基于海水质量亏损引起的重力异常反演南海海底地形

基于分析得到的海水质量亏损引起的重力异常与海深之间的线性关系,利用由卫星测高资料计算得到的空间重力异常格网值,联合EGM96重力场模型和ETOPO2海深模型,反演得到南海海底地形,反演结果分别与船测海深数据和ETOPO2海深模型进行比较,其精度和分辨率较ETOPO2海深模型均有明显提高。

南海海底地形的卫星测高数据反演

深入讨论了重力异常与海深的关系 ,在考虑地壳均衡补偿效应影响的基础上 ,推导了由重力异常用FFT技术计算海深的模型。最后 ,利用推导的模型联合测高卫星数据和海洋重力资料反演了中国南海 2 5′× 2

Development of the artificial seabed technology and implementation pretrial well in the South China Sea

This paper introduces the recent highly significant activity of China Oilfield Services Ltd. （COSL） in the South China Sea, where COSL conducted pretrial drilling in June of 2008. The paper discusses some key research and new practices which led to the fabrication of related equipment which was evaluated in the trial. The market for deepwater drilling in the world has grown over the past 10 years but there are few drilling vessels or platforms suitable for drilling in deepwater or super deepwater. China needs equipment capable of deepwater drilling operations. COSL has some semisubmersible platforms, but they are only considered suitable for operations in water depths less than 475 m. An enabling technology, referred to as an artificial seabed, has been under development by COSL since 2004, and it applies the research results and experiences of many experts in deepwater drilling. COSL hopes this technology will allow drilling to depths of approximately 1 000-1 500m with its current platforms. The paper presents research progress and improvements in fabrication and necessary upgrades to equipment for extending deepwater drilling. The pretrial well was executed at a water depth of nearly 500m. COSL will drill the trial well around 2009 at the same location in the South China Sea.

FEM modeling for 3D dynamic analysis of deep-ocean mining pipeline and its experimental verification

3D dynamic analysis models of 1000 m deep-ocean mining pipeline, including steel lift pipe, pump, buffer and flexible hose, were established by finite element method (FEM). The coupling effect of steel lift pipe and flexible hose, and main external loads of pipeline were considered in the models, such as gravity, buoyancy, hydrodynamic forces, internal and external fluid pressures, concentrated suspension buoyancy on the flexible hose, torsional moment and axial force induced by pump working. Some relevant FEM models and solution techniques were developed, according to various 3D transient behaviors of integrated deep-ocean mining pipeline, including towing motions of track-keeping operation and launch process of pipeline. Meanwhile, an experimental verification system in towing water tank that had similar characteristics of designed mining pipeline was developed to verify the accuracy of the FEM models and dynamic simulation. The experiment results show that the experimental records and simulation results of stress of pipe are coincided. Based on the further simulations of 1 000 m deep-ocean mining pipeline, the simulation results show that, to form configuration of a saddle shape, the total concentrated suspension buoyancy of flexible hose should be 95%?105% of the gravity of flexible hose in water, the first suspension point occupies 1/3 of the total buoyancy, and the second suspension point occupies 2/3 of the total buoyancy. When towing velocity of mining system is less than 0.5 m/s, the towing track of buffer is coincided with the setting route of ship on the whole and the configuration of flexible hose is also kept well.

Modeling underwater transport of oil spilled from deepwater area in the South China Sea

Based on a Lagrangian integral technique and Lagrangian particle-tracking technique,a numerical model was developed to simulate the underwater transport of oil from a deepwater spill. This model comprises two submodels: a plume dynamics model and an advection-diffusion model. The former is used to simulate the stages dominated by the initial jet momentum and plume buoyancy of the spilled oil,while the latter is used to simulate the stage dominated by the ambient current and turbulence. The model validity was verified through comparisons of the model predictions with experimental data from several laboratory flume experiments and a field experiment. To demonstrate the capability of the model further,it was applied to the simulation of a hypothetical oil spill occurring at the seabed of a deepwater oil/gas field in the South China Sea. The results of the simulation would be useful for contingency planning with regard to the emergency response to an underwater oil spill.

