The subject of the present work is the study of the relationship between the city shape and its geographical and climatic context. This is a very important feature of the Portuguese city. The Iberian Peninsula compris...The subject of the present work is the study of the relationship between the city shape and its geographical and climatic context. This is a very important feature of the Portuguese city. The Iberian Peninsula comprised by Spain and Portugal belongs to very different environments： the Atlantic and Mediterranean sea. This position is responsible for a series of highly contrasted regions. The external forces presented in each region, influence the shape, location and orientation, not only of individual buildings but of whole villages in such a way that we can identify pattems of construction in different natural regions. There is in fact, a remarkable correspondence between climate and urban type which is useful to identify for planning the different regions. The legacy of industrial city, as in other parts of the world, has changed this close connection between geography and architecture, with consequences not only in environment but especially for the identity of urban spaces. Bioclimatic urbanism is not just a question of sustainability or survival. It is also a question of local identity and variety. There is in fact a relationship between cultural process and environment responsive which we can learn from the structures of the past -- the pre-industrial city. We believe that the reinterpretation of the traditional city pattems forms a language which can be used as a design process for recovering urban landscape.展开更多
Diurnal variation of tropical cyclone （TC rainfall in the western North Pacific （WNP） is investi gated using the high-resolution Climate Prediction Ce~ ter＇s morphing technique （CMORPH） products obtaine from the...Diurnal variation of tropical cyclone （TC rainfall in the western North Pacific （WNP） is investi gated using the high-resolution Climate Prediction Ce~ ter＇s morphing technique （CMORPH） products obtaine from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra tion （NOAA）. From January 2008 to October 2010, 7 TCs and 389 TC rainfall days were reported by the Joir Typhoon Warning Center＇s （JTWC） best-track record. Th TC rain rate was partitioned using the Objective Synopti Analysis Technique （OSAT） and interpolated into Local Standard Time （LST）. Harmonic analysis was applied t analyze the diurnal variation of the precipitation. Obviou diurnal cycles were seen in approximately 70% of the TC rainfall days. The harmonic amplitude and phase of the mean TC rainfall rate vary with TC intensity, life stage, season, and spatial distribution. On the basis of intensity, tropical de- pressions （TDs） exhibit the highest precipitation variation amplitude （PVA）, at approximately 30%, while super ty- phoons （STs） contain the lowest PVA, at less than 22%. On the basis of lifetime stage, the PVA in the decaying stage （more than 37%） is stronger than that in the devel oping （less than 20%） and sustaining （28%） stages. On the basis of location, the PVA of more than 35% （less than 18%） is the highest （lowest） over the high-latitude oceanic areas （the eastern ocean of the Philippine Islands）. In ad dition, a sub-diurnal cycle of TC rainfall occurs over the high-latitude oceans. On the basis of season, the diurnal variation is more pronounced during summer and winter, at approximately 30% and 32%, respectively, and is weaker in spring and autumn, at approximately 22% and 24%, respectively.展开更多
The 2003-006 observations were utilized to analyze the surface characteristics of summer land-sea breezes along the coastland of Guangxi and the Weather Research and Forecast model was applied to simulate the breeze s...The 2003-006 observations were utilized to analyze the surface characteristics of summer land-sea breezes along the coastland of Guangxi and the Weather Research and Forecast model was applied to simulate the breeze structure on August 1-2, 2006. Results show that 1） the intensity and distributions of the breezes reproduced from improved urban underlying surface were close to observations. In the daytime the coastwise urban band was a convergent belt of sea breeze, corresponding to the centers of torrential rains; in the nighttime hours the surface of the Gulf of Tonkin （the Vietnamese name） or the Northern Bay （the Chinese name） acted as a convergent zone of land breezes, likely to produce convective cloud cluster; 2） the experiment on urbanization showed the heat island effect enhancing （weakening） the sea （land） breeze development. Furthermore, the heat island effect mitigated the atmospheric cooling via radiation over the cities in the night, weakening sinking motion correspondingly, thereby suppressing the dominant factor responsible for the steady development of temperature inversion. As a result, the inversion vigor was reduced greatly, but nevertheless no strong effect of the decreased subsidence was found upon the inversion height.展开更多
Tsunamis in Mexico are a real threat, still unknown to many, mainly by people living in or visiting the coast. The Tsunami Warning Center in Mexico recently created （September 19, 2011） monitors earthquakes and sea ...Tsunamis in Mexico are a real threat, still unknown to many, mainly by people living in or visiting the coast. The Tsunami Warning Center in Mexico recently created （September 19, 2011） monitors earthquakes and sea level change caused by these same. Sea level on the west coast of the Mexican Pacific was analyzed after the occurrence of local, regional and distant earthquakes, in order to determine the existence of an anomaly due to the quake itself. Variations in sea level due to local registered earthquakes Mw 6.0 to 7.4 range was from 0.10 to 0.30 m; for regional earthquakes of Mw 7.3 and 8.2 were 0.12 and 0.22 m respectively and to the distant earthquake of Mw 8.0 recorded in Solomon Islands, the change in sea level of the maximum recorded was 0.20 m in Manzanillo, Colima. It is important to know that earthquakes whether local, regional or distant whose magnitudes are in the range specified here, did not present a risk to the Mexican coast, but do not rely, having to monitor variations in sea level that earthquakes can produce and be aware that you may perhaps occur as a tsunami in Indonesia in 2004 or Japan in 2011.展开更多
