海岛型超细纤维的组成和剥离的研究

主要研究海岛型超细纤维的海与岛的组分、温度、NaOH浓度和处理时间对海岛型超细纤维剥离的影响。实验得出,海组分为阳离子可染聚酯(CDP),岛组分为普通涤纶,海与岛组分比大约为30:70(质量比)。处理温度及NaOH的浓度对剥离的影响很大,处理时间的影响次之。

Composition Analysis on Intermuscular Fatty Acid of Qinghai Datong Yak

[ Objective] The study aimed to provide a theoretical basis for rational utilization of Datong yak resource. [ Method] By qualitative and quantitative determination with gas chromatograph, the composition and content of intermuscular fatty acid of Datong yak were compared with those of Datong yellow cattle. [ Result] Comparing with Datong yellow cattle, Datong yak had lower saturated fatty acid （SFA） content and higher polyunsaturated fatty acid （PUFA） content at extremely significant level （P 〈0.01 ）, while the difference of monounsaturated fatty acid （MUFA） contents between them was not significant （P〉0.05）. The PUFA/SFA and n-6/n-3 PUFA of Datong yak were in accordance with the recommended proportions. [ Conclusion] The intermuscular fatty acid composition of Datong yak is superior to that of local yellow cattle, which indicates that Datong yak meat has high nutritive value and wide development prospect.

Distribution and composition of tintinnids ciliates in the northern South China Sea during summer

Tintinnids were enumerated and identified in samples collected from 36 stations between 18°-22°N, 107°-122 °E in the northern South China Sea （NSCS）. 44 species belonging to 24 genera of tintinnids were recorded. The dominant species were He/icostome/la /onga and Tintinnopsis radix. Tintinnids abundance ranged from 0 to 2 200 cell/L, and mean abundance was 221cell/L in the surface water. Tintinnids abundance and species numbers decreased from coast to offshore. Upwelling and Pearl River discharge influenced the distribution of tintinnids by regulating nutrients supply. Maximum abundance （2 200 cell/L） was found in the surface water of A1. Tintinnids abundance showed positive relationship with chlorophyll a （Chl a） concentration, and no significant relationship was found between tintinnids abundance and temperature.

Seasonal variation in species composition and abundance of tintinnids in Shantou coastal water,China

Two cruises were conducted to study the composition and seasonal variation of tintinnids （Protozoa： Ciliata） in Shantou coast water dudng spring and fall. Remarkable seasonal variations in environmental parameters, and tintinnids composition were observed. Tintinnids samples were enumerated and identified from 5 stations. 14 species belonging to 7 genuses of tintinnids were identified, and the dominate species was Leprotintinnus simple in these season. High tintinnids diversity and low abundance occurred in the fall, and on the contrary, low tintinnids diversity and high abundance occurred in the spring. No significant correlation occurred between tintinnids abundance and nutrients. Tintinnids abundance showed negative relationship with salinity （r2=0.63, P 〈 0.05）, maybe this was due to the cold raised water carried sum nutrients rise to the surface water in the fall, rich nutrients and high phytoplankton biomass decrease the importance of tintinnids in the energy flow of aquatic food web.

Response of environmental sensitive grain size group in Core FJ04 from mud area in the north of East China Sea to East Asian winter monsoon evolvement

AMS14C dating and grain-size analysis for Core FJ04, located at mud area in the North of East China Sea provide us a high-resolution grain-size distribution curve varying with depth and time. This paper got environmental sensitive grain-size group by using standard deviation method, and proved that the selected sensitive grain-size group is an important proxy which can be used to reconstruct intensity of East Asian Winter Monsoon （EAWM）. Then we got reconstruction of EAWM evolvement since 3 ka B.P., which revealed two main phases： （1） 3 - 1.15ka B.P., relative weak EAWM with middle frequency fluctuation; （2） 1.15 - 0ka B.P., really strong EAWM with high frequency fluctuation. And 1.15 ka B.P. is a distinct turning point. During the whole period, 11 intense events of EAWM were recorded and correlated well with other climate records, but the response extent was different, which showed consistency of climate change and particularity of region response.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Biological Markers in Pituitary Adenomas with Invasion of the Cavernous Sinus Space

