关于热障涂层工况模拟试验涡轮模型设计的一些探讨

热障涂层是目前保护航空发动机内部热端部件、提高其热效率最常用的方法和发动机必备的关键技术之一.航空发动机热障涂层服役环境极其严苛,其剥落失效面临巨大瓶颈,研制热障涂层服役环境模拟装置是理解热障涂层机制的重点.该文基于航空发动机热障涂层热、力、化多场耦合等实际服役环境,探讨有关热障涂层工况模拟试验用涡轮模型的设计.该模型是热障涂层工况模拟装置的核心模块之一.主要内容如下:(1)基于动力学平衡原理,结合发动机两类叶片数量之比等比例设计导向、工作叶片热障涂层的数量和位置;(2)基于高温燃气与高速旋转交互作用后尾迹、湍流的位置设计导向叶片与工作叶片之间的夹角;(3)基于涡轮叶片高速旋转线速度来设计模型件关键部件,包括导向叶片、工作叶片、涡轮盘的尺寸;(4)基于不同试验目标与测试要求选用不同类型的涡轮模型,第一类模型适用于工作叶片热障涂层的模拟考核与导向叶片热障涂层检测,第二类模型适用于工作叶片热障涂层的检测与机制研究.

基于新型涡轮冷却算法的航空发动机性能计算模型

针对气膜冷却和对流冷却两种常用的冷却方式,建立了新的涡轮冷却计算模型,并实现了与燃气涡轮发动机总体性能计算模型的耦合,得到了可考虑的不同冷却方式、适用于高涡轮前温度、大冷气量的燃气涡轮发动机总体性能计算模型,并与简化涡轮冷却模型的计算数据及试验数据作比较分析,表明新型涡轮冷却算法的可行性和能够提供更详细的涡轮部件气流参数。

水平轴风力涡轮设计与性能预估方法的三维失速延迟模型——Ⅲ.模型改进

传统的水平轴风力涡轮设计与性能预估方法是基于经典的叶素理论以及二维风洞翼型气动数据 ,为有效地设计高性能的风力涡轮 ,必须对该方法不能处理的失速延迟现象进行修正。文献[1 ,2 ]通过三维积分边界层方程的求解 ,建立了初步的三维失速延迟模型 ,近期的理论研究和实际应用发现 ,该模型还存在不完善之处。在进一步研究失速延迟机理的基础上 ,结合大量的文献资料 ,运用最新的研究结果 ,提出了改进方法及新版本的三维失速延迟修正模型。通过与实测数据对比 ,表明改进模型具有更明确的物理意义及更加准确的水平轴风力涡轮设计和性能预估效果。

发动机增压匹配的涡轮通流模型研究

建立了用于车用涡轮增压发动机匹配的涡轮通流模型。该模型根据进口条件和几何参数自动计算涡轮特性参数,能够有效地应用于可变截面涡轮与发动机的匹配;模型能够在整个工况范围内得到完整的涡轮特性,对涡轮增压发动机进行全工况匹配及优化,还可以应用于发动机开发阶段的涡轮增压器选型,指导涡轮增压器的开发设计工作。模型基于一维定常流体动力学质量守恒、动量守恒和能量守恒方程,结合了损失和阻塞预测值,并应用3款不同结构参数的混流涡轮试验数据验证了模型的有效性。

船用柴油机涡轮预测模型建模及工作过程耦合分析

针对目前船用增压器计算模型把涡轮简化为当量喷嘴而不考虑涡轮内流动的不足,基于涡轮内流动相关几何特征参数建立预测模型,该模型考虑了涡轮不同部位流动的差异,具有更强的预测能力。采用Simulink建立涡轮一维预测仿真模型,并基于GT-Power/Simulink对某型船用柴油机的工作过程进行耦合分析。仿真结果显示,采用涡轮预测模型后,整机工作过程计算模型仿真结果和实际更为吻合,能更好地指导工作过程优化和增压器匹配。

两级增压涡轮几何参数对发动机性能的影响研究

基于涡轮通流模型,建立两级增压通流仿真平台,探讨了两级涡轮几何参数的改变对发动机性能的影响规律及原因,采用该平台对某车用两级增压柴油机进行仿真研究,并完成两级涡轮新的匹配设计。匹配结果表明,通过合理设计两级涡轮几何参数,可使该发动机低速扭矩提高7.4%,燃油消耗率降低6.9%。

