水下信息体系发展及运用探讨

水下空间是信息透明差的空间,水下信息作战起步滞后。随着水下潜艇和水中兵器威胁的不断加大,以及水下通信、水下远程预警、信息融合及其他现代化技术的不断提高,水下信息战日渐成熟并将进入现代海战。本文分析外军典型的水下信息网络系统,并对水下信息作战体系框架及AUV在水下信息作战网络的运用特性进行探讨,研究结果有助于推动水下信息体系的发展。

美军水下网络中心战技术发展及设想

水下网络中心战是美军维持21世纪水下空间优势的重要保障。美海军濒海战略需求、水声组网技术和商用成品技术等推动了水下网络中心战理论和技术的发展。目前的水下网络能力建设已使可用于实战的通信网络、一体化水下监视系统等装备在水下网络中心作战中初具规模。在制定未来发展设想的同时,美军也注意到在网络稳定、通信容量、信息处理等方面存在的技术问题。未来,美国海军将大力发展水下网络的互操作性、指挥控制、通信安全等技术领域。

Integrated assessment of sea water quality based on BP artificial neural network

In order to carry out an integrated assessment of sea water quality objectively, this paper based on the concept and principle of artificial neural network, generated appropriate training samples for BP artificial neural network model through the method of producing samples to the concentration of various pollution index of sea water quality from the viewpoint of threshold, established the BP artificial neural network model of sea water quality assessment using multi-layer neural network with error back-propagation algorithm. This model was used to assess water environment and obtain sea water quality categories of offshore area in Bohai Bay through calculating. The calculations shown that pollution index in river＇s wet season was higher than that in dry season from 2004 to 2007, and the pollution was particularly serious in 2005 and 2006, but a little better in 2007. The assessed results of cases shown that the model was reasonable in design and higher in generalization, meanwhile, it was common, objective and practical to sea water quality assessment.

The discovery of the genus Heissiella Péricart,1984(Hemiptera:Heteroptera:Tingidae) from China,with description of a new species

The genus Heissiella Pericart, 1984, previously known from India and Bhutan, is newly recorded for China, with the species Heissiella sinica sp. nov. described as new. Dorsal habitus photograph and illustrations of characters of the species are provided, together with a key to species of Heissiella.

Three-Dimensional Ocean Sensor Networks:A Survey

The past decade has seen a growing interest in ocean sensor networks because of their wide applications in marine research,oceanography,ocean monitoring,offshore exploration,and defense or homeland security.Ocean sensor networks are generally formed with various ocean sensors,autonomous underwater vehicles,surface stations,and research vessels.To make ocean sensor network applications viable,efficient communication among all devices and components is crucial.Due to the unique characteristics of underwater acoustic channels and the complex deployment environment in three dimensional(3D) ocean spaces,new efficient and reliable communication and networking protocols are needed in design of ocean sensor networks.In this paper,we aim to provide an overview of the most recent advances in network design principles for 3D ocean sensor networks,with focuses on deployment,localization,topology design,and position-based routing in 3D ocean spaces.

Impact of and adaptation strategies for sea-level rise on Yangtze River Delta

The Yangtze River Delta characterized by a dense population and a rapidly developing economy is highly vulnerable to sea-level rise. The data from the China Oceanic Information Network and the Zhejiang Provincial Hydrology Bureau are used to analyze sea-level rise. The rate of sea-level rise in the delta was 2.4 mm per year in 1981-2015. The annual sea-level at Daishan, Dinghai, and Dongtou stations in the south wing of the delta were 4.3, 3.1, and 5 mm per year respectively over the same period. The 10-year averaged results at each station also indicate a perceptible trend of sea-level rise. Sea-level rise is contributed to a larger proportion of intensified erosion, ranging from 3% to 14% in the delta. Meanwhile, the 100-year return period of tidal level has decreased to the 50-year rank at Dongtou and Dinghai stations. Moreover, the arrival time of tidal bores at Yanguan is 4 min earlier under sea-level rise of 0.145 m than that of 0 m. The height of tidal bores and the velocities at the surface and bottom layers have an increase under sea-level rise. The maximum increases of high and low tide levels are 0.122 m and 0.016 m while the maximum increases of the velocities at the surface and bottom layers are 0.07 m s^- 1 and 0.05 m s ^-1, respectively. Sea-level rise will bring about the damage of seawall, thus the design standard of constructing seawalls should adopt a higher level to minimize the associated risks in the Yangtze River Delta and its south wing.