Objective: To investigate the predictability of MRI and the possiblebiological markers of cavernous sinus invasion of pituitary adenomas associated with fourphenomenas: angiogenesis, cell proliferation, apoptosis and matrix metalloproteinase. Methods: Weevaluated 45 patients with pituitary adenoma according to the MRI, surgical findings and theimmunohistochemistry staining of tumor tissues. Results: The results have shown that the sensitivityof MRI for predicting cavernous sinus invasion in this prospective study was 60%, its specificity85%, its positive predictive value 83.33%, negative predictive value 62.96%. 45 specimens ofpituitary adenomas were analyzed for expression of F8, VEGF, Ki-67, c-myc, Bcl-2, nm23 and MMP-9immunoreactivity using immunoperoxidase staining. MVD was assessed using F8-related antigen. Theresults have shown that MVD of invasive pituitary adenomas was significantly higher than that ofnoninvasive (P 【 0.001). There was an association between the invasion of pituitary adenomas andKi-67 LI (P = 0.039) or the expression of VEGF (P 【 0.001) and MMP-9 (P 【 0.001). But c-myc LI andBcl-2 expression have no association with invasiveness of pituitary adenomas (P = 0.061 versus P =0.201). On the other hand, there is an inverse relationship between nm23 expression and tumorinvasion (P 【 0.001). Conclusion: Parasellar extension of pituitary adenomas through the medial wallof the cavernous sinus is diagnosed at surgery, and with sensitive gadolinium-enhanced MRI, itsextent can be partly determined by radiology. Although our study has shown that MVD and theexpression of VEGF, Ki-67, nm23 and MMP-9 have associations with invasiveness of pituitary adenomas,they are lack of specificity. These markers can only provide some useful information.

Spatiotemporal characteristics of the sea level anomaly in the Kuroshio Extension using a self-organizing map

Satellite altimeter SSH data in the Kuroshio Extension （KE） region gathered during the period January 1993 to December 2014 are analyzed using self-organizing map （SOM） analysis. Four spatial patterns （SOM1, SOM2, SOM3, and SOM4） are extracted, and the corresponding time series are used to characterize the variation of the sea level anomaly. Except in some individual months, SOM1 and SOM2 with single-branch jet structures appear alternately during the periods 1993-1998 and 2002-2011. However, during 1999-2001 and 2012-2014, SOM3 and SOM4 with double-branch jet structures are dominant.The sea level anomalies exhibit interannual variations, while the KE stream demonstrates decadal variation. For SOM1, the change in the KE path is less evident, although the KE jet is strong and narrow. For SOM2, the KE jet is weakened and widened and its jet axis moves towards the southwest. Compared with the SOM3, for SOM4 the trough and ridge in the upstream KE region are deeper in the northeast-southwest direction, and accompanied by a jet weakening and splitting.This study shows that SOM analysis is a useful approach for characterizing KE variability.

Composition and Distribution of Planktonic Ciliates in the Southern South China Sea During Late Summer： Comparison Between Surface and 75 m Deep Layer

Ciliates are very important components in most marine ecosystem. They are trophic link between the microbial food web and grazing food chain. In this study, ciliates were collected from 11 sites in the southern South China Sea （SCS） during August 25 to September 28, 2011. Their composition and distribution at the surface and 75m deep depth of the ocean were studied. A total of 30 species belonging to 22 genera were identified, and 22 species of 15 genera were Tintinnids. Eutintinnusfraknoii and E. stramentus were the most common species. The other dominants were strombidiids ciliates including Strombidium conicum and S. globosaneum, which were followed by the tide form, Mesodinium pulex. Ciliates abundance ranged from 46 indL-1 to 368 indL-1 in the open sites, 46-368indL-1 at surface and 73-198indL-1 at 75m deep layer. In the Yongshu reef, ciliates abundance ranged from 167indL-1 to 365 ind L-1 in the water colunm, similar to that in Sanya coral reef waters. Ciliates composition showed obvious difference between surface and 75m deep layer at station S2 （P〈0.05）, while no similar result was observed at other sites. At 75m deep layer, salinity was negatively related to mixed layer depth （P〈 0.05）, but positively to chlorophyll a concentration （P〈 0.05）, indicating that the change of vertical mixing in water column influenced vertical distribution of ciliates in the southern SCS.

