基于数值模拟的海湾环境容量价值损失的预测评估——以厦门同安湾围填海为例

基于海湾环境容量价值影响因素的分析,采用环境经济学的影子工程法,结合水动力数值模型及其与污染物扩散的耦合模型,建立了围填海导致的海湾环境容量价值损失的预测评估模型和方法,并以厦门同安湾为例,对同安湾4个围填海规划方案可能造成的环境容量价值的损失进行了预测评估.结果表明,方案1～方案4围填海面积依次为1.98,7.73,9.38,19.24km2,围填海造成的环境容量的损失依次为12281.3,48418.6,60706.6,132800.1万元/a,单位面积的损失依次为62.03,62.64,64.72,69.02元/(m2·a).围填海活动带来的环境成本不容忽视.基于评估结果,针对厦门围填海的现状提出了相关的政策建议.

海湾环境治理绩效的驱动路径--基于17个蓝色海湾整治网络的模糊集定性比较分析

2016年至2023年,我国在沿海省市推行了蓝色海湾整治项目。本文构建了网络“内部特征—外部环境”的分析框架,运用fsQCA对17个蓝色海湾整治项目进行了深入分析,探讨了粘合社会资本、桥接社会资本、网络负载、项目资金以及社会经济地位等因素如何共同影响治理绩效。研究发现,高绩效驱动有两条路径:以桥接社会资本和项目资金为核心条件的“政府内部合作”型,以及以桥接社会资本和社会经济地位为核心条件的“政府-市场合作”型;低绩效驱动路径为高粘合社会资本和低桥接社会资本为核心条件的“山头林立”型。研究结果揭示了桥接社会资本的重要性、粘合社会资本的双重作用,以及网络负载、项目资金和社会经济地位的影响机制,并提出了提升蓝色海湾治理绩效的实践建议。

基于生态环保的海湾水环境整治技术

针对前海湾水体交换能力差、表层底质污染严重、低潮时有大片泥质岸滩出露、近岸海域水体劣于Ⅳ类海水标准以致严重影响周边环境和前海景观的问题,通过对湾区水动力、泥沙冲淤、水体交换、水环境容量、污染疏浚土处理和资源化利用等进行研究,提出生态环保的整治方案。工程的实施改善了湾区水环境,保护和修复了海洋生态,对河道、湖湾治理、航道疏浚等工程具有参考价值。

海湾水环境影响的约瑟夫-新德那模式预测

对应用约瑟夫-新德那模式进行海湾水环境影响预测中存在的问题作了初步分析,海域水流、混合深度值的选取及特殊污染物的存在等是影响预测结果准确性的主要因素。潮流憩流状态时,污染物的迁移扩散主要取决于污染物的混合速度,污染物基本上以近似于半圆形呈π弧度的角度向水体混合扩散,预测结果与污染物实际迁移扩散状况大致吻合;潮流非憩流或大部分时间为非憩流状态时,海域水流对污染物的迁移扩散影响较大,混合角度与海流流速成反比,污染物向水体扩散的实际混合角度要小于π弧度,预测的结果与污染物实际迁移扩散状况存在较大差距。海域水流对污染物迁移距离产生很大影响,水流愈大,污染物迁移的距离就愈远。混合深度的取值也直接关系到预测结果的准确性,若按可能受影响范围海域的平均水深值作为混合深度取值,其预测结果要比水深取2m时的预测结果更接近真实状况。对已达标排放的废水进行影响预测时,结果与实际情况接近,而对高浓度石油类的废水含量的影响预测却与实际情况差异极大。

基于生态环保的海湾水环境整治技术

海湾作为我国一种常见的水环境,由于受人们的意识与理念等因素影响,海湾水体存在交换能力差、近海岸水体污染、表层底质污染、影响周边环境等问题,这就需要在生态环境保护中,加强对水环境容量、资源化利用以及湾区水动力等方面的研究,并在此基础上制定科学的生态环保整治方案,加强对海湾水环境整治技术的应用,以此保护和修复海湾水生态环境.基于此,本文重点对海湾水环境整治技术进行了研究,分析了该项技术特征、常见的生态技术类型及治理水环境期间存在的问题,提出了相关技术路线、海湾水环境整治技术及整治方案,以此为生态环境治理工作的开展提供参考.