Numerical simulation of deepwater deployment for offshore structures with deploying cables

Deepwater deployment of offshore structures in different sea states was investigated. The whole deployment system was modeled as a lumped mass model, and discretization scheme for cable geometry and methodology for calculating the internal and external force acting on deploying cable were presented. The deployment model suitable for the time-varying length of deploying cable was specified. The free-surface flow fields together with the ship motions were used to calculate dynamic tension in the deploying cable during deployment of the structure. The deployment of deep sea mining system which was a typical subsea working system was employed. Based on lumped mass analysis model and parameters of deep sea mining system, numerical simulations were performed, and dynamic load and dynamic amplification factor(DAF) with different cable parameters, deploying velocities and sea states were obtained. It is shown that cable parameters and amplitudes of ocean waves can significantly influence the dynamic load and DAF, and the time-varying natural period of deploying system is a dominant factor, while the effect of deploying velocity is not obvious.

Dynamics analysis of planar armored cable motion in deep-sea ROV system

The armored cable used in a deep-sea remotely operated vehicle(ROV) may undergo large displacement motion when subjected to dynamic actions of ship heave motion and ocean current. A novel geometrically exact finite element model for two-dimensional dynamic analysis of armored cable is presented. This model accounts for the geometric nonlinearities of large displacement of the armored cable, and effects of axial load and bending stiffness. The governing equations are derived by consistent linearization and finite element discretization of the total weak form of the armored cable system, and solved by the Newmark time integration method. To make the solution procedure avoid falling into the local extreme points, a simple adaptive stepping strategy is proposed. The presented model is validated via actual measured data. Results for dynamic configurations, motion and tension of both ends of the armored cable, and resonance-zone are presented for two numerical cases, including the dynamic analysis under the case of only ship heave motion and the case of joint action of ship heave motion and ocean current. The dynamics analysis can provide important reference for the design or product selection of the armored cable in a deep-sea ROV system so as to improve the safety of its marine operation under the sea state of 4 or above.

A STUDY ON THE BAROCLINIC STRUCTURE OF THE ABYSSAL CIRCULATION

In this paper, the linear continuously stratified model of the abyssal circulation proposed by Pedlosky (1992) was extended to include the second order term -(γθ zzz ) in the vertical turbulent mixing parameterization of - (w′θ′) z=k υθ zz -γθ zzz , in which k υ is a vertical diffusion coefficient, and γ is the second order coefficient of turbulent mixing (or simply called γ term and γ<0 is only allowed). The influence of the γ term on the baroclinic structure of the abyssal circulation driven by upwelling out of the abyss was investigated. It was found that the γ term has a noticeable influence on the baroclinic structure of the upwelling driven abyssal circulation. For uniform upwelling, it favors the baroclinic layering of the abyssal circulation in the eastern part of the basin, but prevents the layering in the west. In addition, this parameter was found to decrease the vertically averaging meridional velocity of the abyssal circulation from the west to the east on the southern boundary. For upwelling localized near the eastern boundary, the γ-term favors baroclinic layering of the abyssal circulation in the whole basin. Especially, on the southern boundary the γ-term could strengthen the vertically averaging meridional velocity in the west, but greatly weaken it in the east. The model presented here might be considered as an extension of the Pedlosky baroclinic model of the abyssal circulation.

Discrete element method for adhesion properties evaluation of deep-sea sediment from macro and micro perspectives

