明代东南海舶建造与管理制度刍议

明朝对海舶的建造和管理颇为重视。东南地区是海舶建造业的中心。通过对卫所造船的官员设置、建造和修订标准的分析,勾勒出明代官方海舶建造与管理制度的全貌,并结合明朝官方对民间海舶建造业的控制,指出明代海舶建造业的发展呈现明显的阶段性特征。

广州市舶司的历史沿革及其在对外贸易中的作用和影响

广州面临南海,"地当要会,俗号殷繁"~①,是自古通今、遐迩闻名的中国与海外交通的最重要的日岸城市之一。唐时在广州始置市舶司,沿革至宋、元、明,中间虽有起落,但历时约一千年。就此期间,广州市舶司是中国南方与东南亚、中亚、西亚、东非和西欧通商的主要管理机构,在中外海上交通史上起着重要的桥梁作用。清时。

Development and Management Status of Voluntary Observing Ships in China

Voluntary observing ship （VOS） observations are international obligations that must be fulfilled by China. Currently, the number of Chinese VOSs is showing a decreasing trend, which has decreased from more than one hundred ships in the past to the current number of thirty something ships. Moreover, the observation capabilities have many existing problems, such as relatively outdated observation measures, simple observation parameters, and lack of observation data. Fundamentally speaking, the operation mechanism of VOSs lacks effective systematic assurance and protection. Consequently, these VOSs are unable to have sufficient operational capabilities and cannot effectively fulfill their international obligations.

“綱首”与“客綱客紀”释义

明代广东海外贸易史料,有涉及"纲首"、"客纲客纪"等名词者。李龙潜同志认为:"所谓‘客纲’,实际上就是牙行的组织机构,每‘纲’设一‘纲首’总理牙行事宜,主持对外贸易,正如明人所说:‘番商者,诸番夷市舶交易,纲首所领也。’客纪,就是牙行的经纪人。"①近年来有关论著,颇有从其说者。但这个解释的文献依据不足,似近于望文生义,笔者认为尚有商榷余地。"纲首"之称,大量见于宋代文献。

真德秀与泉州海外贸易

真德秀字景元,后更希元,号西山,福建浦城人,生于南宋孝宗淳熙五年(1178年),卒于理宗端平二年(1235年)。在朝历任王府教授、学士院权直、起居舍人、户部尚书、礼部贡举和参知政事等官职。在外曾任江东转运副使、两知泉州、知潭州湖南安抚使、知隆兴江右帅、知福州福建安抚使等封疆大吏。

An intelligent instrument for measuring exhaust temperature of marine engine

Exhaust temperature of the marine engine is commonly measured through thermocouple. Measure deviation will occur after using the thermocouple for some time due to nonlinearity of thermocouple itself, high temperature and chemical corrosion of measure point. Frequent replacement of thermocouple will increase the operating cost. This paper designs a new intelligent instrument for solving the above-mentioned problems of the marine engine temperature measurement, which combines the conventional thermocouple temperature measurement technology and SCM(single chip microcomputer). The reading of the thermocouple is simple and precise and the calibration can be made automatically and manually..

The measure and decision of technical risk in the development of naval vessels

The risks in development of navy vessels were explored, The resources of technical risk in the design and development of vessels were mentioned, It was pointed that technical risk dominated the other risk components. Based on the writers＇ understanding and experience from risk analysis and risk ,nanagement to the development of a navy vessel, four measure indexes of technical risk were presented. The decision criteria and the rules corresponding to the indexes were estahlished by the statistic information,

Development of study on the dynamic characteristics of deep water mooring system

To meet the needs of those exploiting deepwater resources, TLP and SPAR platforms are used in some areas and are considered excellent platforms in deep water. However, many problems remain to be resolved. The design of mooring systems is a key issue for deep water platforms. Environmental loads in deep water effect the physical characteristics of mooring line materials. The configuration and analysis of mooring systems involve nonlinearity due to this fluid-solid coupling, nonlinear hydrodynamic forces, and their effects on stability of motion. In this paper, some pivotal theories and technical questions are presented, including modeling of mooring lines, the theory and method of coupled dynamics analysis on the mooring system, and the development of methodologies for the study of nonlinear dynamics of mooring systems. Further study on mooring systems in deep water are recommended based on current knowledge, particularly dynamic parameters of different materials and cable configuration, interactions between seabed and cable, mechanisms of mooring system response induced by taut/slack mooring cables, discontinuous stiffness due to system materials, mooring construction, and motion instability, etc.

