海洋管道开孔装置的电液组合式控制方法研究

目前国内陆上油气管道不停输带压开孔技术发展较快,但海洋油气管道带压开孔技术与装置目前仍多数处于理论研究与试验阶段,拥有自主知识产权的海洋管道开孔装置成功应用案例少。提出一种海洋管道开孔装置的电液组合式控制方法,将整体控制系统分为甲板端监控与操作模块、水下控制与集成模块,通过电液组合脐带缆完成状态数据和用户指令的传输,实现远程控制。该项技术装置已成功通过实验釜水深模拟试验,为深水管道开孔装置的电液模块设计起到指导作用。

自由水面式半圆体开孔海洋结构物水动力性能实验研究

提出了自由水面式半圆体开孔这一海洋结构物的新型式,并对该型式结构物进行了不同水深、不同模型浸水深度,以及不同波高和周期下系统的规则波及不规则波的模型实验研究.对结构物的透射系数Ct、反射系数Cr以及能量耗散系数Cl进行了系统总结.通过研究发现自由水面式半圆体开孔海洋结构物的消波性能随着模型相对水深以及相对板宽的增加而增强;并且该结构具有较小的波浪反射率以及较好的能量耗散效果,适合在海岸基础设施中推广建造.

立足中国 走向世界

科学技术是当代人类社会发展的第一推动力。进入新世纪,世界各国都在思考和部署新的经济和社会发展战略,在新的形势下,我国科学技术事业的发展正面临着新的挑战和机遇,地球科学也不例外。

Spatio-temporal distribution of net-collected phytoplankton community and its response to marine exploitation in Xiangshan Bay

To explore the spatial-temporal distribution of the phytoplankton community and evaluate the combined effects of marine resource exploitation, net-collected phytoplankton and physical-chemical parameters were investigated in the Xiangshan Bay during the four seasons of 2010. A total of eight phyla, 97 genera, and 310 species were found, including 232 diatom species, 45 dinoflageUate species and 33 other taxa. The phytoplankton abundances presented a significant （P〈0.001） seasonal difference with the average of 60.66x104 cells/m3. Diatoms （mainly consisting of Coscinodiscus jonesianus, Cerataulina pelagica, Skeletonema costatum, and genus Chaetoceros） dominated the phytoplankton assemblage in all seasons. We found great spatio-temporal variation in community composition based on the multidimensional scaling and similarity analysis. Canonical correspondence analysis show that temperature, nutrition, illumination, and salinity were the main variables associated with microalgal assemblage. Compared with the previous studies, an increase in phytoplankton abundance and change in the dominant species coincided with increased exploitation activities in this bay （e.g. operation of coastal power plants, intensive mariculture, tidal fiat reclamation, and industrial and agricultural development）. The present findings suggest that the government should exercise caution when deciding upon developmental patterns in the sea-related economy.

The absorption of water color components and spectral modes in the Pearl River estuary

In-situ data from cruises in the Pearl River estuary and adjacent marine areas were collected during March to May 2001. The absorption coefficients of the water color components were studied in detail containing total suspended matter （TSM）, chlorophyll-a （chl-a）, colored dissolved organic matter （CDOM）, and de-pigment particles. For absorption coefficient of TSM, ap, and that of de-pigment particles, ad, correlations of ap（440）-TSM, ad（440）-TSM, ap（440）-chl-a and ad-chl-a were done （the italicized term means the concentration）. There was a good correlation between ap（440） and chl-a concentration. An empirical relationship model between aph（675） and chl-a was developed showing a strong correlation of 0.93. Based on the two models the chl-a and aph（2） were correlated. The values of calculated empirical spectral slope for CDOM absorption coefficients and that of de-pigment particles, 0.017 0 and 0.011 6 respectively, both are within a relative standard error of 10.0%.

Influence of Reclamation Works on the Marine Environment in a Semi-Enclosed Bay

The flow and seawater exchange rates have been predicted using a two-dimensional numerical model and a Lagrangian method for a semi-enclosed shallow bay where reclaiming and dredging works are scheduled. The wind effect on the flow and material transport has been emphasized, and a thirty-year mean value of wind has been considered in the numerical simulation. As a whole, even after the reclaiming and dredging are conducted, the flow pattern looks similar to the original state. However, velocity variations up to 20% to 100% appear in the vicinity of the construction area. In the case of summcr wind forcing, the seawater exchange rate increases from 71.6% to 82.9% after the reclaiming and dredging, as indicated by a particle-tracking method. On the contrary, in the case of winter wind forcing, thc seawater cxchange rate appears to be 97.2% under natural conditions but decrcases slightly to 93.2% aftcr the rcclaiming and dredging. Thus, the wind forcing plays an important role in controlling the seawater exchangc rates. The seawater cxchange rate is further improved by 15% if the dredging is simultaneously carried out with the reclaiming. This suggests that the dredging can be an effective means to mitigate the variation of flow.

Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis of Regional Marine Ecosystem Services Value

Marine ecosystem services are the benefits which people obtain from the marine ecosystem,including provisioning services,regulating services,cultural services and supporting services. The human species,while buffered against environmental changes by culture and technology,is fundamentally dependent on the flow of ecosystem services. Marine ecosystem services become increasingly valuable as the terrestrial resources become scarce. The value of marine ecosystem services is the monetary flow of ecosystem services on specific temporal and spatial scales,which often changes due to the variation of the goods prices,yields and the status of marine exploitation. Sensitivity analysis is to study the relationship between the value of marine ecosystem services and the main factors which affect it. Uncertainty analysis based on varying prices,yields and status of marine exploitation was carried out. Through uncertainty analysis,a more credible value range instead of a fixed value of marine ecosystem services was obtained in this study. Moreover,sensitivity analysis of the marine ecosystem services value revealed the relative importance of different factors.

Construction of bacterial artificial chromosome libraries for Zhikong Scallop Chlamys farreri

Two Large-insert genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries of Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri were constructed to promote our genetic and genomic research. High-quality megabase-sized DNA was isolated from the adductor muscle of the scallop and partially digested by BamH I and Mbo I, respectively. The BamH I library consisted of 53 760 clones while the Mbo I library consisted of 7 680clones. Approximately 96 % of the clones in BamH I library contained nuclear DNA inserts in average size of 100 kb, providing a coverage of 5.3 haploid genome equivalents. Similarly, the Mbo I library with an average insert of 145 kb and no insert-empty clones, thus providing a genome coverage of 1.1 haploid genome equivalents.

Marine Engineering Geological Exploration Information System(MEGEIS):A GIS-based Application to Marine Resources Exploitation

Based on the ArcGIS geographic information system and the ORACLE database management system,this paper reports our studies on the technology of Marine Engineering Geological Exploration Information System(MEGEIS). By analyzing system structure,designing function modules and discussing data management,this paper systematically proposes a framework of technol-ogy to integrate,manage,and analyze the seabed information comprehensively. Then,the technology is applied to the design and development of the Bohai Sea Oilfield Paradigm Area Information System. The system can not only meet the practical demands of marine resources exploration and exploitation in the Bohai Sea oilfield,but also serve as a preparatory work in theory and technology for the realization of the 'Digital Seabed'.

Chinese Marine Economy Development: Dynamic Evolution and Spatial Difference

This study focuses on China's coastal area and its marine economic development. Applying the information diffusion method, the study establishes a kernel density function and its decomposition using a marine economic per capita as the index of the model to depict the dynamic evolution law and the internal influential factors of the Chinese marine economy during 1996–2013. The relative development rate was introduced to analyze the spatial differences in the marine economy's development. In this way, space and time dimensions fully characterized the evolution of the Chinese marine economy. Additionally, the influence of growth and inequality in the process of its development can be analyzed. The study shows that the Chinese marine economy as a whole has been growing, and regional marine economic development is relatively coordinated. In addition, the marine economy began to develop even more rapidly after 2004. There are three factors affecting the dynamic evolution of China's marine economy: first, the most influential mean effect, followed by, second, the variance effect, and third, the least influential residual effect. The biggest influence on the dynamic evolution of the marine economy is the improvement of the development level of the marine economy in the coastal area. Meanwhile, due to the existence of inequality, provinces at higher development levels are more dispersed. Furthermore, the existence of the residual effect weakens the influence of the mean effect, and the influence on the dynamic evolution of the marine economy continuously increases. In the analysis of the influencing factors of the evolution and spatial difference of marine economic development, the level of opening to the outside world, the level of investment in fixed assets and the industrial structure have a positive role in promoting economic development. However, capital investment in scientific human research has a negative correlation with economic development, and does not pass the significant test. The difference in regional development levels and development speed is also very apparent; namely, the provinces with higher development levels generally displayed faster development speeds while those with lower development levels showed slower development speeds across the four periods analyzed.

Developments, Expectations of Wave Energy Converters and Mooring Anchors in the UK

The paper introduces the important developments of Wave Energy Converters (WECs) in the UK, and the generic an- chor types for WECs and similar structures. Several WECs and their characteristics are introduced to explain the development direction. The anchors are discussed in relation to the behaviour and performance of WECs, and comparisons are made with simi- lar aspects of the offshore industry. Typical and desirable features of anchors for WECs are summarized. Additionally, expectations and research suggestions for WECs and their anchor design are presented.