文摘The subject of the present work is the study of the relationship between the city shape and its geographical and climatic context. This is a very important feature of the Portuguese city. The Iberian Peninsula comprised by Spain and Portugal belongs to very different environments： the Atlantic and Mediterranean sea. This position is responsible for a series of highly contrasted regions. The external forces presented in each region, influence the shape, location and orientation, not only of individual buildings but of whole villages in such a way that we can identify pattems of construction in different natural regions. There is in fact, a remarkable correspondence between climate and urban type which is useful to identify for planning the different regions. The legacy of industrial city, as in other parts of the world, has changed this close connection between geography and architecture, with consequences not only in environment but especially for the identity of urban spaces. Bioclimatic urbanism is not just a question of sustainability or survival. It is also a question of local identity and variety. There is in fact a relationship between cultural process and environment responsive which we can learn from the structures of the past -- the pre-industrial city. We believe that the reinterpretation of the traditional city pattems forms a language which can be used as a design process for recovering urban landscape.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No.2009CB421504)The National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41275048 and 40921160380)
文摘Diurnal variation of tropical cyclone （TC rainfall in the western North Pacific （WNP） is investi gated using the high-resolution Climate Prediction Ce~ ter＇s morphing technique （CMORPH） products obtaine from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra tion （NOAA）. From January 2008 to October 2010, 7 TCs and 389 TC rainfall days were reported by the Joir Typhoon Warning Center＇s （JTWC） best-track record. Th TC rain rate was partitioned using the Objective Synopti Analysis Technique （OSAT） and interpolated into Local Standard Time （LST）. Harmonic analysis was applied t analyze the diurnal variation of the precipitation. Obviou diurnal cycles were seen in approximately 70% of the TC rainfall days. The harmonic amplitude and phase of the mean TC rainfall rate vary with TC intensity, life stage, season, and spatial distribution. On the basis of intensity, tropical de- pressions （TDs） exhibit the highest precipitation variation amplitude （PVA）, at approximately 30%, while super ty- phoons （STs） contain the lowest PVA, at less than 22%. On the basis of lifetime stage, the PVA in the decaying stage （more than 37%） is stronger than that in the devel oping （less than 20%） and sustaining （28%） stages. On the basis of location, the PVA of more than 35% （less than 18%） is the highest （lowest） over the high-latitude oceanic areas （the eastern ocean of the Philippine Islands）. In ad dition, a sub-diurnal cycle of TC rainfall occurs over the high-latitude oceans. On the basis of season, the diurnal variation is more pronounced during summer and winter, at approximately 30% and 32%, respectively, and is weaker in spring and autumn, at approximately 22% and 24%, respectively.
基金Natural Science Foundation of China (40975037 40775033)
文摘The 2003-006 observations were utilized to analyze the surface characteristics of summer land-sea breezes along the coastland of Guangxi and the Weather Research and Forecast model was applied to simulate the breeze structure on August 1-2, 2006. Results show that 1） the intensity and distributions of the breezes reproduced from improved urban underlying surface were close to observations. In the daytime the coastwise urban band was a convergent belt of sea breeze, corresponding to the centers of torrential rains; in the nighttime hours the surface of the Gulf of Tonkin （the Vietnamese name） or the Northern Bay （the Chinese name） acted as a convergent zone of land breezes, likely to produce convective cloud cluster; 2） the experiment on urbanization showed the heat island effect enhancing （weakening） the sea （land） breeze development. Furthermore, the heat island effect mitigated the atmospheric cooling via radiation over the cities in the night, weakening sinking motion correspondingly, thereby suppressing the dominant factor responsible for the steady development of temperature inversion. As a result, the inversion vigor was reduced greatly, but nevertheless no strong effect of the decreased subsidence was found upon the inversion height.
文摘Tsunamis in Mexico are a real threat, still unknown to many, mainly by people living in or visiting the coast. The Tsunami Warning Center in Mexico recently created （September 19, 2011） monitors earthquakes and sea level change caused by these same. Sea level on the west coast of the Mexican Pacific was analyzed after the occurrence of local, regional and distant earthquakes, in order to determine the existence of an anomaly due to the quake itself. Variations in sea level due to local registered earthquakes Mw 6.0 to 7.4 range was from 0.10 to 0.30 m; for regional earthquakes of Mw 7.3 and 8.2 were 0.12 and 0.22 m respectively and to the distant earthquake of Mw 8.0 recorded in Solomon Islands, the change in sea level of the maximum recorded was 0.20 m in Manzanillo, Colima. It is important to know that earthquakes whether local, regional or distant whose magnitudes are in the range specified here, did not present a risk to the Mexican coast, but do not rely, having to monitor variations in sea level that earthquakes can produce and be aware that you may perhaps occur as a tsunami in Indonesia in 2004 or Japan in 2011.
