借助Biot-Savart定律和二维涡度方程以及美国国家环境预报中心的数据资料,分析了海陆分布的下垫面热力差异与南海中北部低空急流发生和发展的关系。分析结果表明:南海中北部的低空急流由秋季出现在海陆交界处的偏东强风带南移加强而致,...借助Biot-Savart定律和二维涡度方程以及美国国家环境预报中心的数据资料,分析了海陆分布的下垫面热力差异与南海中北部低空急流发生和发展的关系。分析结果表明:南海中北部的低空急流由秋季出现在海陆交界处的偏东强风带南移加强而致,最大风速层出现在925 h Pa附近,其形成与海陆热力差异增大有关。进入秋季后,由于太阳辐射的季节变化及北下冷空气的双重作用,东亚大陆近地层的温度下降迅速,而南海洋面温度变化极小,南北温差加剧。两地近地层温度的相对变化,加大了大气上升和下沉运动,使得东亚大陆负相对涡度及南海地区的正相对涡度均得以增强。由Biot-Savart定律可知,东亚大陆和南海地区之间相对涡度通量的加大必将于南海中北部对流层低层诱导出强的辐合风速,形成带状偏东风急流。由于南海南部的涡通量大于东亚大陆地区,因此南海南部高温正涡中心所诱导出的水平速度是构成南海中北部低空急流的最主要分量,而来自东亚大陆低温负涡中心的贡献居次。展开更多
The ecosystem apparent quantum yield(α),maximum rate of gross CO_(2) assimilation(Pmax)and daytime ecosystem respiration rate(R.),reflecting the physiological functioning of ecosystem,are vital photosynthetic paramet...The ecosystem apparent quantum yield(α),maximum rate of gross CO_(2) assimilation(Pmax)and daytime ecosystem respiration rate(R.),reflecting the physiological functioning of ecosystem,are vital photosynthetic parameters for the estimation of ecosystem carbon budget.Climatic drivers may affect photosynthetic parameters both directly and indirectly by altering the response of vegetation.However,the relative contribution and regulation pathway of environmental and physiological controls remain unclear,especially in semi-arid grasslands.We analyzed seasonal and interannual variations of photosynthetic parameters derived from eddy-covariance observation in a typical semi-arid grassland in Inner Mongolia,Northern China,over 12 years from 2006 to 2017.Regression analyses and a structural equation model(SEM)were adopted to separate the contributions of environmental and physiological effects.The photosynthetic parameters showed unimodal seasonal patterns and significantly interannual variations.Variations of air temperature(T,)and soil water content(SWC)drove the seasonal patterns of photosynthetic parameters,while SWC predominated their interannual variations.Moreover,contrasting with the predominant roles of T,onαand Ra,SWC explained more variance of Pmax than T,Results of SEM revealed that environmental factors impacted photosynthetic parameters both directly and indirectly through regulating physiological responses reflected by stomatal conductance at the canopy level.Moreover,leaf area index(LAl)directly affectedα,Pmax and R,and dominated the variation of Pmax.On the other hand,SWC influenced photosynthetic parameters indirectly through LAl and canopy surface conductance(gc).Our findings highlight the importance of physiological regulation on the photosynthetic parameters and carbon assimilation capacity,especially in water-limitedgrassland ecosystems.展开更多
Measurement of turbulence fluxes were performed over the Erhai Lake using eddy covariance(EC) method.Basic physical parameters in the lake-air interaction processes,such as surface albedo of the lake,aerodynamic rough...Measurement of turbulence fluxes were performed over the Erhai Lake using eddy covariance(EC) method.Basic physical parameters in the lake-air interaction processes,such as surface albedo of the lake,aerodynamic roughness length,bulk transfer coefficients,etc.,were investigated using the EC data in 2012.The characteristics of turbulence fluxes over the lake including momentum flux,sensible heat flux,latent heat flux,and CO2 flux,and their controlling factors were analyzed.The total annual evaporation of the lake was also estimated based on the artificial neural network(ANN) gap-filling technique.Results showed that the total annual evaporation in 2012 was 1165 ± 15 mm,which was larger than the annual precipitation(818 mm).Local circulation between the lake and the surrounding land was found to be significant throughout the year due to the land-lake breeze or the mountain-valley breeze in this area.The prevailing winds of southeasterly and northwesterly were observed throughout the year.The sensible heat flux over this plateau lake usually had a few tens of W m-2,and generally became negative in the afternoon,indicating that heat was transferred from the lake to the atmosphere.The sensible heat flux was governed by the lake-air temperature difference and had its maximum in the early morning.The diurnal variation of the latent heat flux was controlled by vapor pressure deficit with a peak in the afternoon.The latent heat flux was dominant in the partition of available energy in daytime over this lake.The lake acted as a weak CO2 source to the atmosphere except for the midday of summer.Seasonal variations of surface albedo over the lake were related to the solar elevation angle and opacity of the water.Furthermore,compared with the observation data,the surface albedo estimated by CLM4-LISSS model was underestimated in winter and overestimated in summer.展开更多
