrometer （XRF） and XRFS, respectively. The correlations are mainly determined by excitation energy of elements, but also influenced by solubility of element ions. Furthermore, we found a striking link between A1 concentrations and marine-originated organic carbon （MOC）, a proxy of marine primary productivity. This indicates that MOC is partly controlled by sedimentary characteristics. Therefore, XRFS method has a good potential in fast analysis of a large number of muddy sediment samples, and it can also be used to calibrate MOC in ecological study of coastal seas.

Hydroelasticity Analysis in Frequency Domain and Time Domain

Hydroelasticity has been introduced in ship seakeeping assessment for more than three decades, and it finally becomes an essential tool in marine industry for design of some types of ship. In the 35 years of evolution, hydroelasticity methods applied in industry of marine and offshore energy grown up from two dimensional to three dimensional and now has analysis models of linear model in frequency domain and nonlinear model in time domain. In this paper, we present the three dimensional hydroelasticity theory model in frequency domain and time domain, show the difference in the approach, and discuss their applications in wave-structure interaction.

Accommodation Vessels

This technical paper considers the vessels used today in the sea and marine industries to provide somewhere to stay for people in semi-permanent accommodation at sea： the floating hotels. These structures have mainly been developed to hold the activities of the offshore oil and gas industry, although in coastal areas they are widely used for several purposes, mainly as commercial hotels, but with a quite different philosophy of use. The purpose of this paper is to show how the term flotel is used to denominate very different craft that, while serving the same purpose, have a totally different configuration according to the place where they are located： in protected waters in coastal areas, in benign and shallow waters of the open ocean or in the harsh environments of deep waters, etc..

Comparison of growth and survival of larvae among different shell color stocks of bay scallop Argopecten irradians irradians(Lamarck 1819)

In order to improve production and breed new broods of bay scallop Argopecten irradians irradians, different-colored orange, purple and white lines were established by two mating methods of self-fertilization and mass spawning at a commercial scallop hatchery in spring, 2002. And then larval growth and survival of different lines was compared to test whether there is a relationship between shell color and growth and survival at early developmental stage. Both growth and survival have no significant differences among different experimental larvae of self-fertilization or mass spawning. Results are as following in the order of orange, purple and white shell stock. For the self-fertilization, growth rates of larvae were 6.174, 6.412, and 6.599 μm/d, respectively. Survival rates of larvae at Day 3 were 74.41%, 76.86%, and 82.05%; Day 6 were 49.14%, 65.63%, and 52.79%; and Day 9 were 25.06%, 20.80%, and 26.47%, respectively. For the mass spawning, the growth rates were 7.836, 7.941, and 7.878 μm/d, respectively. Survival rates at Day 3 were 93.05%, 91.95%, and 92.50%; Day 6 were 79.17%, 78.05%, and 82.50%; and Day 9 were 34.72%, 36.67%, and 38.33%, respectively. The absence of any relationship between shell color and growth and survival at the larval stage may be resulted from their common genetic basis.

Future Development of Ocean Engineering in China

Analysis is given to energy sources home and abroad, the employed and customer market in oceanographic engineering and necessity of its development. Risk out of system is put forward just after marine industry into oceanographic engineering market. It also metions several influencing factors including politics, finance and ocean engineering materials.