引气冷却模型对涡轴发动机总体性能的影响研究

随着现代涡轴发动机性能的不断提高,其热力循环参数和引气量显著增加。针对这一问题,建立考虑压气机引气位置可变和涡轮中冷却气参与做功的涡轴发动机性能计算模型。当压气机引气位置变化时,采用流量平衡和功率平衡同时修正法计算发动机性能;涡轮冷却计算模型则考虑了第一级导向器叶片冷却气的做功。与传统涡轴发动机性能计算模型的计算结果对比表明:本文的计算模型能够合理反映引气量和引气位置对发动机特性的影响,更接近发动机的真实物理过程,可为发动机空气系统设计提供输入。

并联型TBCC推进系统变维度一体化数值模拟方法研究

为了缩短组合动力系统内外流一体化数值仿真时间,加快高超声速飞行器的研制进度,基于商业软件发展了一种飞行器进/排气系统多维仿真与发动机等效一维模型相结合的TBCC推进系统变维度一体化数值仿真方法,其中进/排气系统采用多维数值仿真,涡轮发动机采用部件特性的数学模型,冲压发动机采用准一维数学模型,结合商业软件通过边界条件调用,实现变维度一体化数值仿真。数值仿真对比分析表明:TBCC推进系统等效一维模型模拟结果与GasTurb 10和风洞试验结果变化规律一致吻合较好,误差不大于3.0%;采用变维度数值模拟方法对某TBCC推进系统沿飞行轨迹加速爬升过程的分析表明,进气道总收缩比从2.0增大到5.5,喷管面积比从1.2增大到7.8。涡轮模态时,TBCC喷管出现明显过膨胀现象;冲压模态时,喷管的落压比随马赫数增大从8.3逐渐增大至20.4,过膨胀现象减弱,从而验证了多维与一维耦合数值仿真方法的可行性。

Modeling and Optimization of the Steam Turbine Network of an Ethylene Plant

In this paper,we developed a hybrid model for the steam turbines of a utility system,which combines an improved neural network model with the thermodynamic model.Then,a nonlinear programming(NLP) model of the steam turbine network is formulated by utilizing the developed steam turbine models to minimize the total steam cost for the whole steam turbine network.Finally,this model is applied to optimize the steam turbine network of an ethylene plant.The obtained results demonstrate that this hybrid model can accurately estimate and evaluate the performance of steam turbines,and the significant cost savings can be made by optimizing the steam turbine network operation at no capital cost.

Electromagnetic design and dynamic analysis of large turbo-generator

Through a great deal calculation, the design and simulation analysis of stator parametric and rotor electromagnetic system of 1000MW turbo-generator are performed by using Ansoft Maxwell Rmxprt12.1 software. Besides. the basic parameters of the generator, the geometry dimensions of the stator and rotor, type and sizes of the slots, coils and windings parameters and the way of windings connection are determined. The finite element model of electromagnetic systems of generator stator and rotor was constructed by Ansoft Maxwe112D3D 12.1, and the transient electromagnetic characteristics of generator was analyzed and simulated. The 3D geometric models of turbo-generator were established respectively by using PROE software, and the dynamic finite element model of generator structure was built by ANSYS workbench 11.0. In addition, the dynamic characteristics of stator iron core, stator frame were calculated respectively. The simulation calculation has shown that the structural parameters, material parameters, and the electromagnetic characteristics parameters for large turbogenerator that are put forward by this paper should be optimal. and the design plan and method suggested by this paper should be feasible. The paper provides an effective solution for the development of larger turbo-generator than 1000 MW.

Boiler-turbine control system design using continuous-time nonlinear model predictive control

A continuous-time nonlinear model predictive controller(NMPC) was designed for a boiler-turbine unit.The controller was designed by optimizing a receding-horizon performance index,with the nonlinear system approximated by its Taylor series expansion with a certain order,the magnitude saturation constraints on the inputs satisfied by increasing the predictive time,and the rate saturation conditions on the actuators satisfied by tuning the time constant of the reference trajectories in a reference governor.Simulation results showed that the controller can drive the drum pressure and output power of the nonlinear boiler-turbine unit to follow their respective reference trajectories throughout a varying operation range and keep the water level deviation within tolerances.Comparison of the NMPC scheme with the generic model control(GMC) scheme indicated that the responses are slower and there are more oscillations in the responses of the water level,fuel flow input and feed water flow input in the GMC scheme when the boiler-turbine unit is operating over a wide range.