文摘借助Biot-Savart定律和二维涡度方程以及美国国家环境预报中心的数据资料,分析了海陆分布的下垫面热力差异与南海中北部低空急流发生和发展的关系。分析结果表明:南海中北部的低空急流由秋季出现在海陆交界处的偏东强风带南移加强而致,最大风速层出现在925 h Pa附近,其形成与海陆热力差异增大有关。进入秋季后,由于太阳辐射的季节变化及北下冷空气的双重作用,东亚大陆近地层的温度下降迅速,而南海洋面温度变化极小,南北温差加剧。两地近地层温度的相对变化,加大了大气上升和下沉运动,使得东亚大陆负相对涡度及南海地区的正相对涡度均得以增强。由Biot-Savart定律可知,东亚大陆和南海地区之间相对涡度通量的加大必将于南海中北部对流层低层诱导出强的辐合风速,形成带状偏东风急流。由于南海南部的涡通量大于东亚大陆地区,因此南海南部高温正涡中心所诱导出的水平速度是构成南海中北部低空急流的最主要分量,而来自东亚大陆低温负涡中心的贡献居次。
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0604801)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071565 and 41773084)。
文摘The ecosystem apparent quantum yield(α),maximum rate of gross CO_(2) assimilation(Pmax)and daytime ecosystem respiration rate(R.),reflecting the physiological functioning of ecosystem,are vital photosynthetic parameters for the estimation of ecosystem carbon budget.Climatic drivers may affect photosynthetic parameters both directly and indirectly by altering the response of vegetation.However,the relative contribution and regulation pathway of environmental and physiological controls remain unclear,especially in semi-arid grasslands.We analyzed seasonal and interannual variations of photosynthetic parameters derived from eddy-covariance observation in a typical semi-arid grassland in Inner Mongolia,Northern China,over 12 years from 2006 to 2017.Regression analyses and a structural equation model(SEM)were adopted to separate the contributions of environmental and physiological effects.The photosynthetic parameters showed unimodal seasonal patterns and significantly interannual variations.Variations of air temperature(T,)and soil water content(SWC)drove the seasonal patterns of photosynthetic parameters,while SWC predominated their interannual variations.Moreover,contrasting with the predominant roles of T,onαand Ra,SWC explained more variance of Pmax than T,Results of SEM revealed that environmental factors impacted photosynthetic parameters both directly and indirectly through regulating physiological responses reflected by stomatal conductance at the canopy level.Moreover,leaf area index(LAl)directly affectedα,Pmax and R,and dominated the variation of Pmax.On the other hand,SWC influenced photosynthetic parameters indirectly through LAl and canopy surface conductance(gc).Our findings highlight the importance of physiological regulation on the photosynthetic parameters and carbon assimilation capacity,especially in water-limitedgrassland ecosystems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41030106,41021004)the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2010CB951801)
文摘Measurement of turbulence fluxes were performed over the Erhai Lake using eddy covariance(EC) method.Basic physical parameters in the lake-air interaction processes,such as surface albedo of the lake,aerodynamic roughness length,bulk transfer coefficients,etc.,were investigated using the EC data in 2012.The characteristics of turbulence fluxes over the lake including momentum flux,sensible heat flux,latent heat flux,and CO2 flux,and their controlling factors were analyzed.The total annual evaporation of the lake was also estimated based on the artificial neural network(ANN) gap-filling technique.Results showed that the total annual evaporation in 2012 was 1165 ± 15 mm,which was larger than the annual precipitation(818 mm).Local circulation between the lake and the surrounding land was found to be significant throughout the year due to the land-lake breeze or the mountain-valley breeze in this area.The prevailing winds of southeasterly and northwesterly were observed throughout the year.The sensible heat flux over this plateau lake usually had a few tens of W m-2,and generally became negative in the afternoon,indicating that heat was transferred from the lake to the atmosphere.The sensible heat flux was governed by the lake-air temperature difference and had its maximum in the early morning.The diurnal variation of the latent heat flux was controlled by vapor pressure deficit with a peak in the afternoon.The latent heat flux was dominant in the partition of available energy in daytime over this lake.The lake acted as a weak CO2 source to the atmosphere except for the midday of summer.Seasonal variations of surface albedo over the lake were related to the solar elevation angle and opacity of the water.Furthermore,compared with the observation data,the surface albedo estimated by CLM4-LISSS model was underestimated in winter and overestimated in summer.