汕头港环境承载力及可持续发展研究

研究海湾环境承载力旨在协调海湾区域内环境系统之间的矛盾,缓解社会经济发展对海湾河口水域环境的压力。本研究从探讨海湾环境承载力定义出发,结合海湾环境的特点,选取28项指标,构建汕头港生态环境承载力的评价指标体系。以2005年-2009年数据为例,以熵权法计算各评价指标的客观权重,并应用空间状态法对这5年环境的承载力水平做出评价。分析评价结果可知:汕头港近5年环境承载力水平及其经济子承载力水平从弱载转变为适载,生态环境子承载力仅有2005年为适载,其他四年均处于弱载水平,汕头港区发展潜力大。并在此基础上,针对汕头港的可持续发展提出建议。

胶州湾海域生态问题及解决对策

分析2010～2014年胶州湾海洋环境监测及文献数据,发现胶州湾海水质量下降主要由陆源排污及突发污染事件引起;四类和劣四类水质主要集中在胶州湾底部;污染物化学需氧量与人均GDP呈一定的正相关关系。在此基础上,总结了胶州湾面临的主要生态问题：自然岸线消失、海域面积萎缩、湿地功能退化和生态灾害风险高,并提出胶州湾海湾生态文明建设的主要对策：立法保护、划定生态红线、实施严格的污染防治政策和海洋环境风险管理措施。

试论优质烃源岩与大油田的共生关系

“源控”是油藏形成的一级控制,烃源岩是油藏形成最重要的物质基础。石油地质学家对烃源岩的认识经历了3个阶段,即有机碳含量(TOC)值大于0.5%的门限低级阶段、TOC值大于0.2%的低丰度扩展阶段以及TOC值大于2.0%的优质烃源岩主要贡献阶段。大量的勘探实践、地化分析资料揭示,为油田储量做出主要贡献的是TOC值大于2.0%的优质烃源岩,低丰度烃源岩生成的石油仅能满足烃源岩的吸附;烃源岩不在于厚度大,而在于品质好、丰度高。世界上已知最富集石油的波斯湾盆地、西西伯利亚盆地、墨西哥湾盆地、北海盆地、桑托斯盆地以及中国的北部湾盆地、东营凹陷等地区的优质烃源岩厚度为30~300m,有机质类型为Ⅰ、Ⅱ1型,TOC值为2.0%~40.0%,它们为各盆地大油田的形成做出了最主要的贡献。研究发现这些盆地烃源岩形成时为湖泊或海湾环境,河流带来的营养物质促使了水生生物大量繁殖,为优质烃源岩的形成提供了物质基础。

Eco-Environment Status of the Bohai Bay and the Impact of Coastal Exploitation

With the rapid economic development in the surrounding coastal zone, more and more wastewater has been discharged into the Bohai Bay. And with the scale of coastal exploitation being expanded year by year, the eco-environment of the Bohai Bay has been confronted with great pressure. In this paper, the main problems in the eco-environment of the Bohai Bay were summarized firstly. Red tides occurred more frequently and more seriously; salinity rose in inshore area, the fishery resources degenerated; all the above indicate that the eco-environment of the Bohai Bay is under a severe situation Next, to make a concrete study of the existing status of the Bohai Bay, the eco-environment index system was set up. Then the principal components analytic method and grey relation method were adopted to carry on a comprehensive analysis on the status. The results show that serious pollution of inorganic nitrogen and active phosphate, and poor species diversity are the main presentations of the bad quality of the inshore aquatic eco-environment of the Bohai Bay, which is mainly induced by the massive discharge of pollutant from land and the overexploitation in the surrounding coastal zone. At last, the variations of hydrodynamic characteristics and the pollutant transport caused by coastal exploitations such as reclamation and seawater desalination are analyzed. The results show that reclamation in coastal water not only decreases the tidal prism and weakens the tidal current action, but also influences the pollution distribution in the coastal water. The seawater desalination project would cause tremendous influence to the aquatic eco-environment of the Bohai Bay as the pollutant＇s pulse impact. Much more attention would be paid to the reasonable use of the coastal zone resources and the control of pollution from land-based sources.