A new method to accurately measure the drift of shipborne floated gyro

Shell-feeding velocity is an important factor affecting naval gun shooting capacity. An agile shell-feeding system was designed to ensure quick implementation of the shell-feeding task. Based on composition of the agile shell-feeding system, hoist technology was studied. Working principles were discussed and the hydraulic pressure system of the hoist was constructed. The hydraulic pressure cylinder and the accumulator were analyzed and calculated. Finally, PRO/E and ADAMS were used to simulate the hoist and its hydraulic system. It was found that this type of virtuaU674.7l prototype provides a good method to actualize a physical prototype.

Variations in the Lower Level of the PBL Associated with the Yellow Sea Fog-New Observations by L-Band Radar

The Chinese east coastal areas and marginal seas are foggy regions. The development of effective forecasting methods rests upon a comprehensive knowledge of the fog phenomena. This study provides new observations associated with the sea togs over the northwestern Yellow Sea by means of L-band radar soundings with a high vertical resolution of 30m. The monthly tem- perature lapse rate, the Richardson Nulnbers, and the humidity show obvious seasonal variations in the lower level of the planetary boundary layer （PBL） that are related to the onset, peak and end of the Yellow Sea fog season. The typical pattern of stratification for the sea fog season in the northwestern Yellow Sea is that a stable layer of about 400 m thick caps a 150 m conditionally unstable layer Besides, the differences between togs and stratus clouds in terms of humidity, turbulence and temperature are analyzed, which is of significance for sea fog forecast and detection by satellites. The thickness of the sea fogs varies in different stages of the fog season, and is associated with the temperature inversion. The numerical simulation proves that the seasonal variations obtained by the radar well represent the situations over the Yellow Sea.

Research and Design of Drop Keel System for Multi-purpose Oceanographic Vessel

When an oceanographic vessel is sailing, the currents near the surface of ship hull are rapid, making it hard to meet the environmental requirements of scientific observation equipment. To guarantee the installation space and environmental requirements of the observation equipment, the drop keel system was proposed for the first time for ocean-graphic ships at China, to avoid the traditional ＂rudder-shaft＂ type fin keel＇s disadvantage. The research study will examine the operational mechanism and functions of the drop keel system, the operating conditions of the fin keel to determine the driver method and its arrangement, and the locking method of the fin keel underwater. The research wilI also provide some general designs for analyzing the best plan for the drop keel system.

Analysis of Ship Evacuation during Tsunami Using AIS （Automatic Identification System） Data

External forces of marine weather, such as waves, currents and wind flows, affect the course and speed of a ship under way. As a result, marine accidents, such as collisions or grounding, may occur, particularly in inshore areas. On coasts where earthquakes and tsunamis occur frequently, such as the Japanese coast, a tsunami that advances into a bay from the open sea is influenced by the submarine topography. It grows into a huge wave that could cause tremendous damage to ships under way and at anchorage. A massive earthquake occurred in the Tohoku and Kanto regions of Japan on March 11,2011. In response, a tsunami alert, a tsunami warning and an advisory were issued for the entire Pacific coast region. This research investigates the evacuation behaviour of ships by AIS （automatic identification system） data in Tokyo Bay after the tsunami warning was issued. The unusual behaviour observed was attributed to the emergency evacuation of ships.