低速模拟技术在高压涡轮级中的应用

借鉴低速模拟技术在航空发动机高压压气机研究中的成功经验,探索了将其应用于高压涡轮部件时的气动设计方法,提出了一种改进的叶型重设计方法.以此方法为设计准则,选取E3发动机高压涡轮的第1级为原型高压涡轮,设计了与其相似的低速涡轮试验设备.在设计过程中保证了两者之间相等或相近的稠度、展弦比等结构参数,相近的效率、负荷系数、沿径向分布的效率和气流角等气动参数,以及类似的无量纲叶片表面等熵马赫数分布形式.数值模拟结果表明:由于低速涡轮设备的落压比、总温比等参数均与原型高压涡轮差别较大,压气机低速模拟中常用的流量系数、叶片表面压力分布等相似参数不再适用.按照给出的结构和气动相似参数所设计的低速涡轮模型达到设计要求,其能够反映出原型高压涡轮主要的气动参数变化趋势,能够作为涡轮内部气动热力学研究的试验载体.

Validation of Full-Converter Wind Power Plant Generic Model Based on Actual Fault Ride-Through Measurements

Modeling and validation of full power converter wind turbine models with field measurement data are rarely reported in papers. In this paper an aggregated generic dynamic model of the wind farm consisting of full power converter wind turbines is composed and the model validation based on actual field measurements is performed. The paper is based on the measurements obtained from the real short circuit test applied to connection point of observed wind farm. The presented approach for validating the composed model and fault ride-through （FRT） capability for the whole wind park is unique in overall practice and its significance and importance is described and analyzed.

A Mathematical Model for the Velocity Profile Internally to a Conical Diffuser

The use of diffusers around the horizontal-axis wind turbines has been widely studied since the diffuser improves the power coefficient of the turbine and it is often called DAWTs （diffuser augmented wind turbines）.Turbines using diffuser are called DWATs （Diffuser Augmented Turbines）,and have efficiency bigger than the Betz limit （maximum energy flow extracted = 59.26%）. Thus, this study presents a mathematical model describing the behavior of the velocity profile internally to a diffuser according to the characteristics of flow and geometry of a conical diffuser. The results are compared with experimental data and show good agreement.

A Straight-bladed Vertical Axis Wind Turbine with a Directed Guide Vane Row-Effect of Guide Vane Geometry on the Performance-

The objective of this study is to show the effect of guide vane geometry on the performance. In order to overcome the disadvantages of vertical axis wind turbine, a straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine （S-VAWT） with a directed guide vane row has been proposed and tested by the authors. According to previous studies, it was clarified that the performance of the turbine can be improved by means of the directed guide vane row. However, the guide vane geometry of S-VAWT has not been optimized so far. In order to clarify the effect of guide vanegeometry, the effects of setting angle and gap between rotor blade and guide vane on power coefticlent and start- ing characteristic were investigated in the experiments. The experimental study of the proposed wind turbine was carried out by a wind tunnel. The wind tunnel with a diameter of 1.8m is open jet type. The wind velocity is 8 m/s in the experiments. The rotor has three straight blades with a profile of NACA0018 and a chord length of 100 mm, a diameter of 0.6 m and a blade height of 0.7 m. The guide vane row consists of 3 arc plates.

Flow reconstructions and aerodynamic shape optimization of turbomachinery blades by POD-based hybrid models

This study presented a hybrid model method based on proper orthogonal decomposition(POD) for flow field reconstructions and aerodynamic design optimization. The POD basis modes have better description performance in a system space compared to the widely used semi-empirical basis functions because they are obtained through singular value decomposition of the system.Instead of the widely used linear regression, nonlinear regression methods are used in the function response of the coefficients of POD basis modes. Moreover, an adaptive Latin hypercube design method with improved space filling and correlation based on a multi-objective optimization approach was employed to supply the necessary samples. Prior to design optimization, the response performance of POD-based hybrid models was first investigated and validated through flow reconstructions of both single-and multiple blade rows. Then, an inverse design was performed to approach a given spanwise flow turning distribution at the outlet of a turbine blade by changing the spanwise stagger angle, based on the hybrid model method. Finally, the span wise blade sweep of a transonic compressor rotor and the spanwise stagger angle of the stator blade of a single low-speed compressor stage were modified to reduce the flow losses with the constraints of mass flow rate, total pressure ratio, and outlet flow turning.The results are presented in detail, demonstrating the good response performance of POD-based hybrid models on missing data reconstructions and the effectiveness of POD-based hybrid model method in aerodynamic design optimization.