Analysis of fatty acid composition of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus using multivariate statistics

Fatty acids(FAs) provide energy and also can be used to trace trophic relationships among organisms.Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus goes into a state of aestivation during warm summer months.We examined fatty acid profiles in aestivated and non-aestivated A.japonicus using multivariate analyses(PERMANOVA,MDS,ANOSIM,and SIMPER).The results indicate that the fatty acid profiles of aestivated and non-aestivated sea cucumbers differed significantly.The FAs that were produced by bacteria and brown kelp contributed the most to the differences in the fatty acid composition of aestivated and nonaestivated sea cucumbers.Aestivated sea cucumbers may synthesize FAs from heterotrophic bacteria during early aestivation,and long chain FAs such as eicosapentaenoic(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) that produced from intestinal degradation,are digested during deep aestivation.Specific changes in the fatty acid composition of A.japonicus during aestivation needs more detailed study in the future.

Diatom distribution as an environmental indicator in surface sediments of the West Philippine Basin

The distribution of diatoms from surface sediments of the West Philippine Basin was analyzed, with 68 species and varieties of diatoms from 26 genera identified. Diatom abundance varied spatially, with the absolute abundance of diatoms ranging from 0 to 3.4× 104 frustules/g. The seven tropical pelagic diatoms were Alveus marinus, Azpeitia africana, Azpeitia nodulifera, Hemidiscus cuneiformis, Hernidiscus cuneiformis var. ventricosus, Roperia tesselata and Rhizosolenia bergonii. The relative abundance of these species was greater than 20%, and their distribution pattern in the sediments was overlaid by the flow of the Kuroshio Current. Ethmodiscus rex was present at 159 stations, formed the most abundant and dominant species in the diatomaceous ooze, and thus referred to as Ethmodiscus ooze. Ethmodiscus rex was also a major contributor to primary production in the region. A principal component analysis was employed to explain the relationship between samples and variations in diatom species from the WPB. Four diatom assemblages were distinguished, representing different oceanographic conditions; their spatial distributions were closely related with the North Equatorial Current and Kuroshio Current patterns in the region. These diatom assemblages can therefore be useful in deciphering late Quaternary palaeoceanographic reconstructions of the West Philippine Basin.

Analysis of geological conditions and thermal reservoir characteristics of Guantao Formation in new coastal region

Geothermal resources is one of the most practical and competitive new energy at present,and there is abundant geothermal resources in the new coastal region.The article get the three following conclusion through the geothermal geological condition by the drilling strata and the condition of the reducing test:stratigraphic division is done by the analysis of formation lithology and the drilling aging;the water yield is higher than 100m3/h,the flow temperature is 67℃--71℃;the average geothermal gradient of the overlying strata is 3.08℃--3.33℃/100 m.

Soil Organic Matter Fractions under Different Vegetation Types in Permafrost Regions along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway, North of Kunlun Mountains, China

As a key attribute of soil quality, soil organic matter(SOM) and its different fractions play an important role in regulating soil nutrient cycling and soil properties.This study evaluated the soil carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) concentrations in different SOM fractions(light– and heavy fractions,microbial biomass) under different vegetation types and analyzed their influencing factors in continuous permafrost regions along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway in the North of Kunlun Mountains, China.Soil samples were collected in pits under four vegetation types — Alpine swamp meadow(ASM), Alpine meadow(AM), Alpine steppe(AS) and Alpine desert(AD) — at the depth of 0-50 cm.The vegetation coverage was the highest at ASM and AM, followed byAS and AD.The results indicated that the concentrations of light fraction carbon(LFC) and nitrogen(LFN), and microbial biomass carbon(MBC)and nitrogen(MBN) decreased as follows: ASM > AM >AS > AD, with the relatively stronger decrease of LFC,whereas the heavy fraction carbon(HFC) and nitrogen(HFN) concentrations were lower in AS soils than in the AD soils.The relatively higher proportions of LFC/SOC and MBC/SOC in the 0-10 cm depth under the ASM soils are mainly resulted from its higher substrate input and soil moisture content.Correlation analysis demonstrated that aboveground biomass, soil moisture content, soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen(TN) positively correlated to LFC, LFN, HFC, HFN, MBC and MBN, while p H negatively correlated to LFC, LFN, HFC, HFN, MBC and MBN.There was no relationship between active layer thickness and SOM fractions, except for the LFC.Results suggested that vegetation cover, soil moisture content, and SOC and TN concentrations were significantly correlated with the amount and availability of SOM fractions, while permafrost had less impact on SOM fractions in permafrost regions of the central Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.