Dynamical Correction of Control Laws for Marine Ships’ Accurate Steering

The objective of this work is the analytical synthesis problem for marine vehicles autopilots design. Despite numerous known methods for a solution, the mentioned problem is very complicated due to the presence of an extensive population of certain dynamical conditions, requirements and restrictions, which must be satisfied by the appropriate choice of a steering control law. The aim of this paper is to simplify the procedure of the synthesis, providing accurate steering with desirable dynamics of the control system. The approach proposed here is based on the usage of a special unified multipurpose control law structure that allows decoupling a synthesis into simpler particular optimization problems. In particular, this structure includes a dynamical corrector to support the desirable features for the vehicle＇s motion under the action of sea wave disturbances. As a result, a specialized new method for the corrector design is proposed to provide an accurate steering or a trade-off between accurate steering and economical steering of the ship. This method guaranties a certain flexibility of the control law with respect to an actual environment of the sailing;its corresponding turning can be realized in real time onboard.

Effect of Sea Spray on the Numerical Simulation of Super Typhoon ‘Ewiniar’

To study the potential effect of sea spray on the evolution of typhoons,two kinds of sea spray flux parameterization schemes developed by Andreas (2005) and Andreas and Wang (2006) and Fairall et al. (1994) respectively are incorporated into the regional atmospheric Mesoscale Model version 3.6 (MM5V3) of Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU/NCAR) and the coupled atmosphere-sea spray modeling system is applied to simulate a Western Pacific super ty-phoon Ewiniar in 2006. The simulation results demonstrate that sea spray can lead to a significant increase in heat fluxes at the air-sea interface and the simulated typhoon’s intensity. Compared with the results without sea spray,the minimum sea level pressure reduces about 8hPa after taking account of sea spray by Fairall et al.’s parameterization (1994) and about 5hPa by Andreas’ (2005) and Andreas and Wang’s (2006) parameterization at the end of the model integration,while the maximum 10m wind speed increases about 17% and 15% on average,respectively,through the entire simulation time period. Taking sea spray into account also causes significant changes in Tropical Cyclone (TC) structure due to an enhancement of water vapor and heat transferred from the sea sur-face to the air; therefore,the center structure of the typhoon becomes more clearly defined and the wind speed around the typhoon eye is stronger in numerical experiments. The simulations show that different sea spray flux parameterizations make different modi-fications to the TC structure.

Analysis of Ship Refuge Action in Tsunami Using AIS Data： Case of the 2011 East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami

A massive earthquake occurred in the Tohoku and Kanto regions of Japan on the 1 lth of March 2011. In response, a tsunami alert, a tsunami warning and an advisory were issued for the entire Pacific coast region. This research investigates the evacuation behavior of ships by AIS （automatic identification system） data in Onahama port after the tsunami warning was issued. The unusual behavior observed was attributed to the emergency evacuation of ships. This research investigates the evacuation behaviors of the vessels using the data obtained from AIS, around the Onahama Port during alerting the major tsunami warning. The result shows that most vessels in the port started evacuating approximately 10 min after the major tsunami warning and completed offshore evacuation 40 min after this warning. This contributed in understanding the actual status of the vessel evacuation. In addition, the travel paths of each vessel revealed the influence of the tsunami on the vessels. Furthermore, the exceptional situation where several vessels moved in the same direction at the speed almost same for about 2 hours was confirmed. As a result, it can be estimated that the waves that affected both vessels were the drawback of the tsunamis.

The Impact of Implementing the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships （AFS Convention） on the Marine Environment

Marine fouling is the settlement and growth of a variety of marine organisms, such as bacteria, diatoms, protozoa and algae spores on structures immersed in seawater, such as ship＇s hulls, navigation buoys, and sonar equipment. Anti-fouling refers to material or systems used to prevent the accumulation of biological material on submerged surfaces. Bio-fouling results in higher fuel consumption and can also facilitate the transport of harmful NIS （Non-Indigenous Species）. Antifouling technologies incorporating biocides （e.g., Tributyltin） have been developed to prevent fouling. Their widespread use, however, raised concerns about their toxic effects on marine communities. The AFS Convention （International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships） is a 2001 IMO （International Maritime Organization） treaty, whereby states agree to ban the use of harmful anti-fouling paints and other anti-fouling systems that contain harmful substances. Particularly, the use of the organotinTributyltin is prohibited, since leaching of that chemical from the hulls of ships has been shown to cause deleterious effects on some sea creatures. Although the AFS Convention has entered into force, its full implementation has not yet been appropriately achieved. Most of the ratifying States have delegated the Classification Society to inspect their ships to ensure the implementation of the provisions of the Convention. Since painting ships takes place in dry docks, the full control falls in the hands of Classification Societies.