Counter-Rotating Type Pump-Turbine Unit Cooperating with Wind Power Unit

This serial research proposes the hybrid power system combined the wind power unit with the counter-rotating type pump-turbine unit,to provide the constant output for the grid system,even at the suddenly fluctuating/turbulent wind.In this paper,the tandem impellers of the counter-rotating type pumping unit was operated at the turbine mode,and the performances and the flow conditions were investigated numerically and experimentally.The 3-D turbulent flows in the runners were simulated at the steady state condition by using the commercial CFD code of ANSYS-CFX ver.12 with the SST turbulence model.While providing the pump unit for the turbine mode,the maximum hydraulic efficiency is close to one of the counter-rotating type hydroelectric unit designed exclu-sively for the turbine mode.Besides,the runner/impeller of the unit works evidently so as to coincide the angularmomentum change through the front runners/impellers with that through the rear runners/impellers,namely to take the axial flow at not only the inlet but also the outlet without the guide vanes.These results show that this type of unit is effective to work at not only the pumping but also the turbine modes.

A CFD/CSD model for aeroelastic calculations of large-scale wind turbines

In this paper,a CFD/CSD model coupling N-S equations and structural equations of motion in the time domain is described for aeroelastic analysis of large wind turbines.The structural modes of blades are analyzed with one-dimensional beam models.By combining point matched sliding grid for wind turbine rotation and deforming grid for structural vibrations,a hybrid dynamic grid strategy is designed for the multi-block structured grid system of a wind turbine.The dual time-stepping approach and finite volume scheme are applied to the three-dimensional unsteady preconditioned N-S equations,and DES approach is employed to simulate the unsteady massively separated flows.A modal approach is adopted to calculate the structural response,and a predictor-corrector scheme is used to solve the structural equations of motion.CFD and CSD solvers are tightly coupled via successive iterations within each physical time step.As a result,a time-domain CFD/CSD model for aeroelastic analysis of a large wind turbine is achieved.The presented method is applied to the NH1500 large wind turbine under the rated condition,and the calculated aeroelastic characteristics agree well with those of the prescribed vortex wake method.

Controlling structural vibrations in wind turbines by constructing function V

For a variable speed large scale wind turbine, the vibration issues become a key problem that cannot be ignored in the turbine＇s life cycle. Wind turbine tower vibration will cause superfluous mechanical loads. To resolve the vibration issue, a method for constructng the energy function V is proposed to meet the demands of safe operation. The Lyapunov theorem has been em- bedded in a wind turbine control algorithm, proving the theoretical feasibility of stability control based on function V. Accord- ing to an analysis of this complex nonlinear model for the wind turbine, the general method of constructing an energy function suitable for a wind turbine is presented explicitly. The feasibility of applying an energy function to wind turbine vibration con- trol is verified experimentally using a 3.0-MW direct drive wind turbine model. The experimental results indicate that the dy- namic performance of the tested wind turbine model with energy function control is significantly better than that of the uncon- trolled structure in terms of the reduction of nacelle acceleration, velocity, and displacement response.

Assessment of Linear and Non-Linear Two-Equation Turbulence Models for Aerothermal Turbomachinery Flows

Three linear two-equation turbulence models k- ε, k- ω and k- 1 and a non-linear k- 1 model are used for aerodynamic and thermal turbine flow prediction. The pressure profile in the wake and the heat transfer coefficient on the blade are compared with experimental data. Good agreement is obtained with the linear k-1 model. No significant modifications are observed with the non-linear model. The balance of transport equation terms in the blade wake is also presented. Linear and non-linear k - 1 models are evaluated to predict the threedimensional vortices characterising the turbine flows. The simulations show that the passage vortex is the main origin of the losses.