东非海岸盆地下侏罗统沉积特征及其控源作用

下侏罗统烃源岩是东非海岸盆地的主力烃源岩。利用钻井、测井、地震及地球化学分析化验等资料,结合区域构造演化,对东非海岸盆地下侏罗统的沉积特征进行了分析和描述,并结合其烃源岩发育特征,对烃源岩的成因模式及其主控因素进行了刻画和评价。研究结果表明:(1)东非海岸盆地早侏罗世受区域构造作用影响,形成了狭长而闭塞的海湾沉积环境,发育河流-三角洲-滨浅海-局限海或浅海沉积体系;(2)下侏罗统发育的局限海相泥岩为盆地内的优质烃源岩,其TOC平均为4.2%,有机质类型以Ⅰ—Ⅱ;型为主,已达成熟—过成熟演化阶段,泥岩厚度大且分布广,生烃潜力大;主力烃源岩的发育与展布受其独特的海湾沉积环境影响,由北向南盆地主力烃源岩的质量及生烃潜力逐渐变好;(3)东非海岸盆地发育局限海相沉积型、潟湖相沉积型和三角洲相沉积型3种烃源岩成因模式,其中局限海相沉积型烃源岩是盆地优质烃源岩的主要成因类型,岩性以稳定分布的厚层泥岩为主,夹薄层砂岩,总体评价为好烃源岩;(4)东非海岸盆地最有利的生烃区带位于鲁伍马盆地和坦桑尼亚盆地深水沉积的中心区域。该研究结果可为东非海岸盆地的油气勘探指明方向。

Influence of Reclamation Works on the Marine Environment in a Semi-Enclosed Bay

The flow and seawater exchange rates have been predicted using a two-dimensional numerical model and a Lagrangian method for a semi-enclosed shallow bay where reclaiming and dredging works are scheduled. The wind effect on the flow and material transport has been emphasized, and a thirty-year mean value of wind has been considered in the numerical simulation. As a whole, even after the reclaiming and dredging are conducted, the flow pattern looks similar to the original state. However, velocity variations up to 20% to 100% appear in the vicinity of the construction area. In the case of summcr wind forcing, the seawater exchange rate increases from 71.6% to 82.9% after the reclaiming and dredging, as indicated by a particle-tracking method. On the contrary, in the case of winter wind forcing, thc seawater cxchange rate appears to be 97.2% under natural conditions but decrcases slightly to 93.2% aftcr the rcclaiming and dredging. Thus, the wind forcing plays an important role in controlling the seawater exchangc rates. The seawater cxchange rate is further improved by 15% if the dredging is simultaneously carried out with the reclaiming. This suggests that the dredging can be an effective means to mitigate the variation of flow.

Seasonal phenology of the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans(Macartney) in Jiaozhou Bay and adjacent coastal Yellow Sea,China

Seasonal variations in numerical abundance, cell diameter and population carbon biomass of the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans were studied for 10 years from 2004 to 2013 in Jiaozhou Bay and adjacent coastal Yellow Sea, China, and their ecological functions were evaluated. In both areas, N. scintillans occurred throughout the year and demonstrated an essentially similar seasonality; the cell abundance increased rapidly from the winter minimum to an annual peak in late spring and early summer, and decreased gradually toward the autumn-winter minimum. The peak abundance differed by years, and there was no consistent trend in long-term numerical variations. The cell diameter also showed a seasonal fluctuation, being larger in spring and early summer than the other seasons. Estimated carbon biomass of N. scintillans population reached to a peak as high as 90.3 mg C/m^3, and occasionally exceed over phytoplankton and copepod biomass. Our results demonstrate that N. scintillans in northwestern Yellow Sea displays the seasonal phenology almost identical to the populations in other temperate regions, and play important trophic roles as a heterotroph to interact with sympatric phytoplankton and copepods.