Effects of algal concentration and initial density on the population growth of Diaphanosoma celebensis Stingelin(Crustacea,Cladocera)

The effects of algal concentration and initial density on the population growth of the estuarine cladocera, Diaphanosoma celebensis Stingelin, were evaluated in an indoor experiment. A 2 × 4 layout that included two algal concentrations （Chlorella pyrenoidosa, 1 × 10^6 and 3 ×10^6 cell/mL） and four inoculation densities （100, 200, 300 and 400 ind./L） were established. Diaphanosoma celebensis were reared in 150 mL flasks containing 50 mL of algal medium at 22℃, under salinity of 10 and a photoperiod of 12 h L： 12 h D. The lag phase required to initiate continuous population growth following inoculation was shorter for D. celebensis fed 1 × 10^6 cell/mL and inoculated at 300 or 400 ind./L than that for D. celebensis fed 3 × 10^6 cell/mL and inoculated at 100 or 200 ind./L. However, D. celebensis fed 3 × 10^6 cell/mL and inoculated at 100 or 200 ind./L exhibited longer periods of positive population growth The maximum population densities were 5 875 ± 324, 6 690 ± 691, 7 735 ± 1,121 and 6 365 ± 691 ind./L for D. celebensis fed 1 × 10^6 cell/mL and inoculated at 100, 200, 300 and 400 ind./L, respectively, and 15 070 ± 379, 12 215 ± 648, 11 960±2,551 and 16 130 ± 880 ind./L for D. celebensis fed 3 ×10^6 cell/mL and inoculated at 100, 200, 300 and 400 ind./L, respectively. The average daily increasing rates of population were 0.076 ± 0.001, 0.065 ± 0.002, 0.055 ±0.002 and 0.048 ± 0.003 for D. celebensis fed 1×10^6 cell/mL and inoculated at 100, 200, 300 and 400 ind./L, respectively, and 0.098± 0.001, 0.078 ± 0.002, 0.072 ± 0.003 and 0.067 ± 0.003 forD. celebensis fed 3 × 10^6 cell/mL and inoculated at 100, 200, 300 and 400 ind./L, respectively. The maximum population density and average daily increasing rate of population increased as the algal concentration increased, whereas an increase in the inoculation density led to a linear decrease in the daily increasing rate of population under both algal concentrations. The results of the present experiment indicate that the algal concentration and inoculation density significantly affect population growth of D. celebensis, Furthermore, the results suggest that the optimal algal concentration and inoculation density for the mass culture ofD. celebensis should be 3 × 10^6 cell/mL and 100 ind./L.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE ECONOMY IN CHINA

China is a large marine country. Developing marine economy is an effective way to solve a series of problems with which man is faced, such as the want of natural resources, space limitation, the environmental deterioration, etc. This article analyzes the rich resources of marine biology, harbor, offshore oil and natural gas and coastal tourism resources in China and describes the developing features and regional differences of marine economy. To realize the sustainable development of marine economy in China, what we need to do are as follows: 1) to list exploiting ocean into national development strategy; 2) to realize integrated economy of sea and land; 3) to develop ocean by science and technology; 4) to perfect legal institution of marine environment: 5) to establish new idea of sea defending. KEY WORDS: marine resources: marine economy; marine industrial structure; sustainable development

Standardization Framework of Marine Sustainable Development Evaluation System

The core concepts of standardization framework of marine sustainable development evaluation systemare fairness and justice and the aim of sustainable development is to pursue development beneficial bothfor the current and future generations.Scientific evaluation of sustainable marine development is importantfor ensuring an accurate level of marine development.Establishing a scientific evaluation system is of greatimportance in the planning of marine development.Standardization of such an evaluation system needs tobe based on comprehensive work and must be founded on both marine science and modern managementprinciples.This paper analyses the current marine standards situation and looks at the assessment systemfor marine sustainable development.It also lists the main reasons for the standardization of a sustainablemarine development evaluation system and analyses five existing marine standardization problems whichare a constraint to this standardization.Finally a framework of marine sustainable development evaluationsystem standardization is established.The conclusion incorporates some advice on how to promote thisstandardization.