Application of Artificial Neural Network in the Research of the Bohai Bay Eutrophication

In order to research the feasibility of artificial neural network (ANN) in the research of eutrophication of the Bohai Bay in China, an ANN model simulating chlorophyll a, b and c concentrations, concerning temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, pH value, chemical oxygen demand (COD), PO43-, NO2-and NO3-factors in the Bohai Bay was presented and validated. After experiencing and training by Matlab, the model′s validation mean square error (MSE) performance is 0.009 985 02. R-squared between estimated and observed concentrations of chlorophyll a, b and c are 0.965 7, 0.998 7 and 0.970 7 respectively, indicating that the estimated value agrees with the observed value well, and the model can be used in the prediction of eutrophication of the Bohai Sea. In order to study the influence of model input factors on chlorophyll concentration (i.e. model outputs), hypothetical scenarios were introduced to show model output responses to variations in input factors. The limitation of temperature, salinity and phosphate that induce red tide in the Bohai Bay was also presented.

An Approach to Improving the Retrieval Accuracy of Oceanic Constituents in Case Ⅱ Waters

In the present paper, a method is proposed to improve the performance of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based algorithms for the retrieval of oceanic constituents in Case Ⅱ waters. The ANN-based algorithms have been developed based on a constraint condition, which represents, to a certain degree, the correlation between suspended particulate matter (SPM) and pigment (CHL), coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and CHL, as well as CDOM and SPM, found in Case Ⅱ waters. Compared with the ANN-based algorithm developed without a constraint condition, the performance of ANN-based algorithms developed with a constraint conditions is much better for the retrieval of CHL and CDOM, especially in the case of high noise levels; however, there is not significant improvement for the retrieval of SPM.

A FVCOM-Based Unstructured Grid Wave, Current,Sediment Transport Model,I.Model Description and Validation

An effort was made to couple FVCOM (a three-dimensional (3D),unstructured grid,Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model) and FVCOM-SWAVE (an unstructured grid,finite-volume surface wave model) for the study of nearshore ocean processes such as tides,circulation,storm surge,waves,sediment transport,and morphological evolution.The coupling between FVCOM and FVCOM-SWAVE was achieved through incorporating 3D radiation stress,wave-current-sediment-related bottom boundary layer,sea surface stress parameterizations,and morphology process.FVCOM also includes a 3D sediment transport module.With accurate fitting of irregular coastlines,the model provides a unique tool to study sediment dynamics in coastal ocean,estuaries,and wetlands where local geometries are characterized by inlets,islands,and intertidal marsh zones.The model was validated by two standard benchmark tests: 1) spectral waves approaching a mild sloping beach and 2) morphological changes of seabed in an idealized tidal inlet.In Test 1,model results were compared with both analytical solutions and laboratory experiments.A further comparison was also made with the structured grid Regional Ocean Model System (ROMS),which provides an insight into the performance of the two models with the same open boundary forcing.

Mapping of an Approximate Neutral Density Surface with Ungridded Data

A neutral density surface is a logical study frame for water-mass mixing since water parcels spread along such a surface without doing work against buoyancy restoring force. Mesoscale eddies are believed to stir and subsequently mix predominantly along such surfaces. Because of the nonlinear nature of the equation of state of seawater, the process of accurately mapping a neutral density surface necessarily involves lateral computation from one conductivity, temperature and depth (CTD) cast to the next in a logical sequence. By contrast, the depth of a potential density surface on any CTD cast is found solely from the data on this cast. The lateral calculation procedure causes a significant inconvenience. In a previous paper by present author published in this journal (You, 2006), the mapping of neutral density surfaces with regularly gridded data such as Levitus data has been introduced. In this note, I present a new method to find the depth of a neutral density surface from a cast without having to specify an integration path in space. An appropriate reference point is required that is on the neutral density surface and thereafter the neutral density surface can be de- termined by using the CTD casts in any order. This method is only approximate and the likely errors can be estimated by plotting a scatter diagram of all the pressures and potential temperatures on the neutral density surfaces. The method assumes that the variations of potential temperature and pressure (with respect to the values at the reference point) on the neutral density surface are proportional. It is important to select the most appropriate reference point in order to approximately satisfy this assumption, and in practice this is found by inspecting the θ-p plot of data on the surface. This may require that the algorithm be used twice. When the straight lines on the θ-p plot, drawn from the reference point to other points on the neutral density surface, enclose an area that is external to the clus- ter of θ-p points of the neutral density surface, errors will occur, and these errors can be quantified from this diagram. Examples showing the use of the method are presented for each of the world’s main oceans.