Identification of Three Common Loliginidae Squid Species in the South China Sea by Analyzing Hard Tissues with Geometric Outline Method

The hard tissues of squid can provide important information for species identification. In this study, we used statolith and beak to identify three squid species including Uroteuthis duvaucelii, Loliolus beka, and U. edulis in the South China Sea. Because of the highly overlapping habitat and similar body morphology of the three squid species, we explored four different ways to identify them, by using statolith, upper beak, lower beak and a combination of statolith and beak. An outline geometric morphometric method and stepwise discriminant analysis were used to evaluate the most suitable method for the identification. We found that the combination of statolith and beak had the highest cross validation rate that was 75.0%, 87.5% and 88.7% for U. duvaucelii, L. beka and U. edulis, respectively. Using two beaks had similar results and the lowest cross validation rate was 60.0%, 50.0%, and 73.7% for the upper beak, 46.9%, 58.5% and 75.3% for the lower beak of U. duvaucelii, L. beka and U. edulis, respectively. Analyzing with the statolith had moderate cross validation which was 72.2%, 80.0%, and 87.7% for U. duvaucelii, L. beka and U. edulis, respectively. From the results it is suggested when the entire body of a squid is available, a combination of statolith and beak should be used for the identification. When only one hard tissue is available, species identification can be subjected to large errors.

Function of Standards System in Management of Sea Area Use

The management of sea area useplays an important role in safeguardingthe reasonable development and useof sea area resources and the healthyand orderly development of the marineeconomy.It is therefore a major componentof marine management.Thispaper outlines the construction of astandards system for sea area usemanagement,and looks at the system'sstructure,as well as the numberof standards and the scope of thestandards system.In addition,the paperelaborates on the important functionof the standards system in themanagement of sea area use,andproposes measures aimed at furtherimproving the management,formulation,implementation and revision ofstandards.

Screening and isolation of the algicidal compounds from marine green alga Ulva intestinalis

Twenty species of seaweed were collected from the coast of Zhejiang, China, extracted with ethanol, and screened for algicidal activity against red tide microalgae H eterosigma akashiwo and Prorocentrum micans. Inhibitory eff ects of fresh and dried tissues of green alga U lva intestinalis were assessed and the main algicidal compounds were isolated, purifi ed, and identifi ed. Five seaweed species, U. intestinalis, U. fasciata, Grateloupia romosissima, Chondria crassicaulis, and Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, were investigated for their algicidal activities. Fresh tissues of 8.0 and 16.0 mg/m L of U. intestinalis dissolved in media signifi cantly inhibited growth of H. akashiwo and P. micans, respectively. Dried tissue and ethyl acetate(Et OAc) extracts of U. intestinalis at greater than 1.2 and 0.04 mg/m L, respectively, were fatal to H. akashiwo, while its water and Et OAc extracts in excess of 0.96 and 0.32 mg/m L, respectively, were lethal to P. micans. Three algicidal compounds in the Et OAc extracts were identifi ed as 15-ethoxy-(6z,9z,12z)-hexadecatrienoic acid(I),(6E,9E,12E)-(2-acetoxy- β- D-glucose)-octadecatrienoic acid ester(II) and hexadecanoic acid(III). Of these, compound II displayed the most potent algicidal activity with IC_(50) values of 4.9 and 14.1 μg/m L for H. akashiwo and P. micans, respectively. Compound I showed moderate algicidal activity with IC_(50) values of 13.4 and 24.7 μg/m L for H. akashiwo and P. micans, respectively. These fi ndings suggested that certain macroalgae or products therefrom could be used as ef fective biological control agents against red tide algae.

A New Criteria to Apply Weight-Dependent CATSthr to Cost-Benefit Analysis within the Framework of IMO EnvironmentaI-FSA Studies

The purpose of this paper is to investigate reasonable cost benefit criteria within the framework of environmental formal safety assessment （FSA）. In this study a statistical analysis of oil spill data was carried out based on the report of International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds. According to the statistical study of actual oil spill from tankers, it is found that collisions and groundings are the most probable causes of the oil spills from tankers. Probability distributions of costs of oil spill and oil spill amount are investigated, and a non-linear regression formula between costs of oil spills and oil spill weight are derived. Using the regression formula, an oil spill weight dependent CATStm （Cost of Averting a Ton of oil Spilt） is proposed. Moreover in order to apply the weight dependent CATSthr to cost benefit analysis （CBA）, a new cost-effective criterion is newly proposed with considering its concrete application to environmental FSA.