The Impact of Large-Scale Reclamation on Hydro-Dynamic Environment--A Case Study of Xinghua Bay

A hydro-dynamic model is established on basis of MIKE21 FM to simulate the hydro-dynamic characteristics of Xinghua Bay and investigate the influence of reclamation project on the tidal elevation and tidal currents. Tidal elevation data was obtained at the six tide gauge stations around the Xinghua Bay, and another six current stations were established to observe the tidal current velocity and direction. Validation shows that the model-simulated tidal elevation and tidal currents agree well with observations made at different stations. Predictions are made according to the reclamation project proposed in the regional marine planning of Hanjiang Industrial Park around the port in Putian City. The variations of hydro-dynamic factors, such as tide, current velocity and direction and tidal influx are obtained, and the adverse effect of reclamation on marine environment is discussed. It is shown that the tidal level inside the Xinghua Bay during high tide decreases after the reclamation project is completed. The tidal currents during flooding tide generally decrease in the southeast of the reclamation region, with the maximum decreasing amplitude reaching 0.44 m s^(-1). On the other hand, the tidal currents during flooding tide increase around the southeast and southwest corners of the reclamation region. The tidal currents during ebb tide increase around the southeast and southwest corners of the reclamation region, with the maximum increasing amplitude attaining 0.18 m s^(-1). The results in this paper can give some guidance for the marine environment management and the effective utilization of land in Putian.

Characteristics of Growth Rate of Coral Porites from Sanya Bay,Hainan Island and its Relationship to Environmental Variables

The time series of annual and seasonal growth rate of two coral Porites, collected at different sites of fringe reef in the Sanya Bay, Hainan Island have been obtained by analyzing X-radiograph of skeletal band. There are obvious seasonal variations of the growth rate in two corals, the average low rate in winter and the average high rate from spring to autumn. Compared with the time series of environmental variables, the coral growth rate is only correlated statistically with seawater temperature and not related to rainfall and sunshine. Furthermore, the growth rate in spring and summer is correlated directly with seawater temperature of the winter-early spring ( between December and March ) and the other seasonal growth rate has no relationship with seasonal variations of seawater temperature. We propose that seawater temperature is one of the factors affecting the coral growth rate in the area and the low seawater temperature is a primary control of the seasonal growth rate.

Statistical Analysis and Prediction of the Concentration of Harmful Algae in Bohai Bay

Based on the data of phytoplankton concentration and environmental factors in Bohai Bay from May to September in 2003. the relationship between environmental factors and phytoplankton biomass was analyzed. By analysis of variance, the weather condition was found to have no direct relation with phytoplankton biomass. Correlation coefficients showed that temperature, pH value,the concentrations of silicate and nitrate exhibited linear relationship with phytoplankton biomass.With principal component analysis, pollution types which affected the abundance of phytoplankton included point sources such as municipal and industrial effluents, agricultural runoff and earth＇s surface water. Using multivariate stepwise regression method and taking the correlation analysis results into consideration, a multi-step regression equation was developed to predict the concentration of phytoplankton in September 2003. Combined results show that temperature, pH value, the concentrations of silicate and nitrate are the critical ecological factors affecting the phytoplankton biomass in Bohai Bay.

A GIS FOR THE ANTARCTIC SPECIALLY MANAGED AREA OF ADMIRALTY BAY,KING GEORGE ISLAND,ANTARCTICA

A GIS is proposed as a tool for the managing plan for the Antarctic specially managed area (ASMA) in Admiralty Bay.The ASMA comprises the area considered to be within the glacial drainage basin of the bay.Furthermore,it includes part of SSSI No.8 adjacent to the area but outside of the glacial drainage basin.Three stations and six refuges are located in the area.Using a SPOT satellite image map,the limits of the ASMA are marked and its area is re_calculated.It consists of 362 km 2,including 186 km 2 island ice field and small cirque glaciers and 32 km 2 ice_free field.The rest comprises water of the bay and a small adjacent area (8 km 2) of the Bransfield Strait.The ASMA_GIS will consists of 12 data layers ranging from the physiographic settings to the biological and administrative features.All data will be implemented into Arc/Info GIS according to the cartographic guidelines of the SCAR WG_GGI.First,five plans of information will be realised using a topographic database compiled from various sources and data from the revised bathymetric chart published by the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Survey and also including: 1) Limits of the ASMA and protected areas;2) Glaciological features (e.g.drainage basin limits) and 3) Human presence (e.g.stations and historical sites).These basic GIS layers will be operational in early 2001.Then,additional data on the remaining layers (e.g.hydrology,geology and geomorphology) will be included from published sources. The ASMA_GIS will form an important database for environmental monitoring and studies surveying temporal changes of features such as glacier front positions or bird breading sites.

