法律学说司法运用的海洋法系图景

海洋法系的法律学说是针对法律专业人士的,由法律职业共同体多维度研究法律问题、司法意见和先例,发表在学术刊物及著作,并逐步形成的具有系统性的思想体系。在海洋法系不同历史时期,法律学说在司法领域的运用发生了变化,法律学说在司法地位从法律渊源向裁判理由过渡。从古代偶尔运用法律学说,到近代法官开始逐渐重视法律学说,法律学说司法运用增多,再到现代法律学说在司法实践中频繁运用。总体来说,海洋法系法律学说在司法实践领域发挥着独特的作用,法律学说司法运用呈现出“分离”的趋势,但从法律实践的角度来说,法律学说在司法实践中的运用是必不可少的,因为它有助于减少法官恣意行事并提高普通民众对判决的可接受度。因此,需跨越理论与实践的鸿沟,需要加强法律学说与法律实践的交流,这有助于法学家在探究法学内部逻辑的同时,产出更多具有实践功能的法律学说。

大陆法系和海洋法系

是案例重要还是条文重要?西方两大法系做出了不同的选择。法学领域有个重要的概念——法系,西方国家有两大法系,即大陆法系和英美法系,英美法系又叫海洋法系。大陆法系又称罗马法系、民法法系、法典法系或罗马日尔曼法系,是承袭古罗马法的传统,仿照《法国民法典》和《德国民法典》的样式建立起来的各国法律制度的总称。

金融开放与经济增长的非线性关系研究——基于海洋、大陆法系的比较视角

基于法系渊源的比较视角,主要考察了海洋法系和大陆法系国家之间金融开放对经济增长影响效应的差异。理论分析发现,金融开放之下法律成本的大幅扩张会削弱金融开放的经济增长效应,同时由于两种法系运行机制的不同所引致的法律效率异质性会对经济增长带来不同影响。在此基础上,利用1998—2017年87个国家或地区的跨国面板数据,主要采用个体时间双固定效应和动态面板GMM方法,实证检验了两个法系下金融开放与经济增长的关系。结论表明,不论哪种法系,金融开放对经济增长都存在非线性的倒“U”型影响效应,过高的金融开放度反而可能不利于经济增长;相比于海洋法系,大陆法系下金融开放对经济增长的正向持续性作用更强,亦即大陆法系下金融开放的拐点值更高。研究对中国的金融开放和金融改革提供了一定启示。

关于海洋的法理学考察

在法理学的研究中,很难避开“海洋法系”这个概念,有关“海洋法系”的论著可谓汗牛充栋。相比之下,关于“海洋”的法理学研究,却是一个相对薄弱的主题。着眼于法理学的视野,从柏拉图的“大西岛”到培根的“新大西岛”、从格劳秀斯的“海洋自由论”到施米特的“海洋自由论”、从马汉的“海权”到肯尼迪的“海上主导权”、从约翰王的“大宪章”到庞德的“普通法精神”,提供了从法理的角度理解海洋的多种可能性。其中,黑格尔与严复分别代表了德国与中国从大陆睁眼看海洋的标志性思想家。展开关于海洋的法理学及比较法学研究,是当代中国积极面对海洋时代的理论前提与思想准备。

Problems of Marine Ecological and Environmental Compensations of Oil Spill in China

In recent years, the frequent occurrences of marine oil spills have already become one of the major reasons threatening the marine ecological safety of China. In the event of oil spill, oth-er than taking the necessary emergent measures aiming specifically at the damage to the marine ecology and environment, using legal means to assure that the damage liabilities are borne by the respon-sible persons to protect the national interests are also very neces-sary. This paper advances five recommendations regarding the development of a system for ecological legal compensations from the standpoint of the current status of legislation and execution of the laws on compensation of oil spill polluting marine ecosystem. These five recommendations include: determination of the status of juristic action in marine ecological and environmental compen-sations in accordance with the laws, determination of plaintiff of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of the four basic principles in the le-gal actions of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of assessment technical standard of marine ecological and environmental damages in ac-cordance with the laws, and determination of the scope of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws.

Classification of marine diatoms using pigment ratio suites

Diatoms are widely distributed in many temperate areas and some species frequently form extensive blooms in spring. Hence, monitoring the variations of specific genera or species of diatoms is necessary for studying phytoplankton population dynamics in marine ecosystems. To test whether pigment ratios can be used to identify diatoms at a below-class taxonomic level, we analyzed 14 species/strains of diatoms isolated from Chinese seas using high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. We normalized all pigment concentrations to total chlorophyll a to calculate the ratios of pigment to chlorophyll a, and calculated the ratios between accessory pigments （or pigment sums）. Cluster analysis indicated that these diatoms could be classified into four clusters in terms of three accessory pigment ratios： chlorophyll c2： chlorophyll Cl, fucoxanthin：total chlorophyll c and diadinoxanthin：diatoxanthin. The classification results matched well with those of biological taxonomy. To test the stability of the classification, pigment data from one species, cultured under different light intensities, and five new species/strains were calculated and used for discriminant analysis. The results show that the classification of diatom species using pigment ratio suites was stable for the variations of pigment ratios of species cultured in different light intensities. The introduction of new species, however, may confuse the classification within the current scheme. Classification of marine diatoms using pigment ratio suites is potentially valuable for the fine chemotaxonomy of phytoplankton at taxonomic levels below class and would advance studies on phytoplankton population dynamics and marine ecology.

Optimal Filtering Algorithm for Stochastic 2-D FMM Ⅱ with Multiplicative Noise

A stochastic two dimensional Fornasini Marchesini’s Model Ⅱ (2 D FMM Ⅱ) with multiplicative noise is given, and a filtering algorithm for this model, which is optimal in the sense of linear minimum variance, is developed. The stochastic 2 D FMM Ⅱ with multiplicative noise can be reduced to a 1 D model, and the proposed optimal filtering algorithm for the stochastic 2 D FMM Ⅱ with multiplicative noise is obtained by using the state estimation theory of 1 D systems. An example is given to illustrate the validity of this algorithm.

Evaluation and Driving Force Analysis of Marine Sustainable Development based on the Grey Relational Model and Path Analysis

With the rapid development of the marine economy,the demand for marine resources development and the pressure on marine environmental protection are gradually increasing.It is critical to evaluate and analyze the driving forces of marine sustainable development in order to promote the coordinated development of the marine economy,resources and environment.Taking Jiangsu Province of China as an example,this paper constructs an evaluation index system for marine sustainable development from the three aspects of marine economy,resources and environment,and calculates the weight of the variation coefficient for each indicator.Based on the grey relational model,the average value of the relational degree,calculated by the average value method of correlation coefficients and the weighting method,is then used to evaluate the status of marine sustainable development in this province.The comprehensive index model is used to analyze the dynamic trend of the evolution of marine sustainable development.The driving forces of marine sustainable development are analyzed by the path analysis method combined with the average values of the grey relational degree for each indicator.This analysis found that the marine sustainable development in 2016 and 2012 was good,the situation in 2007 was bad,and the remaining years were intermediate.Compared with the previous years,the optimal conditions of 2008 and 2012 were obvious.The main driving factors of marine sustainable development are cargo throughput of coastal ports,economic losses caused by storm surges in coastal areas,the area of marine nature reserves in coastal areas,coastal wind power generation capacity,and marine biodiversity.