Research of Marine Sensor Web Based on SOA and EDA

A great deal of ocean sensor observation data exists, for a wide range of marine disciplines, derived from in situ and remote observing platforms, in real-time, near-real-time and delayed mode. Ocean monitoring is routinely completed using sensors and instruments. Standardization is the key requirement for exchanging information about ocean sensors and sensor data and for comparing and combining information from different sensor networks. One or more sensors are often physically integrated into a single ocean ‘instrument' device, which often brings in many challenges related to diverse sensor data formats, parameters units, different spatiotemporal resolution, application domains, data quality and sensors protocols. To face these challenges requires the standardization efforts aiming at facilitating the so-called Sensor Web, which making it easy to provide public access to sensor data and metadata information. In this paper, a Marine Sensor Web, based on SOA and EDA and integrating the MBARI's PUCK protocol, IEEE 1451 and OGC SWE 2.0, is illustrated with a five-layer architecture. The Web Service layer and Event Process layer are illustrated in detail with an actual example. The demo study has demonstrated that a standard-based system can be built to access sensors and marine instruments distributed globally using common Web browsers for monitoring the environment and oceanic conditions besides marine sensor data on the Web, this framework of Marine Sensor Web can also play an important role in many other domains' information integration.

Rank-Defect Adjustment Model for Survey-Line Systematic Errors in Marine Survey Net

In this paper,the structure of systematic and random errors in marine survey net are discussed in detail and the adjustment method for observations of marine survey net is studied,in which the rank_defect characteristic is discovered first up to now.On the basis of the survey_line systematic error model,the formulae of the rank_defect adjustment model are deduced according to modern adjustment theory.An example of calculations with really observed data is carried out to demonstrate the efficiency of this adjustment model.Moreover,it is proved that the semi_systematic error correction method used at present in marine gravimetry in China is a special case of the adjustment model presented in this paper.

Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network for seafloor classification from multibeam sonar data

This paper presents a seafloor classification method of multibeam sonar data, based on the use of Adaptive Resonance Theory （ART） neural networks. A general ART-based neural network, Fuzzy ARTMAP, has been proposed for seafloor classification of multibeam sonar data. An evolutionary strategy was used to generate new training samples near the cluster boundaries of the neural network, therefore the weights can be revised and refined by supervised learning. The proposed method resolves the training problem for Fuzzy ARTMAP neural networks, which are applied to seafloor classification of multibeam sonar data when there are less than adequate ground-troth samples. The results were synthetically analyzed in comparison with the standard Fuzzy ARTMAP network and a conventional Bayesian classifier. The conclusion can be drawn that Fuzzy ARTMAP neural networks combining with GA algorithms can be alternative powerful tools for seafloor classification of multibeam sonar data.

Evidence for marine transgression between 7500–5400BC at the Luotuodun Site in Yixing,Jiangsu Province

Based on archaeological excavations, 217 samples were collected from the Luotuodun Site. Of them 63 samples from the section plane of the site layer were used for identification analysis of foraminifera, plant debris and seed fossils, and four samples were used for 14C dating and relevant analysis. Through many kinds of experiments, we have drawn some conclusions. Firstly, benthic foraminifera, such as Ammonia compressiuscula and Ammonia cff. sobrina, are found in the lOth layer, indicating that between 7500 and 5400 BC, i.e. before the emergence of the Majiabang Culture, Luotuodun Site and its nearby regions had ever experienced a marine transgression event. Secondly, we have found 450 plant fossils in this site, such as Polygonum sp., Scripus sp., Najas sp., Physalis sp., which indicated lacustrine or swamp environment.

STUDY ON DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF SHIPPING CENTERS AND TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS IN THE YELLOW SEA RIM

It is very important to establish cooperative mechanism to guarantee allmembers to develop their e-conomies in the Yellow Sea Rim. In this paper, the development strategiesof shipping centers and transportation network are discussed based on economic globalizationtendency. The results argue that a united transportation network should be built in order to promotethe economic competition of Northeast Asia in the world. As a key component of the economiccooperation, a hierarchical shipping centers network should be established with Hong Kong, Shanghai,Pusan, Kobe, and Tokyo as cores. The authorities of China, Japan, R. 0. Korea and D. P. R. Koreashould make more efforts to build a set of cooperation institutions based on raising thetransportation efficiency.