Numerical modeling of hydrodynamic changes due to coastal reclamation projects in Xiamen Bay,China

Xiamen Bay in South China has experienced extensive coastal exploitation since the 1950s,resulting in some severe environmental problems.Local authorities now have completed or are implementing many environmental restoration projects.Evaluating the cumulative impact of exploitation and restoration activities on the environment is a complicated multi-disciplinary problem.However,hydrodynamic changes in the bay caused by such coastal projects can be characterized directly and definitively through numerical modeling.This paper assesses the cumulative effect of coastal projects on the hydrodynamic setting using a high-resolution numerical modeling method that makes use of tidal current speeds and the tidal prism as two hydrodynamic indices.Changes in tidal velocity and the characteristics of the tidal prism show that hydrodynamic conditions have declined from 1938 to 2007 in the full-tide area.The tidal current speed and tidal prism have decreased by 40% in the western part of the bay and 20% in the eastern part of the bay.Because of the linear relationship between tidal prism and area,the degraded hydrodynamic conditions are anticipated to be restored to 1972 levels following the completion of current and proposed restoration projects,i.e.33% and 15% decrease in the hydrodynamic conditions of 1938 for the western and eastern parts of the bay,respectively.The results indicate that hydrodynamic conditions can be restored to some extent with the implementation of a sustainable coastal development plan,although a full reversal of conditions is not possible.To fully assess the environmental changes in a region,more indices,e.g.,water quality and ecosystem parameters,should be considered in future evaluations.

Preliminary study on the cultivation of Porphyra yezoensis in Bohai bay

Sampling survey was carried out on the whole growth cycle(except the ice period from mid-January to mid-march next year)of Porphyra yezoensis breeding in Bohai Bay from late November 2017 to early May 2018,and the marine environment factor were monitored at the same time.According to the the analysis of the growth condition of P.yezoensis and the environmental factors,the preliminary results confirmed that P.yezoensis could grow well in the Bohai Bay,the water temperature,salinity,pH and Nitrite are important environmental factors to limit its growth,if hanging net curtain in time when environmental conditions in the area is suitable for the growth of P.yezoensis that its growth period will be extended to five months.Survey also found that how to streak through the winter ice period is the key problems to be solved for P.yezoensis cultivation in the area,this study also puts forward two kinds of schemes,which is the effective method remains to be further tested.

Mercury distribution in the Jiaozhou Bay

The Jiaozhou Bay is a semi-enclosed bay, Qingdao, China. More than 10 rivers enter the bay, of which most take wastes from industrial and household discharges. According to historical seasonal investigations in May, August, November 1979, the content, distribution, and development of heavy metal mercury are analyzed as a historical reference. Water samples were taken from the surface and bottom. The results revealed clear seasonal and regional changes in both horizontal and vertical directions, and close relation with major discharging rivers and plankton production. The seawater was polluted more seriously in spring than in any other seasons. However, it was the cleanest in winter during which least waste was input with low plankton production. According to historical data, the state of mercury pollution in seawater was worsening in the period, and has been improving in recent years. Terrestrial contamination was the main reason for mercury pollution in the bay.

Marine Environment around Taiwan Coast

Coastal erosion is an island-wide problem in Taiwan; about 80% of the island＇s sandy coastline had suffered from erosion over the past few decades. Historically, with the specific tectonic environment and rapid uplifting rate, lots of sediment had been yielded and transported to the coastal area that resulted in an advancing shoreline. Taiwan economically moved from a developing country to a developed one; a lot of human intervention had been made along the island coast. These are the major factors on recent coastal erosion. Even actions such as building of stabilization structures may inadvertently increase erosion. Some intervention examples are chosen to address how human-induced change made the profound impact on coastal erosion in Taiwan. All the information serves to provide a better understanding of the coastal processes, and a better response to the erosion problem.