Thermodynamic Analysis of Alternative Marine Fuels for Marine Gas Turbine Power Plants

The marine shipping industry faces challenges to reduce engine exhaust emissions and greenhouse gases （GHGs） from ships, and in particular, carbon dioxide. International regulatory bodies such as the International Maritime Organization and National Environmental Agencies of many countries have issued rules and regulations to drastically reduce GHG and emissions emanating from marine sources. This study investigates the possibility of using natural gas and hydrogen as alternative fuels to diesel oil for marine gas turbines and uses a mathematical model to assess the effect of these alternative fuels on gas turbine thermodynamic performance. Results show that since natural gas is categorized as a hydrocarbon fuel, the thermodynamic performance of the gas turbine cycle using natural gas was close to that of the diesel case. However, the gas turbine thermal efficiency was found to be slightly lower for natural gas and hydrogen fuels compared to diesel fuel.

Decomposition of algal lipids in clay-enriched marine sediment under oxic and anoxic conditions

A series of laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to examine the decomposition of algal organic matter in clay-enriched marine sediment under oxic and anoxic conditions. During the 245-day incubation period, changes in the concentrations of TOC, major algal fatty acid components （14：0, 16：0, 16：1, 18：1 and 20：5）, and n-alkanes （C16-C23） were quantified in the samples. Our results indicate that the organic matters were degraded more rapidly in oxic than anoxic conditions. Adsorption of fatty acids onto clay minerals was a rapid and reversible process. Using a simple G model, we calculated the decomposition rate constants for TOC, n-alkanes and fatty acids which ranged from 0.017-0.024 d^-1, 0.049-0.103 d^-1 and 0.011 to 0.069 d-l, respectively. Algal organic matter degraded in two stages characterized by a fast and a slow degradation processes. The addition of clay minerals montmorillonite and kaolinite to the sediments showed significant influence affecting the decomposition processes of algal TOC and fatty acids by adsorption and incorporation of the compounds with clay particles. Adsorption/association of fatty acids by clay minerals was rapid but appeared to be a slow reversible process. In addition to the sediment redox and clay influence, the structure of the compounds also played important roles in affecting their degradation dynamic in sediments.

Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon Fractions Along the Altitudinal Gradient in Changbai Mountain,China

Understanding the responses of soil organic carbon(SOC) fractions to altitudinal gradient variation is important for understanding changes in the carbon balance of forest ecosystems.In our study the SOC and its fractions of readily oxidizable carbon(ROC),water-soluble carbon(WSC) and microbial biomass carbon(MBC) in the soil organic and mineral horizons were investigated for four typical forest types,including mixed coniferous broad-leaved forest(MCB),dark coniferous spruce-fir forest(DCSF),dark coniferous spruce forest(DCS),and Ermans birch forest(EB),along an altitudinal gradient in the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve in Northeast China.The results showed that there was no obvious altitudinal pattern in the SOC.Similar variation trends of SOC with altitude were observed between the organic and mineral horizons.Significant differences in the contents of SOC,WSC,MBC and ROC were found among the four forest types and between horizons.The contents of ROC in the mineral horizon,WSC in the organic horizon and MBC in both horizons in the MCB and EB forests were significantly greater than those in either DCSF or DCS forest.The proportion of soil WSC to SOC was the lowest among the three main fractions.The contents of WSC,MBC and ROC were significantly correlated(P < 0.05) with SOC content.It can be concluded that vegetation types and climate were crucial factors in regulating the distribution of soil organic carbon fractions in Changbai Mountain.

Nitrate assimilation by marine heterotrophic bacteria

Nitrate assimilation is a process where bacteria utilize nitrate as a nitrogen source and synthesize it into organic nitrogen. We found that nitrate-assimilating bacteria(NAB) are widely distributed in various marine environments, from surface to the deep ocean and sediment, which indicates that NAB are significant to the oceanic nitrogen cycle. Comparative genomic analysis revealed nitrate-assimilating genes(nas A) in these marine heterotrophic NAB showed different gene arrangements and diverse regulation systems. Summary on recent findings will contribute to understanding the process of nitrate assimilation in NAB and their ecological significance in the nitrogen cycle. A systematic analysis of a number of studies on bacterial nitrate assimilation in marine ecological systems was conducted to clarify directions for future research.