Marine Renewable Energy Seascape

Energy production based on fossil fuel reserves is largely responsible for carbon emissions, and hence global warming. The planet needs concerted action to reduce fossil fuel usage and to implement carbon mitigation measures. Ocean energy has huge potential, but there are major interdisciplinary problems to be overcome regarding technology, cost reduction, investment, environmental impact, governance, and so forth. This article briefly reviews ocean energy production from offshore wind, tidal stream, ocean current, tidal range, wave, thermal, salinity gradients, and biomass sources. Future areas of research and development are outlined that could make exploitation of the marine renewable energy （MRE） seascape a viable proposition; these areas include energy storage, advanced materials, robotics, and informatics. The article concludes with a sustainability perspective on the MRE seascape encompassing ethics, leg- islation, the regulatory environment, governance and consenting, economic, social, and environmental constraints. A new generation of engineers is needed with the ingenuity and spirit of adventure to meet the global challenge posed by MRE.

Research on Development Countermeasures of Marine Cultural Industry in Dalian City

Nowadays, culture, as a kind of soft power, has become the worldwide force that has an influence on the future world. The competition in the future world will also be the competition of culture and cultural productivity. The consciousness of cultural construction and cultural development has become the consensus of all countries in the world. Dalian is an important city in terms of opening to and cooperation in Northeast Asia. The development of marine culture and marine cultural industry is of great significance on promoting the growth of Dalian’s marine economy and the revitalization of the old industrial bases in northeast, which is also beneficial to the development of Liaoning coastal economic belt, the economic circle around the Bohai Sea and the construction strategy of the “Belt and Road initiative”. This paper takes the development countermeasures of marine cultural industry in Dalian city as the research subject. Based on the detailed analysis of the status and insufficiency, putting forward several specific development countermeasures of marine cultural industry in Dalian city.

A Decentralized Parallel One-Pass Fixed-Interval Deconvolution Algorithm for Multisensor Systems with Multiplicative Noises

A decentralized parallel one-pass deconvolution algorithm for multisensor systems with multiplicative noises is proposed. Comparing with the conventional deconvolution algorithm, it avoids the computational overload and the high storage requirement. The algorithm is optimal in the sense of linear minimum-variance. The simulation results illustrate the validity of the proposed algorithm.

Mean trophic level of coastal fisheries landings in the Persian Gulf(Hormuzgan Province), 2002–2011

Fishing activities can alter the structure of marine food webs by the selective removal of some species. The changes in the marine food webs of the Hormuzgan waters of the Persian Gulf, Iran were assessed, based on estimates of the mean trophic index （MTI） and Fishing in Balance index （FIB）, and on landing profile of the exploited marine community （49 species） during the period, 2002-2011. The total landings （Yt） （R=0.88, P〈0.001） increased gradually while the Y~ of carnivores has slightly declined, and the Yt of herbivores, detritivores and omnivores has increased. Consequently, the MTI significantly decreased （R=-0.69, P〈0.05） at a rate of 0.1 l during this decade. The MTI showed a decreasing trend, which indicates exploitation of marine resources. The FiB index also showed a downward trend and negative values from 2002 to 2009, which may be associated with unbalanced structure in the fisheries, but an upward trend from 2009 to 20ll. The time variation of the landing profile showed two periods with significant differences in their species composition （R=0.88; P=0.005）, and based on analysis of similarity, species have been identified as discriminator species, namely Thunnus albacores and Benthosema pterotum. Results indicate that changes in MTI reflected changes in the Hormuzgan landing structure. The examination of the MTI, FBI, and landing profile （LP） temporal pattern suggests that the status of fishery resources in Hormuzgan inshore waters is overexploited, and provides evidence of the probability that a fishing down process is occurring in this area, and that this trend may continue in the long-tenn. Therefore, environmental fisheries management and conservation programs should be prioritized for these valuable resources.

DPOI: Distributed Software System Development Platform for Ocean Information Service

Ocean information management is of great importance as it has been employed in many areas of ocean science and technology. However, the developments of Ocean Information Systems(OISs) often suffer from low efficiency because of repetitive work and continuous modifications caused by dynamic requirements. In this paper, the basic requirements of OISs are analyzed first, and then a novel platform DPOI is proposed to improve development efficiency and enhance software quality of OISs by providing off-the-shelf resources. In the platform, the OIS is decomposed hierarchically into a set of modules, which can be reused in different system developments. These modules include the acquisition middleware and data loader that collect data from instruments and files respectively, the database that stores data consistently, the components that support fast application generation, the web services that make the data from distributed sources syntactical by use of predefined schemas and the configuration toolkit that enables software customization. With the assistance of the development platform, the software development needs no programming and the development procedure is thus accelerated greatly. We have applied the development platform in practical developments and evaluated its efficiency in several development practices and different development approaches. The results show that DPOI significantly improves development efficiency and software quality.