The adhesion between the mining machine and the deep-sea sediments will significantly affect the driving performance of the mining machine in the deep-sea environment.When the mining machine and the deep-sea sediment interaction simulation was carried out,the accuracy of the particle interaction parameters will directly affect the simulation results.This study proposed a method to systematically calibrate the interaction parameters between deep-sea sediment and grouser through the combination of experiment and simulation.The uniaxial compression test and macro adhesion test and corresponding discrete element numerical simulation were carried out,modifying the contact parameters until the simulation results are close to the experimental results.Then the micro-parameters of the JKR adhesion contact model were back calibrated with the test results,and the contact parameters between soil particle-soil particle and soil particle-metal are calibrated.Besides,the adhesion test shows that the adhesion forces were ranked in the order of 5052<STi80<TA2<TC4 under the same surface roughness,which indicates the aluminum alloy 5052 has the best anti-adhesion performance.The relationship between surface adhesion force and microscopic contact parameters was studied by discrete element numerical simulation,and the result shows that the coefficient of static friction and the coefficient of rolling friction has little effect on adhesion force.While it is mainly affected by the coefficient of restitution and surface energy,the surface adhesion force tends to decrease with the increase of the coefficient of restitution and increase with the growth of surface energy.The obtained parameters of soil particle to soil particle and soil particle to metal affecting the adhesion can contribute to the design optimization for the grouser of mining machines to decrease surface adhesion and enhance its movability and mining efficiency.

Design and implementation of model test installation of heave compensation system of deepsea mining

In order to validate the simulation model and develop heave compensation control strategy,heave compensation model tests were performed.The model test installation includes themining ship motion simulator,the heave compensation system,the lifting pipe simulator,the buffer simulator and the water pool.The tests ofmining ship motion simulator show that it is able to perform under the predetermined attitude path smoothly and can meet the requirements of themining ship motions.The heave compensation effect is more than 60% under random wave and the goal is set to be 50%.The model test results indicate that this heave compensation system is effective and feasible.

Nonlinear Contact Between Inner Walls of Deep Sea Pipelines in Buckling Process

In order to study buckling propagation mechanism in deep sea pipelines, the contact between pipeline's inner walls in buckling process was studied. A two-dimensional ring model was used to represent the pipeline and a nonlinear spring model was adopted to simulate the contact between inner walls. Based on the elastoplastic constitutive relationship and the principle of virtual work theory, the coupling effect of pipeline's nonlinear large deformation and wall contact was included in the theoretical analysis with the aid of MATLAB, and the application scope of the theoretical model was also discussed. The calculated results show that during the loading process, the change in external pressure is closely related to the distribution of section stress, and once the walls are contacting each other, the external pressure increases and then remains stable after it reaches a specific value. Without fracture, the pipeline section will stop showing deformation. The results of theoretical calculations agree well with those of numerical simulations. Finally, in order to ensure reliability and accuracy of the theoretical results, the collapse pressure and propagation pressure were both verified by numerical simulations and experiments. Therefore, the theoretical model can be used to analyze pipeline's buckling deformation and contact between pipeline's inner walls, which forms the basis for further research on three-dimensional buckling propagation.

Recovery of Bathymetry from Altimeter Data

At present,there exist two methods used to recover the bathymetry from altimeter data,i.e.the deterministic method and the stochastic method.In this paper,the principles of the two methods are introduced first.Then according to the theory of least_square collocation,a modified statistical model for recovering bathymetry from altimeter data is proposed.The new model has been used for computing the ocean depth in the South China Sea from altimeter_derived gravity anomalies.Finally the predicted depths are compared with the ship_borne depth.It shows that they agree with each other very well.

Simplified Model for Evaluation of VIV-induced Fatigue Damage of Deepwater Marine Risers

A simplified empirical model for fatigue analysis of deepwater marine risers due to vortex-induced vibration (VIV) in non-uniform current is presented. A simplified modal vibration equation is employed according to the characteristics of deepwater top tensioned risers. The response amplitude of each mode is determined by a balance between the energy feeding into the riser over the lock-in regions and the energy dissipated by the fluid damping over the remainder based on the data from self-excited oscillation and forced oscillation experiments of rigid cylinders. Multi-modal VIV fatigue loading is obtained by the square root of the sum of squares approach. Compared with previous works, this model can take fully account of the main intrinsic natures of VIV for low mass ratio structures on lock-in regions, added mass and nonlinear fluid damping. In addition, a closed form solution of fatigue damage is presented for the case of a riser with uniform mass and cross-section oscillating in a uniform flow. Fatigue analysis of a typical deepwater riser operating in Gulf of Mexico and West Africa shows that the current velocity profiles affect the riser’s fatigue life significantly and the most dangerous locations of the riser are also pointed out.