Research and application of on-shore power supply system for vessel in port of Shanghai

This paper prescribes a movable voltage-variable and frequency-variable on-shore power supply system which successfully provides on-shore power for container vessel on port. The high voltage power supply (10 kV/50 Hz/2 000 kVA) for the quay cranes is used for the power input of the system, after frequency and voltage converting (450 V/60 Hz), then putting out and supplying to vessel. This system is flexible with positive effect on energy-saving and emission reduction; besides, there's no requirement of civil reconstruction to container terminals, which is suitable for the busy ports in China.

Eradication of algae in ships’ ballast water by electrolyzing

In order to verify the effectiveness of electrolytic treatment on ships’ ballast water, experiments are carried out by a pilot system in laboratory. The raw seawater and seawater with different concentrations of different algae are simulated as ships’ ballast water. The algae in the raw seawater can be killed if it is treated by electrolysis with an initial residual chlorine concentration of 5 mg/L. If the seawater with one kind of algae (Nitzschia closterum, Dicrateria spp., or Pyramidomonnas sp.105cells/mL) is treated by electrolysis with an initial residual chlorine concentration of 5 mg/L, the alga can be sterilized. If the seawater with one kind of algae (Dunaliella sp., Platymonas or Chlorella spp.) is directly treated by electrolyzing with an initial residual chlorine concentration of 4 mg/L, the instant mortality changes with the concentration of different algae. However, after 72 hours, in all treated samples, there are no live algal cells found.

Large scale northward expansion of warm water species Skeletonema tropicum (Bacillariophyceae) in China seas

Skeletonema tropicum is regarded as a species with an affinity to warm waters and it has never been reported in seas where temperatures drop below 11℃ in winter. Previous studies in China reported that S. tropicum was restricted to subtropical and warm temperate seas （East and South China Seas）, but the species was recently found during August cruises of 2009 and 2010 in Jiaozhou Bay, Yellow Sea, located several hundred kilometers to the north. Here, winter water temperatures often drop below 5℃. Identification of S. tropicum was confirmed under light and scanning electronic microscopes and maximum cell abundance in Jiaozhou Bay was estimated as 1.73× 10^4 celI/L. This record of S. tropicum in Jiaozhou Bay represents a significant northward expansion in the geographic range of the species. Ship ballast water was identified as a possible carrier of S. tropicum from southern places along Chinese coastline, and in addition, thermal pollution from local power stations and seawater desalination plants may provide suitable conditions for species over-wintering.

Detection of weak ship signals with the optimization of polarimetric contrast enhancement

An optimization of polarimetric contrast enhancement method is proposed to detect ships with lowship-to-clutter power ratio.The received power is calculated with Kennaugh matrix and an iterative algo-rithm is adopted to get the optimal polarimetric states.The optimization method depresses the power of o-cean clutter and increases the power of ship signal.With the double effects,the contrast of ship to oceanis dramatically increased.Thus small ship or weak signals of low ship-to-ocean power ratio can easily bedetected.Ship signals can be distinguished from speckle noise using the different variation trend after op-timization,and thus the threshold problem can be avoided.Moreover,the analyses of different ship'sKennaugh matrices give two implications.One is that the results are affected little by choosing differentKennaugh matrices of ships with strong intensity from Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)images.The otheris that ship's Kennaugh matrix chosen from real SAR images is more favorable than that of ideal scatter-ing.Finally,the optimization results are confirmed by polarimetric scattering angle and co-polarizationphase difference.