无人船现状及发展趋势综述

无人船是海洋技术发展的产物,作为一种新型技术手段目前已在海洋调测和防务领域广泛应用.本文从无人船系统的组成、应用领域和发展现状出发,归纳总结无人船的关键技术,并研究其发展趋势.作为一种水面机动载体,无人船关键技术包括特型平台设计技术、运动控制技术和通信技术3个方面,其核心是围绕任务内容、载荷原理、使用环境特点,以应用设计、功能开发为主体的系统集成和应用.现阶段无人船主要作为传统海上工作方法的补充,在遵守、参照现有各种法规、技术标准要求的前提下,搭载已成型的船用任务载荷,按照载人船舶的作业模式、施工惯例投入各种应用.未来随着材料技术、人工智能、通信技术的发展,以及相关政策、法规的建立、健全,无人船将逐步成为一种独立的技术手段,形成一系列新的作业模式和技术方法.

A NEW BIOGENIC SULFIDE CHEMICAL SENSOR FOR MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND SURVEY

A new convenient sulfide electrochemical sensor for marine environmental in situ monitoring and real time survey was developed. The new sensor based on a solid Ag 2S membrane electrode has outstanding chemical sensitivity and stability. It responds to the activity of sulfide ions according to a Nernstian slope of -31mV/decade. The sensor can be used to determine the total concentration of sulfides ( C T) by calibrating the pH value of the solution to a standard pH. The practical measurement range for total sulfide concentration is 0.1-10 mg/L in seawater. The sensor has a very low potential drift (<4mV) during two months in 0.1 mg/L sulfide seawater. This paper describes the preparation of the sensitive membrane and some main properties of the sensor.

The Upper Mixed Layer during Coastal Upwelling Events on the Northern Portugal Shelf

The upper mixed layer (UML) depth obtained from temperature is very close to that from density:the maximum is about 15m. This indicates that temperature is a good indicator of mixed layer during measurements. When the surface heat flux is balanced by a cross-shore heat flux, the surface mixed layer depth obtained from the WM model (Weatherly and Martin, 1978),hPRT, is roughly the same as observed. The mixed layer depth calculated from the PWP model (Price, Weller and Pinkel, 1986) is close to the depth obtained from thermistor chain temperature data. The results show that both the WM model and PWP model can provide a good estimate of stratification in the study area during the cruise. The value of log( h/u3) is about 9.5 in the study area, which shows that the study area is strongly stratified in summer. Observations on the northern Portugal shelf reveal high variability in stability, giving rise to semi-diurnal, semi-monthly and diurnal oscillations, and long term variations. The fortnightly oscillations are highlighted by post-springs and post-neaps. The stirring of spring tide is reinforced by strong wind mixing which brings about complete vertical homogeneity everywhere. The semi-diurnal periodic stratification is very pronounced because the major axis of the tidal ellipse is orientated acrossshore, even though the tidal current is weak in this area, the maximum stratification is observed around the middle of ebb, and, the water at this time is much warmer. The diurnal oscillation results from the upper ocean response to heating and wind mixing when solar heating warms and stabilizes the upper ocean. There is a clear relationship between upper mixed layer depth and wind-stress magnitude at subtidal frequencies. Stronger winds result in a deeper surface mixed layer. Typically, the surface mixed layer depth lags the wind stress by 6 -12 h.

Identification of Hydrodynamic Forces on a Flexible Pipe Near Plane Boundary Subjected to Vortex-Induced Vibrations

Formally,use of system identification techniques to estimate the forces acting on the beam may give information on hydrodynamic forces due to vortex-induced vibrations(VIVs),but no results from such attempts for submarine pipeline spans have been reported.In this study,a pipe model with a mass ratio(mass/displaced mass) of 2.62 is tested in a current tank.The gap ratios(gap to pipe diameter ratio) at the pipe ends are 2.0,4.0, 6.0 and 8.0.The response of the model is measured using optical fiber strain gauges.A modal approach linked to a finite element method is used to estimate the hydrodynamic forces from measurement.The hydrodynamic force at the dominant response frequency is the major concern,and the lift force and added mass coefficients are calculated.Response calculations are performed using force coefficients from the inverse force analysis and the calculated results are in accordance with the experimental data.

Direct Algorithms for Steady-State Solution of Long Slender Marine Structures

The steady state solution of long slender marine structures simply indicates the steady motion response to the excitation at top of the structure.It is very crucial especially for deep towing systems to find out how the towed body and towing cable work under certain towing speed.This paper has presented a direct algorithm using Runge-Kutta method for steady-state solution of long slender cylindrical structures and compared to the time iteration calculation;the direct algorithm spends much less time than the time-iteration scheme.Therefore, the direct algorithm proposed in this paper is quite efficient in providing credible reference for marine engineering applications.

Computationally Efficient Approaches to Fatigue Analysis of Deepwater Risers

Riser long-term fatigue performance is an important design consideration. Although extensive application of irregular sea analysis in time domain with the rainflow counting technique for post-processing is regarded as the most accurate of the approaches for fatigue analysis, it does suffer from some limitations, such as the computational effort. For this reason, two computationally efficient approaches are employed to perform the fatigue analysis of a deepwater top-tensioned riser, based on the Longuet-Higgins distribution and time domain scaling respectively. With Longuet-Higgins distribution irregular wave sea states are expanded into their individual wave bins. These regular wave simulations are of short duration and consequently run quickly. Using the time domain scaling technique, the number of irregular wave runs can be performed for a comparatively small number of load cases and hence reduces the calculation time. The results showed a reasonable accuracy and significant efficiency for both approaches, compared with those from the equivalent rainflow analysis. With much less computational effort and disk storage requirement, the approaches outlined in this paper can therefore be used for the fatigue assessment of deepwater risers in industry practice.