Analysis of Short Sea Shipping-Based Logistics Corridors in the Baltic Sea Region

Despite recent turbulences in global economy, the growth of global trade volumes is expected to continue in the future, leading to increased demands on the performance of logistics networks. The political framework for EU （European Union） Transport Policy Development is presented in the EU White Paper on Transport 2011 in order to build a competitive European transport system. One significant aspect is the promotion of multimodal transport in order to decrease terrestrial transport services （road and rail） and to increase services in the maritime transport sector, especially considering the relief of road and railway infrastructure. Looking at the present situation, SSS （Short Sea Shipping） is already used in many different transport fields all around the world. However, there still exists a great potential which currently is not used or not sufficiently exploited for many different reasons. In order to identify the potential use of SSS in multimodal transport, different scenarios in the Baltic Sea Region and the adjoining hinterland have been developed pointing out alternative solutions for routing. These options are analyzed in detail and evaluated from different perspectives （i.e. transport and handling costs, time consumption and transport-related emissions）. Afterwards, advantages and disadvantages of each alternative will be examined by taking into account economic and ecological aspects in making decision.

New Developments in Maritime Communications： a Comprehensive Survey

This paper summarizes the requirements for modem maritime wireless communication networks in the marine environments including the sea- to-sea and sea-to-shore communication scenarios. The existing maritime wireless communication sys- tems are presented and the development of the state-of-the-art maritime communication systems is surveyed. Furthermore, a hierarchical and integrated maritime network architecture is proposed to satisfy the increasing various classes of services which demand different Quality of Service （QoS）. Finally, the open issues for further development of maritime communications are identified.

Development of the Marine Protected Areas Network for Restoration of the Degraded Underwater Landscapes of the Black Sea and Azov Sea

The paper is concerned with the development of a comprehensive methodology to establish a MPAs （marine protected areas） network in the Black Sea and Azov Sea region. Scientific basis to rationale establish that the MPAs network is a complex system of landscape zoning and mapping, defining their variability, sustainability, and geo-ecological condition, and taking into account evaluation of degradation of the underwater landscape over the past 100 years.

Investigation on online shopping customer satisfaction——Taking samples from undergraduates in Shanghai

Electronic commerce in China underwent a sea change in recent years. More and more people are accustomed to shopping online. Improving customer satisfaction of online shopping is gaining signification for business to gain long-term customers and achieve their goals. Based on and enlightened by the traditional custom satisfaction model, we built a model especially for online shopping in China. Wc took samples from undergraduates in Shanghai and gained real data by sending out questionnaire and conducting survey both online and on the spot. Taking advantage of the SPSS19.0 with PLS plugin and SEM-PLS analysis method, we tested and proved some relations that we put foreward in the hypothesis. The value of our investigation and this paper lies in providing some enlightening perspectives for firms doing online business, which hopefully can help them improve costumer satisfaction and achieve firm goals.

First Report of Tumor-Like Anomalies on the Copepods and their Seasonality from the Obhur Creek, Jeddah Coast, Central Red Sea

Monthly abundance of the subclass Copepoda was analyzed from the zooplankton samples collected at Obhur Creek, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia during December-2011 till December-2012. Zooplankton samples were collected through surface horizontal tows by a modified WP2 net(via. mouth diameter 50 cm, length 180 cm, 150 μm mesh size). Order Calanoida dominated the abundance with mean annual average of 75.29%. We observed abnormal protuberances on copepods, known as tumour-like anomalies(TLAs). Calanoida showed more frequent and prominent TLAs on its dorsal surface with highest mean percentage occurring during Jun. 2012(1.64%). The percentage prevalence of TLAs on the Copepoda was highest during Jun. 2012(1.36%) and least during Nov. 2012(0.03%). It is suggested that these TLAs might be caused due to the presence of potentially high levels of toxic substances, which weakens the exoskeleton and thereby making them more susceptible to infections or due to wounds from parasites or might be related to the occurrence of symbiotic tantulocarids or might be due to the radiation stress as a control measure. Whatever the reason, these TLAs have become a serious emerging threat to the aquatic food web. Our investigation is the first of its kind in the coastal waters of the Saudi Red Sea, which needs further investigations in order to elucidate the possible reasons for these abnormalities.